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Bhat V, Ganapathysubramanian B, Risko C. Rapid Estimation of the Intermolecular Electronic Couplings and Charge-Carrier Mobilities of Crystalline Molecular Organic Semiconductors through a Machine Learning Pipeline. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7206-7213. [PMID: 38973725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSC) offer tremendous potential across a wide range of (opto)electronic applications. OSC development, however, is often limited by trial-and-error design, with computational modeling approaches deployed to evaluate and screen candidates through a suite of molecular and materials descriptors that generally require hours to days of computational time to accumulate. Such bottlenecks slow the pace and limit the exploration of the vast chemical space comprising OSC. When considering charge-carrier transport in OSC, a key parameter of interest is the intermolecular electronic coupling. Here, we introduce a machine learning (ML) model to predict intermolecular electronic couplings in organic crystalline materials from their three-dimensional (3D) molecular geometries. The ML predictions take only a few seconds of computing time compared to hours by density functional theory (DFT) methods. To demonstrate the utility of the ML predictions, we deploy the ML model in conjunction with mathematical formulations to rapidly screen the charge-carrier mobility anisotropy for more than 60,000 molecular crystal structures and compare the ML predictions to DFT benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Translational AI Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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2
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Diaz-Andres A, Tonnelé C, Casanova D. Electronic Couplings for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Crystal Rubrene. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4288-4297. [PMID: 38743825 PMCID: PMC11137828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process able to repackage two low-frequency photons into light of higher energy. This transformation is typically orchestrated by the electronic degrees of freedom within organic compounds possessing suitable singlet and triplet energies and electronic couplings. In this work, we propose a computational protocol for the assessment of electronic couplings crucial to TTA-UC in molecular materials and apply it to the study of crystal rubrene. Our methodology integrates sophisticated yet computationally affordable approaches to quantify couplings in singlet and triplet energy transfer, the binding of triplet pairs, and the fusion to the singlet exciton. Of particular significance is the role played by charge-transfer states along the b-axis of rubrene crystal, acting as both partial quenchers of singlet energy transfer and mediators of triplet fusion. Our calculations identify the π-stacking direction as holding notable triplet energy transfer couplings, consistent with the experimentally observed anisotropic exciton diffusion. Finally, we have characterized the impact of thermally induced structural distortions, revealing their key role in the viability of triplet fusion and singlet fission. We posit that our approaches are transferable to a broad spectrum of organic molecular materials, offering a feasible means to quantify electronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Diaz-Andres
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
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3
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Kim CA, Hu S, Van Voorhis T. Mechanism of Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Upconversion in Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7175-7185. [PMID: 37585686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to investigate the mechanism of efficient triplet-triplet upconversion (TTU) in certain organic materials. In particular, we focus on materials where some singlets are generated in a two-step spin-nonconserving process (T1 + T1 → T2 → S1). For this mechanism to contribute significantly, the intersystem crossing (ISC) from the high-lying triplet to the singlet (T2 → S1) must outcompete the internal conversion (IC) to the low-lying triplet (T2 → T1). By considering multiple families of materials, we show that the T2 → S1 ISC can be enhanced in a number of ways: the substitution of electron-donating (ED) and electron-withdrawing (EW) groups at appropriate positions; the substitution of bulky groups that distort the molecular geometry; and the substitution of heavy atoms that enhance the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In the first two cases, the enhancements are consistent with El-Sayed's rule in that rapid T2 → S1 ISC requires significant differences in the characters of the S1 and the T2 wavefunctions. Together, these effects enable a wide tunability of T2 → S1 ISC rates over at least 5 orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, the T2 → T1 IC is inhibited in these systems due to the large T2 - T1 energy gap >0.5 eV, which entails a high energy barrier to the T2 → T1 IC and the prediction of a slow rate regardless of the substituents or the presence of heavy atoms. In this way, tuning the T2 → S1 ISC appears to provide an effective strategy to achieve systematic improvement of TTU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhae Andrew Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shicheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Sawatzki-Park M, Wang SJ, Kleemann H, Leo K. Highly Ordered Small Molecule Organic Semiconductor Thin-Films Enabling Complex, High-Performance Multi-Junction Devices. