1
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Janaagal A, Kushwaha A, Jhaldiyal P, Dhilip Kumar TJ, Gupta I. Photoredox Catalysis by 21-Thiaporphyrins: A Green and Efficient Approach for C-N Borylation and C-H Arylation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401623. [PMID: 38825798 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis provides a green and sustainable alternative for C-H activation of organic molecules that eludes harsh conditions and use of transition metals. The photocatalytic C-N borylation and C-H arylation mostly depend on the ruthenium and iridium complexes or eosin Y and the use of porphyrin catalysts is still in infancy. A series of novel 21-thiaporphyrins (A2B2 and A3B type) were synthesized having carbazole/phenothiazine moieties at their meso-positions and screened as catalysts for C-N borylation and C-H arylation. This paper demonstrates the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyzed C-N borylation and het-arylation of anilines under visible light. The method utilizes only 0.1 mol % of 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst under blue light for the direct C-N borylation and het-arylation reactions. A variety of substituted anilines were used as source for expensive and unstable aryl diazonium salts in the reactions. The heterobiaryls and aryl boronic esters were obtained in decent yields (up to 88 %). Versatility of the 21-thiaporphyrin catalyst was tested by thiolation and selenylation of anilines under similar conditions. Mechanistic insight was obtained from DFT studies, suggesting that 21-thiaporphyrin undergo an oxidative quenching pathway. The photoredox process catalyzed by 21-thiaporphyrins offers a mild, efficient and metal-free alternative for the formation of C-C, C-S, and C-Se bonds in aryl compounds; it can also be extended to borylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Janaagal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - Apoorv Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Pranjali Jhaldiyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
| | - T J Dhilip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
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2
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Gladkov AA, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Photoredox Activation of Fluorinated Organozinc Reagents: Hydrofluoroalkylation of Unactivated and Electron Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11826-11835. [PMID: 39059413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with organozinc reagents under photocatalytic conditions is described. The fluorinated alkyl radicals were generated from organozincs by the single electron oxidation of the carbon-zinc bond. The radical addition step is followed either by hydrogen atom transfer for unactivated olefins or by a reduction/protonation sequence for strongly accepting arylidenemalononitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Gladkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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3
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Brodsky N, Phadnis N, Ibrahim M, Andino IM, Giro IB, Milligan JA. 3-Chloropropylbis(catecholato)silicate as a Bifunctional Reagent for the One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines from o-Bromosulfonamides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4191-4198. [PMID: 38412512 PMCID: PMC10949236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Bis(catecholato)silicate salts are easily accessible reagents that can be used to install alkyl fragments through photoredox-enabled cross-coupling. These reagents can incorporate various functional groups including pendant alkyl halides. A halogenated organosilicate reagent was leveraged to develop a one-pot synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines from o-bromosulfonamides, where the bifunctional reagent participates in a nickel/photoredox cross-coupling followed by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution. The functional group tolerance of this cross-coupling strategy allowed for the preparation of a series of substituted tetrahydroquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Brodsky
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Nidheesh Phadnis
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Isabel M. Andino
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Inés Blanc Giro
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - John A. Milligan
- Department of Biological
and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
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4
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Gesmundo NJ, Rago AJ, Young JM, Keess S, Wang Y. At the Speed of Light: The Systematic Implementation of Photoredox Cross-Coupling Reactions for Medicinal Chemistry Research. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38442262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The adoption of new and emerging techniques in organic synthesis is essential to promote innovation in drug discovery. In this Perspective, we detail the strategy we used for the systematic deployment of photoredox-mediated, metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in AbbVie's medicinal chemistry organization, focusing on topics such as assessment, evaluation, implementation, and accessibility. The comprehensive evaluation of photoredox reaction setups and published methods will be discussed, along with internal efforts to build expertise and photoredox high-throughput experimentation capabilities. We also highlight AbbVie's academic-industry collaborations in this field that have been leveraged to develop new synthetic strategies, along with discussing the internal adoption of photoredox cross-coupling reactions. The work described herein has culminated in robust photocatalysis and cross-coupling capabilities which are viewed as key platforms for medicinal chemistry research at AbbVie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Gesmundo
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alexander J Rago
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jonathon M Young
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Global Medicinal Chemistry, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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5
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Bacauanu V, Merz ZN, Hua ZL, Lang SB. Nickel-Catalyzed Antibody Bioconjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25842-25849. [PMID: 37950853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
