1
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Li B, Zhang HH, Luo Y, Yu S, Goddard Iii WA, Dang Y. Interception of Transient Allyl Radicals with Low-Valent Allylpalladium Chemistry: Tandem Pd(0/II/I)-Pd(0/II/I/II) Cycles in Photoredox/Pd Dual-Catalytic Enantioselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Homocoupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6377-6387. [PMID: 38385755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We present comprehensive computational and experimental studies on the mechanism of an asymmetric photoredox/Pd dual-catalytic reductive C(sp3)-C(sp3) homocoupling of allylic electrophiles. In stark contrast to the canonical assumption that photoredox promotes bond formation via facile reductive elimination from high-valent metal-organic species, our computational analysis revealed an intriguing low-valent allylpalladium pathway that features tandem operation of Pd(0/II/I)-Pd(0/II/I/II) cycles. Specifically, we propose that (i) the photoredox/Pd system enables the in situ generation of allyl radicals from low-valent Pd(I)-allyl species, and (ii) effective interception of the fleeting allyl radical by the chiral Pd(I)-allyl species results in the formation of an enantioenriched product. Notably, the cooperation of the two pathways highlights the bifunctional role of Pd(I)-allyl species in the generation and interception of transient allyl radicals. Moreover, the mechanism implies divergent substrate-activation modes in this homocoupling reaction, suggesting a theoretical possibility for cross-coupling. Combined, the current study offers a novel mechanistic hypothesis for photoredox/Pd dual catalysis and highlights the use of low-valent allylpalladium as a means to efficiently intercept radicals for selective asymmetric bond constructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hong-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - William A Goddard Iii
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Lucas Kane D, Figula BC, Balaraman K, Bertke JA, Wolf C. General alkyl fluoride functionalization via short-lived carbocation-organozincate ion pairs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1866. [PMID: 38424080 PMCID: PMC10904780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated organic compounds are frequently used across the chemical and life sciences. Although a large, structurally diverse pool of alkyl fluorides is nowadays available, synthetic applications trail behind the widely accepted utility of other halides. We envisioned that C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions of alkyl fluorides with fluorophilic organozinc compounds should be possible through a heterolytic mechanism that involves short-lived ion pairs and uses the stability of the Zn-F bond as the thermodynamic driving force. This would be mechanistically different from previously reported radical reactions and overcome long-standing limitations of organometallic cross-coupling methodology, including competing β-hydride elimination, homodimerization and hydrodefluorination. Here, we show a practical Csp3-F bond functionalization method that expands the currently restricted synthetic space of unactivated primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-F bonds but also uses benzylic, propargylic and acyl fluorides. Many functional groups and sterically demanding substrates are tolerated, which allows practical carbon-carbon bond formation and late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lucas Kane
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bryan C Figula
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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3
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Liao JJ, Tian RG, Tian SK. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Allylammonium Salts with Alkyl Iodides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14781-14788. [PMID: 37769123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented reductive cross-coupling reaction of allylammonium salts with alkyl electrophiles has been established through C-N bond cleavage. A range of allylammonium bromides smoothly participated in the nickel-catalyzed zinc-mediated allyl-alkyl cross-electrophile coupling reaction with alkyl iodides, delivering structurally diverse alkene products in moderate to good yields with high linear selectivity. Preliminary mechanistic experiments are consistent with the formation of an alkyl radical from the alkyl iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ren-Gui Tian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Iwasaki T, Kambe N. Cross- and Multi-Coupling Reactions Using Monofluoroalkanes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300033. [PMID: 37070641 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bonds are stable and have demonstrated sluggishness against various chemical manipulations. However, selective transformations of C-F bonds can be achieved by developing appropriate conditions as useful synthetic methods in organic chemistry. This review focuses on C-C bond formation at monofluorinated sp3 -hybridized carbons via C-F bond cleavage, including cross-coupling and multi-component coupling reactions. The C-F bond cleavage mechanisms on the sp3 -hybridized carbon centers can be primarily categorized into three types: Lewis acids promoted F atom elimination to generate carbocation intermediates; nucleophilic substitution with metal or carbon nucleophiles supported by the activation of C-F bonds by coordination of Lewis acids; and the cleavage of C-F bonds via a single electron transfer. The characteristic features of alkyl fluorides, in comparison with other (pseudo)halides as promising electrophilic coupling counterparts, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Zhao WT, Shu W. Enantioselective Csp3-Csp3 formation by nickel-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-electrophile alkyl-alkyl coupling of unactivated alkyl halides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9898. [PMID: 37418514 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive occurrence of saturated stereogenic carbon centers in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, functional organic materials, and natural products has stimulated great efforts toward the construction of such saturated carbon centers. We report a reaction mode for the enantioselective construction of alkyl-alkyl bond to access saturated stereogenic carbon centers by asymmetric reductive cross-coupling between different alkyl electrophiles in good yields with great levels of enantioselectivity. This reaction mode uses only alkyl electrophiles for enantioselective Csp3-Csp3 bond-formation, rendering reductive alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling as an alternative to traditional alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling reactions between alkyl nucleophiles and alkyl electrophiles to access saturated stereogenic carbon centers without the use of organometallic reagents. The reaction displays a broad scope for two alkyl electrophiles with good functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction undergoes a single electron transfer that enabled the reductive coupling pathway to form the alkyl-alkyl bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Zhao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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6