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37315945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have opened up many new electronic applications, enabled by properties like flexibility, low-cost manufacturing, and biocompatibility, as well as improved ecological sustainability due to low energy use during manufacturing. Most current devices are made of highly disordered thin-films, leading to poor transport properties and, ultimately, reduced device performance as well. Here, we discuss techniques to prepare highly ordered thin-films of organic semiconductors to realize fast and highly efficient devices as well as novel device types. We discuss the various methods that can be implemented to achieve such highly ordered layers compatible with standard semiconductor manufacturing processes and suitable for complex devices. A special focus is put on approaches utilizing thermal treatment of amorphous layers of small molecules to create crystalline thin-films. This technique has first been demonstrated for rubrene─an organic semiconductor with excellent transport properties─and extended to some other molecular structures. We discuss recent experiments that show that these highly ordered layers show excellent lateral and vertical mobilities and can be electrically doped to achieve high n- and p-type conductivities. With these achievements, it is possible to integrate these highly ordered layers into specialized devices, such as high-frequency diodes or completely new device principles for organics, e.g., bipolar transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sawatzki-Park
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01219, Germany
| | - Shu-Jen Wang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01219, Germany
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01219, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Photophysics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01219, Germany
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5
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Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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6
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Luňák S, Weiter M, Vala M. Complete Set of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Centrosymmetrical Cofacial Stacked Pairs. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200252. [PMID: 35770507 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stacked centrosymmetrical dimers and simultaneously H-bonded and stacked hexamers of thiophene-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (ThDPP) were studied using DFT as models for crystals with slipped-stacked molecules in 1D columns. Eight stacked dimer arrangements were found, six of which are driven by the minimisation of electron repulsion and realised by placing the partially negatively charged atoms of the diketopyrrolopyrrole rings below the centre of an adjancent thiophene ring. Four of these stacks are related to N,N'-diacylated derivative. An analogous set of eight stacks was discovered computationally for phenyl-substituted DPP (PhDPP), four of which are known among H-bonded DPP pigments, and one more among N,N'-dialkylated PhDPP derivatives. The results shed more light on the mechanisms that drive the formation of stacks between nonaromatic (DPP) and aromatic (Th, Ph) rings. The excitation energies of the lowest four singlet states computed by TD DFT enabled excitonic coupling and energy separation between Frenkel-resonsnce-type and charge-transfer states to be established, depending on the equilibrium stack geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Luňák
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Martin Weiter
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Martin Vala
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
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7
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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Benito-Hernández A, Echeverri M, Gutierrez-Puebla E, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Gómez-Lor B. Functionalized Crystalline N-Trimethyltriindoles: Counterintuitive Influence of Peripheral Substituents on Their Semiconducting Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031121. [PMID: 35164386 PMCID: PMC8839582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three crystalline N-trimethyltriindoles endowed with different functionalities at 3, 8 and 13 positions (either unsubstituted or with three methoxy or three acetyl groups attached) are investigated, and clear correlations between the electronic nature of the substituents and their solid-state organization, electronic properties and semiconductor behavior are established. The three compounds give rise to similar columnar hexagonal crystalline structures; however, the insertion of electron-donor methoxy groups results in slightly shorter stacking distances when compared with the unsubstituted derivative, whereas the insertion of electron-withdrawing acetyl groups lowers the crystallinity of the system. Functionalization significantly affects hole mobilities with the triacetyl derivative showing the lowest mobility within the series in agreement with the lower degree of order. However, attaching three methoxy groups also results in lower hole mobility values in the OFETs (0.022 vs. 0.0014 cm2 V-1 s-1) in spite of the shorter stacking distances. This counterintuitive behavior has been explained with the help of DFT calculations performed to rationalize the interplay between the intramolecular and intermolecular properties, which point to lower transfer integrals in the trimethoxy derivative due to the HOMO wave function extension over the peripheral methoxy groups. The results of this study provide useful insights into how peripheral substituents influence the fundamental charge transport parameters of chemically modified triindole platforms of fundamental importance to design new derivatives with improved semiconducting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Angela Benito-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Marcelo Echeverri