New biocompatible methods for post-translational protein modification are challenging to develop but crucial to create improved chemical probes and optimize next-generation biologic therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Herein, we describe the bottom-up construction of an aqueous nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling for the chemospecific arylation of cysteine residues on peptides and proteins and its use for the preparation of ADCs. A variety of arene linkages are exemplified, enabling the incorporation of small molecules, probes, and cytotoxic payloads. The utility of this new bioconjugation platform in a drug discovery setting is highlighted by the construction of novel ADCs with target-mediated in vitro cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Bacauanu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zoe N Merz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhong L Hua
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Simon B Lang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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6
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Jaouadi K, Abdellaoui M, Levernier E, Payard PA, Derat E, Le Saux T, Ollivier C, Torelli S, Jullien L, Plasson R, Fensterbank L, Grimaud L. Regime Switch in the Dual-Catalyzed Coupling of Alkyl Silicates with Aryl Bromides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301780. [PMID: 37494564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalyzed cross-coupling of an arylbromide (Ar-Br) with an alkyl bis(catecholato)silicate (R-Si⊖ ) has been analyzed in depth using a continuum of analytical techniques (EPR, fluorine NMR, electrochemistry, photophysics) and modeling (micro-kinetics and DFT calculations). These studies converged on the impact of four control parameters consisting in the initial concentrations of the iridium photocatalyst ([Ir]0 ), nickel precatalyst ([Ni]0 ) and silicate ([R-Si⊖ ]0 ) as well as light intensity I0 for an efficient reaction between Ar-Br and R-Si⊖ . More precisely, two regimes were found to be possibly at play. The first one relies on an equimolar consumption of Ar-Br with R-Si⊖ smoothly leading to Ar-R, with no side-product from R-Si⊖ and a second one in which R-Si⊖ is simultaneously coupled to Ar-Br and degraded to R-H. This integrative approach could serve as a case study for the investigation of other metallaphotoredox catalysis manifolds of synthetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Jaouadi
- LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Abdellaoui
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Levernier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Adrien Payard
- LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Derat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Torelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Plasson
- UMR408 SQPOV Avignon Université/INRAE Campus Jean-Henri Fabre, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza BP, 21239, 84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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7
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Reversible C-H bond silylation with a neutral silicon Lewis acid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11237-11242. [PMID: 37860638 PMCID: PMC10583699 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The silicon-carbon bond is a valuable linchpin for synthetic transformations. However, installing Si-C functionalities requires metalated C-nucleophiles, activated silicon reagents (silylium ions, silyl radicals, and silyl anions), or transition metal catalysis, and it occurs irreversibly. In contrast, spontaneous C-H silylations with neutral silanes leading to anionic silicates, and their reversible deconstruction, are elusive. Herein, the CH-bond silylation of heterocycles or a terminal alkyne is achieved by reaction with bis(perfluoro(N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato))silane and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine. Computational and experimental insights reveal a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism. Adding a silaphilic donor to the ammonium silicate products induces the reformation of the C-H bond, thus complementing previously known irreversible C-H bond silylation protocols. Interestingly, the FLP "activated" N-methylpyrrole exhibits "deactivated" features against electrophiles, while a catalytic functionalization is found to be effective only in the absence of a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
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8
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Mishra K, Guyon D, San Martin J, Yan Y. Chiral Perovskite Nanocrystals for Asymmetric Reactions: A Highly Enantioselective Strategy for Photocatalytic Synthesis of N-C Axially Chiral Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17242-17252. [PMID: 37499231 PMCID: PMC10926773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic approaches to generate enantiospecific chiral centers are the major premise of modern organic chemistry. Heterogeneous catalysis is responsible for the vast majority of chemical transformations, yet the direct employment of chiral solid catalysts for asymmetric synthesis is mostly overlooked. Here, we demonstrated that a heterogeneous metal-halide perovskite nanocrystal (NC) catalyst is active for asymmetric organic synthesis under visible-light activation. Chiral 1-phenylethylamine (PEA)-hybridized perovskite PEA/CsPbBr3 NC photocatalysts exhibit an enantioselective (up to 99% enantiomer excess, ee) avenue to produce N-C axially chiral N-heterocycles, i.e., N-arylindoles from N-arylamine photo-oxidation. Mechanistic investigation indicated a discriminated prochiral binding of the N-arylamine substrates onto the chiral-NC surface with ca. -2.4 kcal/mol enantiodifferentiation. Our perovskite NC heterogeneous catalytic system not only demonstrates a promising strategy to address the long-term challenges in atroposelective pharmaceutical scaffold synthesis but also paves the road to directly employ chiral solids for asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Dylana Guyon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Jovan San Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
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9
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Huang W, Keess S, Molander GA. A General and Practical Route to Functionalized Bicyclo[1.1.1]Pentane-Heteroaryls Enabled by Photocatalytic Multicomponent Heteroarylation of [1.1.1]Propellane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302223. [PMID: 37059692 PMCID: PMC10247404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