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Baker KM, Bercher OP, Twitty JC, Mortimer T, Watson MP. 2,6-Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-bpp) as a General Ligand for the Negishi Alkylation of Alkylpyridinium Salts. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37368977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A Ni/1-bpp catalyst was demonstrated to be effective in the Negishi alkylation with multiple classes of alkylpyridinium salts, including α-primary and α-secondary. These conditions are also effective for benzylic pyridinium salts, demonstrating the successful Negishi alkylation of benzylic pyridinium salts for the first time. Further, 14 derivatives of 1-bpp were prepared with a variety of steric and electronic properties to study how these changes impact the success of the Negishi alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Olivia P Bercher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - J Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mary P Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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7
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Díez-Poza C, Fernández-Peña L, González-Andrés P, Barbero A. Changing the Reaction Pathway of Silyl-Prins Cyclization by Switching the Lewis Acid: Application to the Synthesis of an Antinociceptive Compound. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing new procedures for the synthesis of tetrahydropyrans in a very stereoselective manner is of great importance for the synthesis of THP-containing natural products. Here, we report an interesting protocol for the synthesis of polysubstituted halogenated tetrahydropyrans by silyl-Prins cyclization of vinylsilyl alcohols, in which the nature of the Lewis acid determines the outcome of the process. The methodology has been applied to the synthesis of a known antinociceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Díez-Poza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Peña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula González-Andrés
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Asunción Barbero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid Faculty of Sciences, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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8
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Lin P, Joshi C, McGinnis TM, Mallojjala SC, Sanford AB, Hirschi JS, Jarvo ER. Stereospecific Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Mesylates and Allylic Difluorides to Access Enantioenriched Vinyl Fluoride-Substituted Cyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4488-4499. [PMID: 37066042 PMCID: PMC10088041 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions involving direct C-O bond activation of unactivated alkyl sulfonates or C-F bond activation of allylic gem-difluorides remain challenging. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction between alkyl mesylates and allylic gem-difluorides to synthesize enantioenriched vinyl fluoride-substituted cyclopropane products. These complex products are interesting building blocks with applications in medicinal chemistry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that there are two competing pathways for this reaction, both of which initiate by coordination of the electron-deficient olefin to the low-valent nickel catalyst. Subsequently, the reaction can proceed by oxidative addition of the C-F bond of the allylic gem-difluoride moiety or by directed polar oxidative addition of the alkyl mesylate C-O bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia
C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chetan Joshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Amberly B. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Hirschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Tang S, Zhang HH, Yu S. Enantioselective reductive allylic alkylation enabled by dual photoredox/palladium catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1153-1156. [PMID: 36628922 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06705f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A dual photoredox/palladium catalyzed regio- and enantioselective reductive cross-coupling of allylic acetates with tertiary/secondary alkyl bromides has been achieved, and Hantzsch ester is used as a homogeneous organic reductant. This straightforward protocol enables the stereoselective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction involves radical pathways and a chiral Pd complex enables the control of the regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. .,School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Centre (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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10
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Figula BC, Kane DL, Balaraman K, Wolf C. Organocuprate Cross-Coupling Reactions with Alkyl Fluorides. Org Lett 2022; 24:8719-8723. [PMID: 36394939 PMCID: PMC10502612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cross-coupling of alkyl fluorides and organocuprates is accomplished via aluminum halide mediated C-F bond activation and subsequent Csp2-Csp3 and Csp3-Csp3 bond formation. Relatively mild conditions allow for smooth activation of notoriously challenging primary and secondary alkyl fluorides while competing alkyl chain rearrangement, HF elimination, and homocoupling reactions are effectively controlled. The utility and functional group tolerance are demonstrated with 23 examples and a variety of coupling products obtained in up to 88% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Figula
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - D Lucas Kane
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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11
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Fu H, Cao J, Qiao T, Qi Y, Charnock SJ, Garfinkle S, Hyster TK. An asymmetric sp 3-sp 3 cross-electrophile coupling using 'ene'-reductases. Nature 2022; 610:302-307. [PMID: 35952713 PMCID: PMC10157439 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of Csp3-Csp3 bonds remains one of the foremost challenges in organic synthesis1. Metal-catalysed cross-electrophile couplings (XECs) have emerged as a powerful tool for C-C bond formation2-5. However, coupling two distinct Csp3 electrophiles with high cross-selectivity and stereoselectivity continues as an unmet challenge. Here we report a highly chemoselective and enantioselective Csp3-Csp3 XEC between alkyl halides and nitroalkanes catalysed by flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductases (EREDs). Photoexcitation of the enzyme-templated charge-transfer complex between an alkyl halide and a flavin cofactor enables the chemoselective reduction of alkyl halide over the thermodynamically favoured nitroalkane partner. The key C-C bond-forming step occurs by means of the reaction of an alkyl radical with an in situ-generated nitronate to form a nitro radical anion that collapses to form nitrite and an alkyl radical. An enzyme-controlled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) affords high levels of enantioselectivity. This reactivity is unknown in small-molecule catalysis and highlights the potential for enzymes to use new mechanisms to address long-standing synthetic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel Garfinkle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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12