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Enrique Gutierrez-Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Maria Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
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8
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Gavezzotti A, Presti LL, Rizzato S. Molecular dynamics simulation of organic materials: structure, potentials and the MiCMoS computer platform. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation shows atoms in action: liquids, crystals, mesophases, nanoparticles trace their paths in time, temperature and pressure in a computing platform designed for organic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gavezzotti
- Professor of Physical Chemistry (retired), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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9
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Moret M, Gavezzotti A. The crystalline state of rubrene materials: intermolecular recognition, isomorphism, polymorphism, and periodic bond-chain analysis of morphologies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structure analysis and lattice energy calculations of 33 rubrenes provide a background for new ideas on synthesis and planning of transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Moret
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano – Bicocca, Italy
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10
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Kalita KJ, Giri I, Vijayaraghavan RK. Influence of non-covalent interactions in dictating the polarity and mobility of charge carriers in a series of crystalline NDIs: a computational case study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33703-33713. [PMID: 35497544 PMCID: PMC9042306 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05274h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds and their derivatives have emerged as potential molecular entities for air-stable n-type organic semiconductors. In particular, naphthalene diimide (NDI)-derived compounds stand out as one of the most promising classes of molecules that have been studied extensively. There have been a lot of debatable experimental reports on the OFET performance characteristics of some of these materials, which have not yet been resolved completely. Hence, the critical intrinsic aspect of the molecular materials during charge transport in a bulk crystalline state would be essential to categorise the potential candidates. As a case study, in this comprehensive computational approach, we investigated the structural and supramolecular organization in single crystals and the role of those aspects in the bulk carrier transport of a group of selected end-substituted NDI derivatives. A subtle alteration of the end group was observed to result in the modulation of the polarity of charge transport and the charge carrier mobility in the single crystalline state. The disparity is addressed by considering the electronic coupling of the transport states, symmetry of the frontier molecular orbitals and various non-covalent intermolecular interactions. We expect that the present study would benefit towards the rational designing of air-stable n-type organic molecular semiconductors for efficient electronic devices. Bulk carrier transport properties of a group of selected N-substituted naphthalene diimide derivatives are investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal-741246 India
| | - Indrajit Giri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal-741246 India
| | - Ratheesh K Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur, Nadia West Bengal-741246 India
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11
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Alipour M, Safari Z. Singlet fission relevant energetics from optimally tuned range-separated hybrids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27060-27076. [PMID: 33215617 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a promising idea to design high-efficiency organic photovoltaics, singlet fission (SF) mechanism, i.e., generating two triplet excitons out of a single photon absorption, has recently come into the spotlight. Even though much effort has been devoted to this arena, accurately accounting for the SF process from the theoretical perspective has proven to be challenging. Herein, the SF energetics have thoroughly been investigated with the help of optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSHs) in both gas and solvent phases. Taking a series of experimentally known SF chromophores as working models, we have proposed and validated several variants of OT-RSH approximations for the reliable prediction of the energy levels which match the crucial criteria for the SF process, namely, the negative singlet-triplet and triplet-triplet energy gaps. We scrutinize the role of the OT-RSH ingredients, i.e., the underlying density functional approximations, short- and long-range exact-like exchange, as well as the range-separation parameter, for our purpose. The newly designed OT-RSHs outperform the standard RSHs and other related schemes such as screened-exchange approximations as well as other density functionals from different rungs for describing the SF energetics. More importantly, it is unveiled that although the OT-RSH coupled with the polarizable continuum model, OT-RSH-PCM, as well as the screened versions, OT-SRSHs, which account for the screening effect by the electron correlation through the scalar dielectric constant have some advantages over gas-phase computations using OT-RSHs, the energetics criteria of the SF process may not necessarily be satisfied. This in turn corroborates the idea of performing both the optimal tuning procedure and subsequent computations of the SF relevant energetics using OT-RSHs as a more reliable and affordable framework, at least for the present purpose. The applicability of the proposed models is also put into broader perspective, where they are used for the computational design of several chromophores as promising candidates prone to utilization in the SF-based materials. Hopefully, our recommended OT-RSHs can function as efficient models for both the theoretical modeling of SF chromophores and confirming the experimental observations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