1-Aryl-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) are an important class of BCP derivatives with widespread application in drug development. Most syntheses of these materials require multiple chemical steps via BCP electrophiles or nucleophiles derived from [1.1.1]propellane. Although one-step, multicomponent radical cross-coupling reactions could provide a more sustainable and rapid route to access diverse heteroarylated BCPs, current approaches are limited to tertiary alkyl radicals, leading to a decrease in their practical value. In this study, a conceptually different approach enabled by a radical multicomponent heteroarylation of [1.1.1]propellane to access functionalized heteroarylated BCPs is described. Importantly, this protocol is compatible with primary-, secondary-, and tertiary aliphatic radicals, as well as various fluoroalkyl radical sources, thus enabling rapid library generation of sought-after BCP derivatives for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Huang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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10
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Sivaramakrishna A, Pete S, Mandar Mhaskar C, Ramann H, Venkata Ramanaiah D, Arbaaz M, Niyaz M, Janardan S, Suman P. Role of hypercoordinated silicon(IV) complexes in activation of carbon–silicon bonds: An overview on utility in synthetic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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11
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Sanosa N, Ruiz-Campos P, Ambrosi D, Sampedro D, Funes-Ardoiz I. Investigating the Mechanism of Ni-Catalyzed Coupling of Photoredox-Generated Alkyl Radicals and Aryl Bromides: A Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119145. [PMID: 37298098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as an alternative to classical cross-coupling reactions, promoting new reactivities. Recently, the use of widely abundant alcohols and aryl bromides as coupling reagents was demonstrated to promote efficient coupling through the Ir/Ni dual photoredox catalytic cycle. However, the mechanism underlying this transformation is still unexplored, and here we report a comprehensive computational study of the catalytic cycle. We have shown that nickel catalysts can promote this reactivity very efficiently through DFT calculations. Two different mechanistic scenarios were explored, suggesting that two catalytic cycles operate simultaneously depending on the concentration of the alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Sanosa
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Pedro Ruiz-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Ambrosi
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Department of Chemistry, Universidad de la Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
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12
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Gesmundo NJ, Tu NP, Sarris KA, Wang Y. ChemBeads-Enabled Photoredox High-Throughput Experimentation Platform to Improve C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Decarboxylative Couplings. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:521-529. [PMID: 37077401 PMCID: PMC10108395 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enthusiasm surrounding nickel/photoredox C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-couplings is very high; however, these methods are sometimes challenged by complex drug-like substrates in discovery chemistry. In our hands this has been especially true of the decarboxylative coupling, which has lagged behind other photoredox couplings in internal adoption and success. Herein, the development of a photoredox high-throughput experimentation platform to optimize challenging C(sp2)-C(sp3) decarboxylative couplings is described. Chemical-coated glass beads (ChemBeads) and a novel parallel bead dispenser are used to expedite the high-throughput experimentation process and identify improved coupling conditions. In this report, photoredox high-throughput experimentation is utilized to dramatically improve low-yielding decarboxylative C(sp2)-C(sp3) couplings, and libraries, using conditions not previously identified in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Gesmundo
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Noah P. Tu
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kathy A. Sarris
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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13
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Dherange BD, Yuan M, Kelly CB, Reiher CA, Grosanu C, Berger KJ, Gutierrez O, Levin MD. Direct Deaminative Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17-24. [PMID: 36548788 PMCID: PMC10245626 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective functional group interconversions in complex molecular settings underpin many of the challenges facing modern organic synthesis. Currently, a privileged subset of functional groups dominates this landscape, while others, despite their abundance, are sorely underdeveloped. Amines epitomize this dichotomy; they are abundant but otherwise intransigent toward direct interconversion. Here, we report an approach that enables the direct conversion of amines to bromides, chlorides, iodides, phosphates, thioethers, and alcohols, the heart of which is a deaminative carbon-centered radical formation process using an anomeric amide reagent. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies demonstrate that successful deaminative functionalization relies not only on outcompeting the H-atom transfer to the incipient radical but also on the generation of polarity-matched, productive chain-carrying radicals that continue to react efficiently. The overall implications of this technology for interconverting amine libraries were evaluated via high-throughput parallel synthesis and applied in the development of one-pot diversification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu D Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Mingbin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Christopher A Reiher
- Parallel Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Cristina Grosanu
- High Throughput Purification, Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kathleen J Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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14