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Balaraman K, Kyriazakos S, Palmer R, Thanzeel FY, Wolf C. Selective Csp 3-F Bond Functionalization with Lithium Iodide. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022; 54:4320-4328. [PMID: 36330045 PMCID: PMC9624501 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1738383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient method for C-F bond functionalization of a broad variety of activated and unactivated aliphatic substrates with inexpensive lithium iodide is presented. Primary, secondary, tertiary, benzylic, propargylic and α-functionalized alkyl fluorides react in chlorinated or aromatic solvents at room temperature or upon heating to the corresponding iodides which are isolated in 91-99% yield. The reaction is selective for aliphatic monofluorides and can be coupled with in situ nucleophilic iodide replacements to install carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bonds with high yields. Alkyl difluorides, trifluorides, even in activated benzylic positions, are inert under the same conditions and aryl fluoride bonds are also tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Rachel Palmer
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - F Yushra Thanzeel
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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13
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Wang F, Tong Y, Zou G. Nickel-Catalyzed, Manganese-Assisted Denitrogenative Cross-Electrophile-Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl Halides for ortho-Alkylated Benzamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:5741-5745. [PMID: 35916781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed denitrogenative cross-electrophile-coupling of benzotriazinones with unactivated alkyl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) in the presence of manganese powder as a reductant has been developed. The reaction furnishes ortho-alkylated secondary benzamides in modest to good yields under mild conditions. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 25 examples, showing good tolerance of steric hindrance and common functional groups, thus providing an efficient protocol to ortho-alkylated benzamide derivatives without the use of preprepared organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengze Wang
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tong
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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14
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You Y, Wu J, Yang L, Wu T. Nickel-catalyzed reductive defluorination of iodo allylic gem-difluorides: allenyl monofluoride synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1970-1973. [PMID: 35044385 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a potential fluorinated synthon, there have been only limited reports on fluorinated allene synthesis and applications due to concerns about their stability. Here, we developed a nickel-catalyzed reductive defluorination of iodo allyl gem-difluorides to afford allenyl monofluorides under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance, which were easily converted to other C-F bond compounds, such as alkyl and alkenyl fluorides. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that monofluoroallenes were yielded by β-F elimination of the alkenyl C-Ni intermediates from the oxidative addition of C-I bonds to a nickel(0) catalyst, while zinc regenerates the catalyst and closes the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming You
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Jiayue Wu
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Lixin Yang
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Wu
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
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15
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Zackasee JLS, Al Zubaydi S, Truesdell BL, Sevov CS. Synergistic Catalyst–Mediator Pairings for Electroreductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1161-1166. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. S. Zackasee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Samir Al Zubaydi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Blaise L. Truesdell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christo S. Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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16
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Balaraman K, Wolf C. Palladium and Nickel Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling with Alkyl Fluorides. Org Lett 2021; 23:8994-8999. [PMID: 34723542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suzuki cross-coupling of benzylic and unactivated aliphatic fluorides with aryl- and alkenylboronic acids has been achieved via mechanistically distinct Pd and Ni catalyzed pathways that outperform competing protodeboronation, β-hydride elimination, and homocoupling processes. The utility is demonstrated with more than 20 examples including heterocyclic structures, 1,1-disubstituted and trans-1,2-disubstituted alkenes, and by the incorporation of acetonitrile into functionalized (hetero)arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaluvu Balaraman
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Georgetown University, Chemistry Department, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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17
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Hewitt KA, Xie PP, Thane TA, Hirbawi N, Zhang SQ, Matus AC, Lucas EL, Hong X, Jarvo ER. Nickel-Catalyzed Domino Cross-Electrophile Coupling Dicarbofunctionalization Reaction To Afford Vinylcyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A. Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Pei-Pei Xie
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Taylor A. Thane
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nadia Hirbawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Alissa C. Matus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Erika L. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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18