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12
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Li Q, Li Z. Molecular Packing: Another Key Point for the Performance of Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:962-973. [PMID: 32242656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOptoelectronic material properties are governed by the whole collective of organic moieties, and these aggregate states present the characteristic performance of extended assemblies with different molecular packing, not only of single molecules themselves. Thus, controlling molecular packing is an essential issue for obtaining the optimized optical and electronic properties. It is also a great challenge because of the unclear structures and complicated intermolecular interactions, including dispersion forces, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, upon the introduction of some external force as the stimulus source, dynamic optical properties can be achieved with the transformation of molecular packing in some cases, such as the photoinduced room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) effect, mechanochromic luminescence, the thermal treatment-dependent mechanoluminescence effect, and the optimized nonlinear optical (NLO) property achieved after electric poling. Therefore, it is essential to understand the relation between characteristics of molecular packing and the resultant optoelectronic performance at the molecular level, which becomes increasingly demanding for the further development of functional materials for their applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), chemo- and biosensors, organic solar cells, data storage, and anticounterfeiting devices.This Account gives a summary of our research on the molecular design of optoelectronic materials, with the consideration of a molecular uniting effect in different aggregated states, such as crystalline states, thin films, and nanoparticles. Through the systematical investigation of structure-packing-performance relationships, some strategies are afforded to partially control the molecular packing via the tunable size, shape, and configuration of aromatic moieties with different electronic and steric effects, together with different types of substituents as functional units to adjust the intermolecular interactions. The utilization of π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding by rational molecular design is considered as the key point to achieve the bright emission of organic materials, including the RTP and mechanoluminescence effects. Also, the dynamic optoelectronic properties are highlighted with different kinds of stimuli, including light irradiation, mechanical force, thermal treatment, and electric field, which are mainly related to the subtle molecular motions under external force and the changeable molecular packing as the metastable state. These selected examples will not only open a window for further development of organic and polymeric optoelectronic materials by the adjustable molecular packing and noncovalent interactions, but also prompt further advances for more interesting and exciting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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13
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A DFT study on the photoelectric properties of rubrene and its derivatives. J Mol Model 2020; 26:32. [PMID: 31970537 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The way to obtain new materials was usually to introduce some groups to molecules. Correlations among the molecular structure and photoelectric properties of rubrene and its eight derivatives have been studied in this paper, and the influences of the introduction of different electron-donating and withdrawing substituents on the molecular orbital, reorganization energies, absorption spectra, and fluorescence spectra of rubrene and its derivatives were discussed. In the present work, density functional theory calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level to optimize the structure, and TD-DFT was used to calculate the absorption and emission spectra. Quantum chemistry calculation results indicated that the maximum absorption wavelengths are redshifted due to the introduction of cyclopentadienyl or furan groups, the maximum absorption wavelengths are blueshifted while methoxy groups substituted on tetracene backbone. We also discussed the influence of substituents on the molecule structure, which suggests that introducing furan and cyclopentadienyl substituents on the tetracene backbone can increase the rigidity of rubrene and improve the fluorescence intensity. The results of reorganization show that the introduction of cyclopentadienyl or furan groups into rubrene is advantageous to the holes transportation, and the introduction of F groups contributes to the electrons transportation. This study provides an insight into the properties of rubrene and its derivatives and supplies an effective method to design new organic semiconductor materials.