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Kim J, Lee JK, Moon B, Lee A. Photocatalytic Alkyl Addition to Access Quaternary Alkynyl α-Amino Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:8870-8874. [PMID: 36414400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective alkylation of β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters by visible-light photocatalysis has been developed. This method enables 1,2-addition of methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals to the conjugated imines under mild conditions to produce a variety of quaternary alkynyl α-amino acid and cyclic amino acid motifs. Alkyl radicals are generated from alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates with an organic photocatalyst. This process is effective under an air atmosphere, providing operational benefits compared to conventional alkylation using organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ansoo Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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15
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Maity B, Scott TR, Stroscio GD, Gagliardi L, Cavallo L. The Role of Excited States of LNi II/III(Aryl)(Halide) Complexes in Ni–Halide Bond Homolysis in the Arylation of C sp3–H Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thais R. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Gautam D. Stroscio
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Luridiana A, Mazzarella D, Capaldo L, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Nuño M, Jan Buma W, Noël T. The Merger of Benzophenone HAT Photocatalysis and Silyl Radical-Induced XAT Enables Both Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling and 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11216-11225. [PMID: 36158902 PMCID: PMC9486949 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy for both
cross-electrophile coupling and 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization
of olefins has been developed. Carbon-centered radicals are generated
from alkyl bromides by merging benzophenone hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) photocatalysis and silyl radical-induced halogen atom transfer
(XAT) and are subsequently intercepted by a nickel catalyst to forge
the targeted C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. The mild protocol is fast
and scalable using flow technology, displays broad functional group
tolerance, and is amenable to a wide variety of medicinally relevant
moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the ketone catalyst,
upon photoexcitation, is responsible for the direct activation of
the silicon-based XAT reagent (HAT-mediated XAT) that furnishes the
targeted alkyl radical and is ultimately involved in the turnover
of the nickel catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luridiana
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec Ltd. Park Farm Business Centre, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6TS, U.K
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Molecular Photonics, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon-based reactions. However, their short-lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido-, iodido-, formato-, acetato-, triflato- and sulfato-silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor-free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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18
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Jin X, Zhang L. Expedient access to N-alkylphthalimides via redox-neutral photocatalysed Giese-type reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5377-5382. [PMID: 35736555 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00769j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoredox-catalysed Giese-type reaction has emerged as a useful and powerful platform for radical-based transformations. Herein, a novel protocol for the preparation of N-alkylphthalimides has been successfully developed via the reactions of N-vinylphthalimides with radicals using alkyl silicates or Hantzsch esters as the radical precursors. According to the result of deuteration experiments, a mechanism involving a radical addition/SET reduction/protonation process has been proposed. The synthetic application of N-alkylphthalimide has also been demonstrated by deprotecting the phthalimido group using the Ing-Manske procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, No. 888 Yinxian Avenue East, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Fundamental Science, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, No. 666 Siming Road, Ningbo 315500, China
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19
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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20
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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21
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Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities of Dual Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022; 12:e1573. [PMID: 35664524 PMCID: PMC9162266 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C-C cross-coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user-friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data-driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited-state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual-catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.
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22
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Millanvois A, Ollivier C, Fensterbank LG. Bis(catecholato)silicates: Synthesis and Structural Data. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Millanvois
- Sorbonne Université Campus Pierre et Marie Curie: Sorbonne Universite Campus Pierre et Marie Curie Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire FRANCE
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Université Campus Pierre et Marie Curie: Sorbonne Universite Campus Pierre et Marie Curie Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire FRANCE
| | - Louis Gabriel Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université Campus Pierre et Marie Curie: Sorbonne Universite Campus Pierre et Marie Curie Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire, UMR 7201 4 place Jussieucase 229 75005 Paris FRANCE
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23
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First Evidence of Tris(catecholato)silicate Formation from Hydrolysis of an Alkyl Bis(catecholato)silicate. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082521. [PMID: 35458719 PMCID: PMC9032887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of 3-ammoniumpropylbis(catecholato)silicate 1, giving two different silica-based materials containing different amounts of tris(catecholato)silicate, is reported. The latter species can be formed through an attack of catechol to the silicon atom in the pentacoordinate complex, in which the silicon-carbon bond is further activated toward electrophilic proton cleavage. The Knoevenagel reaction was used as a probe in order to test the availability of functional groups on the surface of such materials.