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Ma WY, Han GY, Kang S, Pang X, Liu XY, Shu XZ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantiospecific Dynamic Kinetic Cross-Electrophile Vinylation of Allylic Alcohols with Vinyl Triflates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15930-15935. [PMID: 34570474 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cross-electrophile coupling has emerged as a promising tool for producing chiral molecules; however, the potential of this chemistry with metals other than nickel remains unknown. Herein, we report a cobalt-catalyzed enantiospecific vinylation reaction of allylic alcohol with vinyl triflates. This work establishes a new method for the synthesis of enantioenriched 1,4-dienes. The reaction proceeds through a dynamic kinetic coupling approach, which not only allows for direct functionalization of allylic alcohols but also is essential to achieve high chemoselectivity. The use of cobalt enables the reactions to proceed with high enantiospecificity, which have failed to be realized by nickel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Mirabi B, Marchese AD, Lautens M. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Heteroaryl Chlorides and Aryl Chlorides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Mirabi
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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Fang P, Mei TS, Shuai B. Nickel-Catalyzed Favorskii-Type Rearrangement of Cyclobutanone Oxime Esters to Cyclopropanecarbonitriles. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed base-promoted rearrangement of cyclobutanone oxime esters to cyclopropanecarbonitriles was developed. The ring opening of cyclobutanone oxime esters occurs at the sterically less hindered side. A base-promoted nickelacyclobutane intermediate, formed in situ, is assumed to be involved in the formation of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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21
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Tercenio QD, Alexanian EJ. Stereospecific Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Tosylate and Allyl Alcohol Electrophiles. Org Lett 2021; 23:7215-7219. [PMID: 34463502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stereospecific cross-coupling of easily accessed electrophiles holds significant promise in the construction of C-C bonds. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of allyl alcohols with chiral, nonracemic alkyl tosylates. This cross-coupling delivers valuable allylation products with high levels of stereospecificity across a range of substrates. The catalytic system consists of a simple nickel salt in conjunction with a commercially available reductant and importantly represents a rare example of a cross-coupling involving the C-O bonds of two electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D Tercenio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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22
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Hannigan MD, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Using JPP to Identify Ni Bidentate Phosphine Complexes In Situ. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13400-13408. [PMID: 34405991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identifying intermediates of Ni-containing reactions can be challenging due to the high reactivity of Ni complexes and their sensitivity toward air and moisture. Many Ni bidentate phosphine complexes are diamagnetic and can be analyzed in situ via 31P NMR spectroscopy, but the oxidation state of Ni is difficult to determine using 31P chemical shift analysis alone. The J-coupling between P atoms, JPP, has been proposed to correlate with oxidation state, but few investigations have looked at how JPP is affected by parameters such as length of the linker or identity of the phosphine or other ligands. The present investigation into the JPP values of Ni bidentate phosphine complexes with two-carbon and three-carbon linkers shows that the JPP values observed in 31P NMR spectra, |JPP|, are competent indicators of the oxidation state at Ni. For complexes with two-carbon linkers, |JPP| > 40 Hz is typical of Ni0 while |JPP| < 30 Hz is typical of NiII; this trend is reversed for complexes with three-carbon linkers. Additionally, the Lewis acidity of the Ni and Lewis basicity of the phosphine ligand affect JPP predictably. For example, increased P-to-Ni donation arising from more-donating phosphines or more-withdrawing ligands trans to the P atoms causes a more negative JPP. These results should enable the oxidation state of Ni and properties of ligands in Ni bidentate phosphine complexes to be determined in situ during reactions containing these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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23
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Wildermuth RE, Steinborn C, Barber DM, Mühlfenzl KS, Kendlbacher M, Mayer P, Wurst K, Magauer T. Evolution of a Strategy for the Total Synthesis of (+)-Cornexistin. Chemistry 2021; 27:12181-12189. [PMID: 34105834 PMCID: PMC8457225 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein is given a full account of the evolution of the first total synthesis of (+)-cornexistin. Initial efforts were based on masking the reactive maleic anhydride moiety as a 3,4-substituted furan and on forming the nine-membered carbocycle in an intramolecular Conia-ene or Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) reaction. Those strategies suffered from low yields and were jeopardized by a late-stage installation of the Z-alkene, as well as the stereocenters along the eastern periphery. These issues were addressed by employing a chiral-pool strategy that involved construction of the crucial stereocenters at C2, C3 and C8 at an early stage with installation of the maleic anhydride as late as possible. The successful approach featured an intermolecular NHK coupling to install the Z-alkene, a syn-Evans-aldol reaction to forge the stereocenters along the eastern periphery, an intramolecular allylic alkylation to close the nine-membered carbocycle, and a challenging stepwise hydrolysis of a β-keto nitrile to furnish the maleic anhydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E. Wildermuth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Christian Steinborn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - David M. Barber
- Research & DevelopmentWeed Control Chemistry, Bayer AG Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst65926Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Kim S. Mühlfenzl
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Mario Kendlbacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of GeneralInorganic & Theoretical ChemistryLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesLeopold-Franzens-University InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
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24
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Zhang HH, Tang M, Zhao JJ, Song C, Yu S. Enantioselective Reductive Homocoupling of Allylic Acetates Enabled by Dual Photoredox/Palladium Catalysis: Access to C2-Symmetrical 1,5-Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12836-12846. [PMID: 34351745 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions have emerged as powerful protocols to construct C-C bonds. However, the development of enantioselective C(sp3)-C(sp3) reductive coupling remains challenging. Herein, we report a highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective reductive homocoupling of allylic acetates through cooperative palladium and photoredox catalysis using diisopropylethylamine or Hantzsch ester as a homogeneous organic reductant. This straightforward protocol enables the stereoselective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds under mild reaction conditions. A series of C2-symmetrical chiral 1,5-dienes were easily prepared with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee), diastereoselectivities (up to >95:5 dr), and regioselectivities (up to >95:5 rr). The resultant chiral 1,5-dienes can be directly used as chiral ligands in asymmetric synthesis, and they can be also transformed into other valuable chiral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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25