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14
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Patkowski K. Recent developments in symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Patkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Auburn University Auburn Alabama
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15
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Ly J, Martin K, Thomas S, Yamashita M, Yu B, Pointer CA, Yamada H, Carter KR, Parkin S, Zhang L, Bredas JL, Young ER, Briseno AL. Short Excited-State Lifetimes Enable Photo-Oxidatively Stable Rubrene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7558-7566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ly
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kara Martin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Simil Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Masataka Yamashita
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Beihang Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Craig A. Pointer
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kenneth R. Carter
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- College of Energy, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth R. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemistry, University Park, Pennsylvania 16803, United States
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16
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Wang L, Song Y. Understanding the impact of polymorphism on the electronic structures and charge transport properties of contorted hexabenzocoronene. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Beran GJO. Solid state photodimerization of 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester produces an exceptionally metastable polymorph according to first-principles calculations. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystal engineering seeks to tune the material properties by controlling the crystal packing.
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18
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Gryn'ova G, Lin KH, Corminboeuf C. Read between the Molecules: Computational Insights into Organic Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16370-16386. [PMID: 30395466 PMCID: PMC6287891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
performance and key electronic properties of molecular organic
semiconductors are dictated by the interplay between the chemistry
of the molecular core and the intermolecular factors of which manipulation
has inspired both experimentalists and theorists. This Perspective
presents major computational challenges and modern methodological
strategies to advance the field. The discussion ranges from insights
and design principles at the quantum chemical level, in-depth atomistic
modeling based on multiscale protocols, morphological prediction and
characterization as well as energy-property maps involving data-driven
analysis. A personal overview of the past achievements and future
direction is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Gryn'ova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland.,Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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19
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Park SK, Kim JH, Park SY. Organic 2D Optoelectronic Crystals: Charge Transport, Emerging Functions, and Their Design Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704759. [PMID: 29663536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D organic semiconductor crystals are emerging as a fascinating platform with regard to their applications in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), attributed to their enhanced charge transport efficiency and their new optoelectronic functions, based on their unique morphological features. Advances in material processing techniques have not only enabled easy fabrication of few-monolayered 2D nanostructures but also facilitated exploration of the interesting properties induced by characteristic 2D morphologies. However, to date, only a limited number of representative organic semiconductors have been utilized in organic 2D optoelectronics. Therefore, in order to further spur this research, an intuitive crystal engineering principle for realizing organic 2D crystals is required. In this regard, here, not only the important implications of applying 2D structures to OFET devices are discussed but also a crystal engineering protocol is provided that first predicts molecular arrangements depending on the molecular factors, which is followed by realizing 2D supramolecular synthon networks for different molecular packing motifs. It is expected that 2D organic semiconductor crystals developed by this approach will pave a promising way toward next-generation organic 2D optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Kim
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
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20
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Lao KU, Herbert JM. A Simple Correction for Nonadditive Dispersion within Extended Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (XSAPT). J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5128-5142. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Mukherjee T, Sinha S, Mukherjee M. Electronic structure of twisted and planar rubrene molecules: a density functional study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18623-18629. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectra (XAS), the density of states (DOS) and the electron density distribution of the HOMO and LUMO for flat and twisted rubrene molecules have been calculated using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mukherjee
- Physics Department
- Bhairab Ganguly College
- Kolkata-700056
- India
| | - Sumona Sinha
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata – 700064
- India
| | - M. Mukherjee
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata – 700064
- India
- Adjunct Professor at Department of Physics
- B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University
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22
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Breen I, Tempelaar R, Bizimana LA, Kloss B, Reichman DR, Turner DB. Triplet Separation Drives Singlet Fission after Femtosecond Correlated Triplet Pair Production in Rubrene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11745-11751. [PMID: 28763611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission, a multistep molecular process in which one photon generates two triplet excitons, holds great technological promise. Here, by applying a combination of transient transmittance and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with 5 fs laser pulses, we resolve the full set of fission steps before the onset of spin dephasing. In addition to its role as a viable singlet fission material, single-crystalline rubrene is selected because its energetics and transition dipole alignment uniquely allow for the unambiguous identification of the various fission steps through their contributions to distinct spectroscopic features. The measurements reveal that the neighboring correlated triplet pair achieves its maximum population within 20 fs. Subsequent growth of the triplet signal on picosecond time scales is attributable to spatial separation of the triplets, proceeding nonadiabatically through weakly coupled but near-resonant states. As such, we provide evidence in crystalline rubrene for a singlet fission step that, until now, has not been convincingly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Breen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Laurie A Bizimana