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24
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Duhail T, Zhu M, Rombault C, Dagousset G, Messaoudi S, Magnier EM, Anselmi E. Dual photocatalysis for the straightforward coupling of thiosugars and arylsulfoximines. Towards unprecedented cyclic heteroatomic structures. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Duhail
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay Institut Lavoisier Versailles FRANCE
| | - Minxiang Zhu
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay BioCIS: Biomolecules Conception Isolement Synthese FRANCE
| | - Coralie Rombault
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay Institut Lavoisier de Versailles FRANCE
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay Institut Lavoisier de Versailles FRANCE
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay BIOCIS FRANCE
| | - Emmanuel M. Magnier
- CNRS ILV UMR 8180 Universite de Versailles-Saint-Quentin B�timent Lavoisier ECHO 45, avenue des Etats unis 78035 VERSAILLES FRANCE
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Paris-Saclay University: Universite Paris-Saclay Institut Lavoisier de Versailles FRANCE
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25
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Selmani A, Schoetz MD, Queen AE, Schoenebeck F. Modularity in the C sp3 Space─Alkyl Germanes as Orthogonal Molecular Handles for Chemoselective Diversification. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D. Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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26
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Schirmer TE, Abdellaoui M, Savateev A, Ollivier C, Antonietti M, Fensterbank L, König B. Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Heterogeneous Organic Photocatalyst in the Dual Catalytic Arylation of Alkyl Bis(catecholato)silicates. Org Lett 2022; 24:2483-2487. [PMID: 35324213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN) is introduced as a heterogeneous photocatalyst to perform dual photoredox- and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates as radical precursors and aryl or alkenyl bromides. The synergy between this recyclable photocatalyst and the broadly applied homogeneous nickel complex [Ni(dtbbpy)Br2] gives access to C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling products in a sustainable fashion. The recycled mpg-CN photocatalyst was analyzed by time-resolved emission spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Schirmer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Mehdi Abdellaoui
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire -4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, Sorbonne Université, Paris Cedex 05 F-75252, France
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire -4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, Sorbonne Université, Paris Cedex 05 F-75252, France
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire -4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, Sorbonne Université, Paris Cedex 05 F-75252, France
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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27
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Kuhlmann JH, Uygur M, García Mancheño O. Protodesilylation of Arylsilanes by Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:1689-1694. [PMID: 35196013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first visible-light-mediated photocatalytic, metal- and base-free protodesilylation of arylsilanes is presented. The C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage process is catalyzed by a 5 mol % loading of a commercially available acridinium salt upon blue-light irradiation. Two simple approaches have been identified employing either aerobic or hydrogen atom transfer cocatalytic conditions, which enable the efficient and selective desilylation of a broad variety of simple and complex arylsilanes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Kuhlmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mustafa Uygur
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Corcé V, Ollivier C, Fensterbank L. Boron, silicon, nitrogen and sulfur-based contemporary precursors for the generation of alkyl radicals by single electron transfer and their synthetic utilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1470-1510. [PMID: 35113115 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the use of boron, silicon, nitrogen and sulfur derivatives in single-electron transfer reactions for the generation of alkyl radicals are described. Photoredox catalyzed, electrochemistry promoted or thermally-induced oxidative and reductive processes are discussed highlighting their synthetic scope and discussing their mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Corcé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Cyril Ollivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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29
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Wang P, Fitzpatrick KP, Scheidt KA. Combined Photoredox and Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of γ-Aryloxy Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2022; 364:518-524. [PMID: 35431717 PMCID: PMC9012476 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as catalysts for the construction of C-C bonds in the synthesis of substituted ketones under single-electron processes. Despite these recent reports, there still remains a need to increase the utility and practicality of these reactions by exploring new radical coupling partners. Herein, we report the synthesis of γ-aryloxyketones via combined NHC/photoredox catalysis. In this reaction, an α-aryloxymethyl radical is generated via oxidation of an aryloxymethyl potassium trifluoroborate salt, which is then added into styrene derivatives to provide a stabilized benzylic radical. Subsequent radical-radical coupling reaction with an azolium radical affords the γ-aryloxy ketone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Keegan P Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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30
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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31
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Photoredox-Catalyzed Giese Reactions: Decarboxylative Additions to Cyclic Vinylogous Amides and Esters. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020417. [PMID: 35056732 PMCID: PMC8777773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An effective strategy has been developed for the photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative addition of cyclic amino acids to both vinylogous amides and esters leading to uniquely substituted heterocycles. The additions take place exclusively trans to the substituent present on the dihydropyridone ring affording stereochemical control about the new carbon-carbon bond. These reactions are operationally simplistic and afford the desired products in good to excellent isolated yields.