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Lyu H, Kevlishvili I, Yu X, Liu P, Dong G. Boron insertion into alkyl ether bonds via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis. Science 2021; 372:175-182. [PMID: 33833121 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mild methods to cleave the carbon-oxygen (C-O) bond in alkyl ethers could simplify chemical syntheses through the elaboration of these robust, readily available precursors. Here we report that dibromoboranes react with alkyl ethers in the presence of a nickel catalyst and zinc reductant to insert boron into the C-O bond. Subsequent reactivity can effect oxygen-to-nitrogen substitution or one-carbon homologation of cyclic ethers and more broadly streamline preparation of bioactive compounds. Mechanistic studies reveal a cleavage-then-rebound pathway via zinc/nickel tandem catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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26
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Jarvo ER, Lucas EL, McGinnis TM, Castro AJ. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of the Difluoromethyl Group for Fluorinated Cyclopropane Synthesis. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, we report a new strategy for fluorinated cyclopropane synthesis. Photocatalytic olefin difluoromethylation is coupled with a nickel-catalyzed intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reaction between a difluoromethyl moiety and a benzylic ether. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a XEC reaction employing a difluoromethyl group as an electrophile. A plausible mechanism is highlighted, and DFT calculations are included to support the observed stereochemical outcome.
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27
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Xue W, Jia X, Wang X, Tao X, Yin Z, Gong H. Nickel-catalyzed formation of quaternary carbon centers using tertiary alkyl electrophiles. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4162-4184. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in nickel-catalyzed reactions employing tertiary alkyl electrophiles for the construction of quaternary carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Xue
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Xianghua Tao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- School of Materials & Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou 450002
- China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
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28
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Sanford AB, Jarvo ER. Harnessing C-O Bonds in Stereoselective Cross-Coupling and Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reactions. Synlett 2020; 32:1151-1156. [PMID: 34354327 PMCID: PMC8329764 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss our laboratory's research in the activation of alcohol derivatives in cross-coupling and cross-electrophile coupling reactions. Our developed methods enable the use of secondary alcohols to afford tertiary stereogenic centers, which we applied to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds and substructures. We first discuss the synthesis of bioactive compounds via stereospecific Kumada cross-coupling reactions, followed by a discussion on the development of our stereoselective cross-electrophile coupling reaction to synthesize cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberly B Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025
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29
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Clevenger AL, Stolley RM, Aderibigbe J, Louie J. Trends in the Usage of Bidentate Phosphines as Ligands in Nickel Catalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6124-6196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Clevenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan M. Stolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Justis Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Janis Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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30
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Kim S, Goldfogel MJ, Gilbert MM, Weix DJ. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Primary Alkyl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9902-9907. [PMID: 32412241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl chlorides and aryl chlorides are among the most abundant and stable carbon electrophiles. Although their coupling with carbon nucleophiles is well developed, the cross-electrophile coupling of aryl chlorides with alkyl chlorides has remained a challenge. We report here the first general approach to this transformation. The key to productive, selective cross-coupling is the use of a small amount of iodide or bromide along with a recently reported ligand, pyridine-2,6-bis(N-cyanocarboxamidine) (PyBCamCN). The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 35 examples (63 ± 16% average yield), and we show that the Br- and I- additives act as cocatalysts, generating a low, steady-state concentration of more-reactive alkyl bromide/iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew J Goldfogel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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31
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Tang J, Liu LL, Yang S, Cong X, Luo M, Zeng X. Chemoselective Cross-Coupling between Two Different and Unactivated C(aryl)–O Bonds Enabled by Chromium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7715-7720. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shangru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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32
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Truesdell BL, Hamby TB, Sevov CS. General C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reactions Enabled by Overcharge Protection of Homogeneous Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5884-5893. [PMID: 32115939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) of alkyl and aryl halides promoted by electrochemistry represents an attractive alternative to conventional methods that require stoichiometric quantities of high-energy reductants. Most importantly, electroreduction can readily exceed the reducing potentials of chemical reductants to activate catalysts with improved reactivities and selectivities over conventional systems. This work details the mechanistically-driven development of an electrochemical methodology for XEC that utilizes redox-active shuttles developed by the energy-storage community to protect reactive coupling catalysts from overreduction. The resulting electrocatalytic system is practical, scalable, and broadly applicable to the reductive coupling of a wide range of aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl bromides with primary or secondary alkyl bromides. The impact of overcharge protection as a strategy for electrosynthetic methodologies is underscored by the dramatic differences in yields from coupling reactions with added redox shuttles (generally >80%) and those without (generally <20%). In addition to excellent yields for a wide range of substrates, reactions protected from overreduction can be performed at high currents and on multigram scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L Truesdell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Taylor B Hamby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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33