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Benedikt Kloss
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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23
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Sakamoto Y, Suzuki T. Perfluorinated and Half-Fluorinated Rubrenes: Synthesis and Crystal Packing Arrangements. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8111-8116. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Sakamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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24
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Lima CFRAC, Costa JCS, Lima LMSS, Melo A, Silva AMS, Santos LMNBF. Energetic and Structural Insights into the Molecular and Supramolecular Properties of Rubrene. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F. R. A. C. Lima
- CIQ, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - José C. S. Costa
- CIQ, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- LEPABE; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Luís M. Spencer S. Lima
- CIQ, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - André Melo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; Aveiro Portugal
| | - Luís M. N. B. F. Santos
- CIQ, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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25
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Lin KY, Wang YJ, Chen KL, Ho CY, Yang CC, Shen JL, Chiu KC. Role of molecular conformations in rubrene polycrystalline films growth from vacuum deposition at various substrate temperatures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40824. [PMID: 28091620 PMCID: PMC5238508 DOI: 10.1038/srep40824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the optical and structural characterization of rubrene polycrystalline films fabricated from vacuum deposition with various substrate temperatures (Tsub). Depending on Tsub, the role of twisted and planar rubrene conformational isomers on the properties of rubrene films is focused. The temperature (T)-dependent inverse optical transmission (IOT) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were performed on these rubrene films. The origins of these IOT and PL peaks are explained in terms of the features from twisted and planar rubrene molecules and of the band characteristics from rubrene molecular solid films. Here, two rarely reported weak-peaks at 2.431 and 2.605 eV were observed from IOT spectra, which are associated with planar rubrene. Besides, the T-dependence of optical bandgap deduced from IOT spectra is discussed with respect to Tsub. Together with IOT and PL spectra, for Tsub > 170 °C, the changes in surface morphology and unit cell volume were observed for the first time, and are attributed to the isomeric transformation from twisted to planar rubrenes during the deposition processes. Furthermore, a unified schematic diagram in terms of Frenkel exciton recombination is suggested to explain the origins of the dominant PL peaks performed on these rubrene films at 15 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Yen Lin
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lun Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yuan Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chuen Yang
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Lin Shen
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
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26
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Iimori T, Ito R, Ohta N, Nakano H. Stark Spectroscopy of Rubrene. I. Electroabsorption Spectroscopy and Molecular Parameters. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4307-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Iimori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ito
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohta
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hideyuki Nakano
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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27
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Brückner C, Engels B. A theoretical description of charge reorganization energies in molecular organic P-type semiconductors. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1335-44. [PMID: 27059122 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport properties of materials composed of small organic molecules are important for numerous optoelectronic applications. A material's ability to transport charges is considerably influenced by the charge reorganization energies of the composing molecules. Hence, predictions about charge-transport properties of organic materials deserve reliable statements about these charge reorganization energies. However, using density functional theory which is mostly used for the predictions, the computed reorganization energies depend strongly on the chosen functional. To gain insight, a benchmark of various density functionals for the accurate calculation of charge reorganization energies is presented. A correlation between the charge reorganization energies and the ionization potentials is found which suggests applying IP-tuning to obtain reliable values for charge reorganization energies. According to benchmark investigations with IP-EOM-CCSD single-point calculations, the tuned functionals provide indeed more reliable charge reorganization energies. Among the standard functionals, ωB97X-D and SOGGA11X yield accurate charge reorganization energies in comparison with IP-EOM-CCSD values. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brückner
- Julius-Maximilians-Universitöt Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Julius-Maximilians-Universitöt Würzburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Bhattacharyya K, Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Controlling electronic effects and intermolecular packing in contorted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs): towards high mobility field effect transistors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14886-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical MD simulations followed by DFT calculations for computationally screened contorted polyaromatic hydrocarbons reveal encouraging OFET potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ayan Datta
- Department of Spectroscopy
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- 700032 India
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