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32
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Xu QH, Wei LP, Xiao B. Alkyl-GeMe3: Neutral Metalloid Radical Precursors upon Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115592. [PMID: 34967484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) oxidation of ionic hypervalent complexes, representatively alkyltrifluoroborates (Alkyl-BF3-) and alkylbis(catecholato)silicates (Alkyl-Si(cat)2-), have contributed substantially to alkyl radical generation compared to alkali or alkaline earth organometallics because of their excellent activity-stability balance. Herein, we report another proposal using neutral metalloid compounds, Alkyl-GeMe3, as radical precursors. Compared to Alkyl-BF3- and Alkyl-Si(cat)2-, Alkyl-GeMe3 show comparable activity in radical addition reactions. Moreover, Alkyl-GeMe3 gives the first success of group 14 tetraalkyl nucleophiles in nickel catalyzed cross-coupling. Meanwhile, the neutral nature of these organogermanes supplemented the limination of ionic precursors in purification and derivatization. A preliminary mechanism study corresponds to the procedure that alkyl radical generates from tetraalkylgermane radical cation with the assistance of a nucleophile, which may also enlighten the development of more non-ionic alkyl radical precursors with metalloid center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hao Xu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Li-Pu Wei
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Bin Xiao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, Jinzhai Road 96#, 230026, Hefei, CHINA
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33
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Xu QH, Wei LP, Xiao B. Alkyl‒GeMe3: Neutral Metalloid Radical Precursors upon Visible‐Light Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hao Xu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li-Pu Wei
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bin Xiao
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry Jinzhai Road 96# 230026 Hefei CHINA
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34
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Struwe J, Korvorapun K, Zangarelli A, Ackermann L. Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Benzylations and Allylations at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2021; 27:16237-16241. [PMID: 34435716 PMCID: PMC9293244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium-catalyzed synthesis of diarylmethane compounds was realized under exceedingly mild photoredox conditions without the use of exogenous photocatalysts. The versatility and robustness of the ruthenium-catalyzed C-H benzylation was reflected by an ample scope, including multifold C-H functionalizations, as well as transformable pyrazoles, imidates and sensitive nucleosides. Mechanistic studies were indicative of a photoactive cyclometalated ruthenium complex, which also enabled versatile C-H allylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Korkit Korvorapun
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Agnese Zangarelli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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35
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Chan AY, Perry IB, Bissonnette NB, Buksh BF, Edwards GA, Frye LI, Garry OL, Lavagnino MN, Li BX, Liang Y, Mao E, Millet A, Oakley JV, Reed NL, Sakai HA, Seath CP, MacMillan DWC. Metallaphotoredox: The Merger of Photoredox and Transition Metal Catalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1485-1542. [PMID: 34793128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The merger of photoredox catalysis with transition metal catalysis, termed metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become a mainstay in synthetic methodology over the past decade. Metallaphotoredox catalysis has combined the unparalleled capacity of transition metal catalysis for bond formation with the broad utility of photoinduced electron- and energy-transfer processes. Photocatalytic substrate activation has allowed the engagement of simple starting materials in metal-mediated bond-forming processes. Moreover, electron or energy transfer directly with key organometallic intermediates has provided novel activation modes entirely complementary to traditional catalytic platforms. This Review details and contextualizes the advancements in molecule construction brought forth by metallaphotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian B Perry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Noah B Bissonnette
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Benito F Buksh
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grant A Edwards
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lucas I Frye
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Olivia L Garry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marissa N Lavagnino
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Beryl X Li
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yufan Liang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Edna Mao
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Agustin Millet
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James V Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas L Reed
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ciaran P Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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36
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Karakaya I. Amphiphilic Polypyridyl Ruthenium Catalyzed, Photoredox‐Mediated C−H Arylation of Heteroarenes with Aryl Diazonium Salts. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Karakaya
- Department of Chemistry College of Basic Sciences Gebze Technical University 41400 Gebze Turkey
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37