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Sanford AB, Thane TA, McGinnis TM, Chen PP, Hong X, Jarvo ER. Nickel-Catalyzed Alkyl-Alkyl Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of 1,3-Dimesylates for the Synthesis of Alkylcyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5017-5023. [PMID: 32129601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions of two Csp3-X bonds remain challenging. Herein we report an intramolecular nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-diol derivatives. Notably, this transformation is utilized to synthesize a range of mono- and 1,2-disubstituted alkylcyclopropanes, including those derived from terpenes, steroids, and aldol products. Additionally, enantioenriched cyclopropanes are synthesized from the products of proline-catalyzed and Evans aldol reactions. A procedure for direct transformation of 1,3-diols to cyclopropanes is also described. Calculations and experimental data are consistent with a nickel-catalyzed mechanism that begins with stereoablative oxidative addition at the secondary center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberly B Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Taylor A Thane
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Tristan M McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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34
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Lucas EL, Hewitt KA, Chen PP, Castro AJ, Hong X, Jarvo ER. Engaging Sulfonamides: Intramolecular Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of Sulfonamides with Alkyl Chlorides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1775-1793. [PMID: 31840511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of amine derivatives as coupling partners is rare due to the inherent strength of the C-N bond. Herein, we report the first cross-electrophile coupling reaction of unstrained benzylic sulfonamides. Nickel-catalyzed intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling reactions of acyclic and cyclic benzylic sulfonamides with pendant alkyl chlorides generate cyclopropane products. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations are consistent with initiation of the reaction by magnesium iodide accelerated oxidative addition of the benzylic sulfonamide. This work establishes neutral and unstrained amine derivatives as XEC partners, furnishes structural rearrangement of benzylic sulfonamides, and provides valuable information regarding catalyst design for the development of new cross-electrophile coupling reactions of carbon-heteroatom bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Lucas
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Kirsten A Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Anthony J Castro
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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35
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Chen PP, Zhang H, Cheng B, Chen X, Cheng F, Zhang SQ, Lu Z, Meng F, Hong X. How Solvents Control the Stereospecificity of Ni-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation of Allylic Pivalates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fengchang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fanke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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36
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Ma T, Chen Y, Li Y, Ping Y, Kong W. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Aryl Fluoroalkenylation of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yate Chen
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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37
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Ping Y, Wang K, Pan Q, Ding Z, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Kong W. Ni-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Domino Reductive Cyclization: One-Pot Synthesis of 2,3-Fused Cyclopentannulated Indolines. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ping
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuai Wang
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengtian Ding
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Guo
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Tian ZX, Qiao JB, Xu GL, Pang X, Qi L, Ma WY, Zhao ZZ, Duan J, Du YF, Su P, Liu XY, Shu XZ. Highly Enantioselective Cross-Electrophile Aryl-Alkenylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7637-7643. [PMID: 31002758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective cross-electrophile reactions remain a challenging subject in metal catalysis, and with respect to data, studies have mainly focused on stereoconvergent reactions of racemic alkyl electrophiles. Here, we report an enantioselective cross-electrophile aryl-alkenylation reaction of unactivated alkenes. This method provides access to a number of biologically important chiral molecules such as dihydrobenzofurans, indolines, and indanes. The incorporated alkenyl group is suitable for further reactions that can lead to an increase in molecular diversity and complexity. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions at room temperature, and an easily accessible chiral pyrox ligand is used to afford products with high enantioselectivity. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by enabling the modification of complex molecules such as peptides, indometacin, and steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jin-Bao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Guang-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Liangliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Wei-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jicheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Yun-Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Peifeng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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39
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Abstract
Cyclopropanes, one of the most important strained rings, have gained much attention for more than a century because of their interesting and unique reactivity. They not only exist in many natural products, but have also been widely used in the fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science as versatile building blocks. Based on the sustainable development in this area, this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclopropanes classified by the type of catalytic system, including regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-selective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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40