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The Structure of Bis(catecholato)silanes: Phase Adaptation by Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of the Si-O Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18784-18793. [PMID: 34699725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechols occupy a unique role in the structural, bio-, and geochemistry of silicon. Although a wealth of knowledge exists on their hypercoordinate complexes, the structure of tetracoordinate bis(catecholato)silane, Si(catH)2 1, has been enigmatic since its first report in 1951. Indeed, the claim of a planar-tetracoordinated silicon in 1 triggered a prominent debate, which is unsettled to this day. Herewith, we present a comprehensive structural study on 1 and derivatives in the gas phase by electron diffraction, in a neon matrix by IR spectroscopy, in solution by diffusion NMR spectroscopy, and in the solid-state by X-ray diffraction and MAS NMR spectroscopy, complemented by high-level quantum-chemical computations. The compound exhibits unprecedented phase adaptation. In the gas phase, the monomeric bis(catecholato)silane is tetrahedral, but in the condensed phase, it is metastable toward oligomerization up to a degree controllable by the type of catechol, temperature, and concentration. For the first time, spectroscopic evidence is obtained for a rapid Si-O σ-bond metathesis reaction. Hence, this study sorts out a long-lasting debate and confirms dynamic covalent features for our Earth's crust's most abundant chemical bond.
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38
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Xu MY, Xiao B. Germatranes and carbagermatranes: (hetero)aryl and alkyl coupling partners in Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11764-11775. [PMID: 34661207 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04373k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have taken root in the construction of a complex synthetic community. The development of organometallics has been an important objective in this field. Our group has focused on exploiting new germanium-based reagents and the corresponding catalytic processes. In the past three years, we have established new methods for the synthesis of structure-modified (hetero)aryl germatranes and alkyl carbagermatranes. Particularly for alkyl carbagermatranes, the stability to be compatible with various derivatization reactions and the high activity for transmetallation (e.g. base/additive-free for primary alkyl carbagermatranes) distinguish them from many reported nucleophiles. In this article, we would introduce (1) the development process of organogermanium reagents in palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings; (2) the history of germatrane-type systems and the breakthrough we have made in the field; (3) the outlook for (carba)germatranes and alkyl-GeMe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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39
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Garbacz M, Stecko S. Synthesis of chiral branched allylamines through dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8578-8585. [PMID: 34553201 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Allylamines are versatile building blocks in the synthesis of various naturally occurring products and pharmaceuticals. In contrast to terminal allylamines, the methods of synthesis of their branched congeners with internal, stereodefined double bonds are less explored. This work describes a new approach for the preparation of allylamines via cross-coupling of alkyl bromides with simple 3-bromoallylamines by merging the photoredox approach and Ni catalysis. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, under blue light irradiation, and in the presence of an organic dye, 4CzIPN, as a photocatalyst. The scope of suitable reaction partners is broad, including alkyl bromides bearing reactive functionalities (e.g., esters, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides) and N-protected allylamines, as well as N-allylated secondary and tertiary amines and heterocycles. The employment of non-racemic starting materials allows for rapid and easy construction of complex multifunctional allylamine derivatives without the loss of enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Garbacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Stecko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Boldt AM, Dickinson SI, Ramirez JR, Benz-Weeden AM, Wilson DS, Stevenson SM. Reactions of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts under photoredox catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7810-7815. [PMID: 34549228 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts as alkyl radical precursors using photoredox catalysis is described. Depending on substituents, the benzylic radicals may couple to form C-C bonds or abstract a hydrogen atom to form C-H bonds. A natural product, brittonin A, was also synthesized using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Boldt
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
| | | | | | | | - David S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
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41
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Mazzarella D, Pulcinella A, Bovy L, Broersma R, Noël T. Rapid and Direct Photocatalytic C(sp
3
)−H Acylation and Arylation in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pulcinella
- Flow Chemistry Group Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Loïc Bovy
- Flow Chemistry Group Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rémy Broersma
- Signify Research High Tech Campus 7 5656 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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42
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Mazzarella D, Pulcinella A, Bovy L, Broersma R, Noël T. Rapid and Direct Photocatalytic C(sp 3 )-H Acylation and Arylation in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21277-21282. [PMID: 34329531 PMCID: PMC8518495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photocatalytic procedure that enables the acylation/arylation of unfunctionalized alkyl derivatives in flow. The method exploits the ability of the decatungstate anion to act as a hydrogen atom abstractor and produce nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals that are intercepted by a nickel catalyst to ultimately forge C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bonds. Owing to the intensified conditions in flow, the reaction time can be reduced from 12-48 hours to only 5-15 minutes. Finally, kinetic measurements highlight how the intensified conditions do not change the reaction mechanism but reliably speed up the overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pulcinella
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Loïc Bovy
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rémy Broersma
- Signify ResearchHigh Tech Campus 75656AEEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry GroupVan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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43
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Behnke NE, Sales ZS, Li M, Herrmann AT. Dual Photoredox/Nickel-Promoted Alkylation of Heteroaryl Halides with Redox-Active Esters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12945-12955. [PMID: 34464532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein a method for the radical alkylation of heteroaryl halides that relies upon the combination of photoredox and nickel catalysis is described. The use of aliphatic N-(acyloxy)phthalimides as redox-active esters affords primary and secondary radicals for the decarboxylative dual cross-coupling with pyrimidine and pyridine heteroaryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides. The method provides an additional synthetic tool for the incorporation of medicinally relevant heterocyclic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Erin Behnke
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, BioScience Research Collaborative, 6500 Main Street, Rm 380, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zachary S Sales
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Minyan Li
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aaron T Herrmann
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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44
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Ollivier C, Fensterbank L, Abdellaoui M, Millanvois A, Levernier E. Visible-Light-Mediated Z-Stereoselective Monoalkylation of β,β-Dichlorostyrenes by Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1374-9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMetal-catalyzed alkylation of 1,1-dihalovinyl moiety commonly suffers from both a lack of stereoselectivity and the overreaction leading to the dialkylation product. The methodology described herein features a new pathway to alkylate stereoselectively β,β-dichlorostyryl substrates to provide the Z-trisubstituted olefin only with fair to good yields. This cross-coupling reaction bears on the smooth and photoinduced formation of a C-centered radical that engages in a nickel-catalyzed organometallic cycle to form the key Csp2–Csp3 bond.
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45
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Reidl TW, Bandar JS. Lewis Basic Salt-Promoted Organosilane Coupling Reactions with Aromatic Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11939-11945. [PMID: 34314159 PMCID: PMC8510683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lewis basic salts promote benzyltrimethylsilane coupling with (hetero)aryl nitriles, sulfones, and chlorides as a new route to 1,1-diarylalkanes. This method combines the substrate modularity and selectivity characteristic of cross-coupling with the practicality of a base-promoted protocol. In addition, a Lewis base strategy enables a complementary scope to existing methods, employs stable and easily prepared organosilanes, and achieves selective arylation in the presence of acidic functional groups. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of pharmaceutical analogues and its use in multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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46
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Bay AV, Fitzpatrick KP, González-Montiel GA, Farah AO, Cheong PHY, Scheidt KA. Light-Driven Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of Aliphatic and α-Amino Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17925-17931. [PMID: 34097802 PMCID: PMC8338790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has gained attention recently for the synthesis of C-C bonds. Guided by density functional theory and mechanistic analyses, we report the light-driven synthesis of aliphatic and α-amino ketones using single-electron NHC operators. Computational and experimental results reveal that the reactivity of the key radical intermediate is substrate-dependent and can be modulated through steric and electronic parameters of the NHC. Catalyst potential is harnessed in the visible-light driven generation of an acyl azolium radical species that undergoes selective coupling with various radical partners to afford diverse ketone products. This methodology is showcased in the direct late-stage functionalization of amino acids and pharmaceutical compounds, highlighting the utility of single-electron NHC operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bay
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Keegan P. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | | | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 2145
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 2145
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
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47
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Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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48
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Bay AV, Fitzpatrick KP, González‐Montiel GA, Farah AO, Cheong PH, Scheidt KA. Light‐Driven Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of Aliphatic and α‐Amino Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bay
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Keegan P. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall Corvallis OR 97331 2145 USA
| | - Paul Ha‐Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall Corvallis OR 97331 2145 USA
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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49
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Mastandrea MM, Pericàs MA. Photoredox Dual Catalysis: A Fertile Playground for the Discovery of New Reactivities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Mastandrea
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Instutite of Science and Technology (BIST) Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Instutite of Science and Technology (BIST) Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona c/Martí i Franqués 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
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50
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Minami Y, Hiyama T. Cross-coupling Reaction based on the Transformation of Trialkylsilyl Groups. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Minami
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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