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Diccianni JB, Katigbak J, Hu C, Diao T. Mechanistic Characterization of (Xantphos)Ni(I)-Mediated Alkyl Bromide Activation: Oxidative Addition, Electron Transfer, or Halogen-Atom Abstraction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1788-1796. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Diccianni
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Joseph Katigbak
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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41
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Suga T, Ukaji Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling between Benzyl Alcohols and Aryl Halides Assisted by Titanium Co-reductant. Org Lett 2018; 20:7846-7850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suga
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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42
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Wu X, Hao W, Ye KY, Jiang B, Pombar G, Song Z, Lin S. Ti-Catalyzed Radical Alkylation of Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Chlorides Using Michael Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14836-14843. [PMID: 30303379 PMCID: PMC6530901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl chlorides are common functional groups in synthetic organic chemistry. However, the engagement of unactivated alkyl chlorides, especially tertiary alkyl chlorides, in transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond formation remains challenging. Herein, we describe the development of a TiIII-catalyzed radical addition of 2° and 3° alkyl chlorides to electron-deficient alkenes. Mechanistic data are consistent with inner-sphere activation of the C-Cl bond featuring TiIII-mediated Cl atom abstraction. Evidence suggests that the active TiIII catalyst is generated from the TiIV precursor in a Lewis-acid-assisted electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Binyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gisselle Pombar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhidong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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43
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44
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Yan XB, Li CL, Jin WJ, Guo P, Shu XZ. Reductive coupling of benzyl oxalates with highly functionalized alkyl bromides by nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4529-4534. [PMID: 29896396 PMCID: PMC5961445 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling reactions involving non-sulfonated C-O electrophiles provide a promising method for forming C-C bonds, but the incorporation of functionalized or secondary alkyl groups remains a challenge due to the requirement for well-defined alkylmetal species. In this study, we report a reductive nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of benzyl oxalates with alkyl bromides, using oxalate as a new leaving group. A broad range of highly functionalized alkyl units (such as functional groups: alkyl chloride, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, amide, boronate ester, ether, ester, heterocycle, phosphonate, strained ring) were efficiently incorporated at the benzylic position. The utility of this synthetic method was further demonstrated by late-stage modification of complex bioactive compounds. Preliminary mechanistic experiments revealed that a radical process might be involved in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Biao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Wen-Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
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45
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Xu Z, Yang Y, Jiang J, Fu Y. Theoretical Investigation on Ni-Catalyzed C(sp3)–F Activation and Ring Contraction of Tetrahydropyrans: Exploration of an SN2 Pathway. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinuo Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Julong Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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46
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Iwasaki T, Fukuoka A, Yokoyama W, Min X, Hisaki I, Yang T, Ehara M, Kuniyasu H, Kambe N. Nickel-catalyzed coupling reaction of alkyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents in the presence of 1,3-butadiene: mechanistic studies of four-component coupling and competing cross-coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2195-2211. [PMID: 29719693 PMCID: PMC5903371 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the mechanism, substituent effects, and origins of the selectivity of the nickel-catalyzed four-component coupling reactions of alkyl fluorides, aryl Grignard reagents, and two molecules of 1,3-butadiene that affords a 1,6-octadiene carbon framework bearing alkyl and aryl groups at the 3- and 8-positions, respectively, and the competing cross-coupling reaction. Both the four-component coupling reaction and the cross-coupling reaction are triggered by the formation of anionic nickel complexes, which are generated by the oxidative dimerization of two molecules of 1,3-butadiene on Ni(0) and the subsequent complexation with the aryl Grignard reagents. The C-C bond formation of the alkyl fluorides with the γ-carbon of the anionic nickel complexes leads to the four-component coupling product, whereas the cross-coupling product is yielded via nucleophilic attack of the Ni center toward the alkyl fluorides. These steps are found to be the rate-determining and selectivity-determining steps of the whole catalytic cycle, in which the C-F bond of the alkyl fluorides is activated by the Mg cation rather than a Li or Zn cation. ortho-Substituents of the aryl Grignard reagents suppressed the cross-coupling reaction leading to the selective formation of the four-component products. Such steric effects of the ortho-substituents were clearly demonstrated by crystal structure characterizations of ate complexes and DFT calculations. The electronic effects of the para-substituent of the aryl Grignard reagents on both the selectivity and reaction rates are thoroughly discussed. The present mechanistic study offers new insight into anionic complexes, which are proposed as the key intermediates in catalytic transformations even though detailed mechanisms are not established in many cases, and demonstrates their synthetic utility as promising intermediates for C-C bond forming reactions, providing useful information for developing efficient and straightforward multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
| | - Asuka Fukuoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
| | - Wataru Yokoyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
| | - Xin Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Department of Material and Life Science , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science , Institute for Molecular Science , 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji , Okazaki , Aichi 444-8585 , Japan .
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) , Kyoto University , Katsura , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg 35032 , Germany .
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science , Institute for Molecular Science , 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji , Okazaki , Aichi 444-8585 , Japan .
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) , Kyoto University , Katsura , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuniyasu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan . ;
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47
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Lin T, Mi J, Song L, Gan J, Luo P, Mao J, Walsh PJ. Nickel-Catalyzed Desymmetrizing Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Cyclic Meso-Anhydrides. Org Lett 2018; 20:1191-1194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhi Lin
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Mi
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Lichao Song
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Gan
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Pan Luo
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Institute
of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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48
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Abstract
Cyclopropanes have gained much attention by virtue of their interesting structure and unique reactivity. This review discusses the recent advances in the synthesis of cyclopropanes, and some of the related applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Zhiming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
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49
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Jia XG, Guo P, Duan J, Shu XZ. Dual nickel and Lewis acid catalysis for cross-electrophile coupling: the allylation of aryl halides with allylic alcohols. Chem Sci 2017; 9:640-645. [PMID: 29629130 PMCID: PMC5868389 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03140h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity in cross-electrophile coupling reactions is a significant challenge, particularly when one electrophile is much more reactive. We report a general and practical strategy to address this problem in the reaction between reactive and unreactive electrophiles by a combination of nickel and Lewis acid catalysis. This strategy is used for the coupling of aryl halides with allylic alcohols to form linear allylarenes selectively. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups (e.g. silanes, boronates, anilines, esters, alcohols, and various heterocycles) and works with various allylic alcohols. Complementary to most current routes for the C3 allylation of an unprotected indole, this method provides access to C2 and C4-C7 allylated indoles. Preliminary mechanistic experiments reveal that the reaction might start with an aryl nickel intermediate, which then reacts with Lewis acid activated allylic alcohols in the presence of Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Gong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Jicheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , China .
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50
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Zhang SQ, Taylor BLH, Ji CL, Gao Y, Harris MR, Hanna LE, Jarvo ER, Houk KN, Hong X. Mechanism and Origins of Ligand-Controlled Stereoselectivity of Ni-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling with Benzylic Esters: A Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12994-13005. [PMID: 28838241 PMCID: PMC5607113 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nickel catalysts have shown unique ligand control of stereoselectivity in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of boronates with benzylic pivalates and derivatives involving C(sp3)-O cleavage. The SIMes ligand (1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) produces the stereochemically inverted C-C coupling product, while the tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) ligand delivers the retained stereochemistry. We have explored the mechanism and origins of the ligand-controlled stereoselectivity with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The oxidative addition determines the stereoselectivity with two competing transition states, an SN2 back-side attack type transition state that inverts the benzylic stereogenic center and a concerted oxidative addition through a cyclic transition state, which provides stereoretention. The key difference between the two transition states is the substrate-nickel-ligand angle distortion; the ligand controls the selectivity by differentiating the ease of this angle distortion. For the PCy3 ligand, the nickel-ligand interaction involves mainly σ-donation, which does not require a significant energy penalty for the angle distortion. The facile angle distortion with PCy3 ligand allows the favorable cyclic oxidative addition transition state, leading to the stereoretention. For the SIMes ligand, the extra d-p back-donation from nickel to the coordinating carbene increases the rigidity of the nickel-ligand bond, and the corresponding angle distortion is more difficult. This makes the concerted cyclic oxidative addition unfavorable with SIMes ligand, and the back-side SN2-type oxidative addition delivers the stereoinversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Buck L. H. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Chong-Lei Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Michael R. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Luke E. Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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