1
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Tian B, Mao J, Zu M, Wu R, Xiao C. Study of the Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose from Lignocellulose during Alkali Thermal Pretreatment by Density Functional Theory and Experiment. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38191296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The covalent bond fracture of hemicellulose leads to hemicellulose hydrolysis during lignocellulosic alkali thermal pretreatment, which has not previously been reported. Density functional theory was used to study the mechanism of hydrolysis of the hemicellulose model compounds under alkali conditions. There are four reaction paths for xylose formation, among which the reaction path with the lowest energy barrier is that in which the nucleophile captures H30 to generate water. The deprotonated hydroxyl group attacks the carbon on the glycoside bond, resulting in the cleavage of the glycoside bond and the formation of a new carbon-oxygen covalent bond, with an energy barrier of 154.2 kJ/mol. The nucleophile further attacks the glycosidic bond to form a new xylose residue with an energy barrier of 111.9 kJ/mol. When the glycosidic bond breaks, the orbital interaction with the largest proportion causes the transfer of ∼0.511 electron from the glycosidic bond oxygen to the deprotonated hydroxy oxygen. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used for the identification of functional groups during the alkali thermal pretreatment. As the temperature increases, the feasibility of the reaction increases. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the development of the alkali thermal pretreatment of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobing Tian
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiahua Mao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingfu Zu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ruilin Wu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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2
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Burchill L, Males A, Kaur A, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Structure, Function and Mechanism of N‐Glycan Processing Enzymes:
endo
‐α‐1,2‐Mannanase and
endo
‐α‐1,2‐Mannosidase. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia 3010
| | - Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry University of York York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Arashdeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia 3010
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry University of York York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia 3010
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3
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Guo YF, Luo T, Feng GJ, Liu CY, Dong H. Efficient Synthesis of 2-OH Thioglycosides from Glycals Based on the Reduction of Aryl Disulfides by NaBH4. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185980. [PMID: 36144712 PMCID: PMC9506437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved method to efficiently synthesize 2-OH thioaryl glycosides starting from corresponding per-protected glycals was developed, where 1,2-anhydro sugars were prepared by the oxidation of glycals with oxone, followed by reaction of crude crystalline 1,2-anhydro sugars with NaBH4 and aryl disulfides. This method has been further used in a one-pot reaction to synthesize glycosyl donors having both “armed” and “NGP (neighboring group participation)” effects.
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4
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Ben-Tal Y, Boaler PJ, Dale HJA, Dooley RE, Fohn NA, Gao Y, García-Domínguez A, Grant KM, Hall AMR, Hayes HLD, Kucharski MM, Wei R, Lloyd-Jones GC. Mechanistic analysis by NMR spectroscopy: A users guide. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 129:28-106. [PMID: 35292133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 'principles and practice' tutorial-style review of the application of solution-phase NMR in the analysis of the mechanisms of homogeneous organic and organometallic reactions and processes. This review of 345 references summarises why solution-phase NMR spectroscopy is uniquely effective in such studies, allowing non-destructive, quantitative analysis of a wide range of nuclei common to organic and organometallic reactions, providing exquisite structural detail, and using instrumentation that is routinely available in most chemistry research facilities. The review is in two parts. The first comprises an introduction to general techniques and equipment, and guidelines for their selection and application. Topics include practical aspects of the reaction itself, reaction monitoring techniques, NMR data acquisition and processing, analysis of temporal concentration data, NMR titrations, DOSY, and the use of isotopes. The second part comprises a series of 15 Case Studies, each selected to illustrate specific techniques and approaches discussed in the first part, including in situ NMR (1/2H, 10/11B, 13C, 15N, 19F, 29Si, 31P), kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects, isotope entrainment, isotope shifts, isotopes at natural abundance, scalar coupling, kinetic analysis (VTNA, RPKA, simulation, steady-state), stopped-flow NMR, flow NMR, rapid injection NMR, pure shift NMR, dynamic nuclear polarisation, 1H/19F DOSY NMR, and in situ illumination NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey J A Dale
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Dooley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole A Fohn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés García-Domínguez
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie M Grant
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M R Hall
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L D Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej M Kucharski
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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5
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Dale HJA, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. Heavy-Atom Kinetic Isotope Effects: Primary Interest or Zero Point? J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21079-21099. [PMID: 34870970 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemists have many options for elucidating reaction mechanisms. Global kinetic analysis and classic transition-state probes (e.g., LFERs, Eyring) inevitably form the cornerstone of any strategy, yet their application to increasingly sophisticated synthetic methodologies often leads to a wide range of indistinguishable mechanistic proposals. Computational chemistry provides powerful tools for narrowing the field in such cases, yet wholly simulated mechanisms must be interpreted with great caution. Heavy-atom kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) offer an exquisite but underutilized method for reconciling the two approaches, anchoring the theoretician in the world of calculable observables and providing the experimentalist with atomistic insights. This Perspective provides a personal outlook on this synergy. It surveys the computation of heavy-atom KIEs and their measurement by NMR spectroscopy, discusses recent case studies, highlights the intellectual reward that lies in alignment of experiment and theory, and reflects on the changes required in chemical education in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J A Dale
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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6
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Bennett CS. Glycosyl Sulfonates Beyond Triflates. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3102-3111. [PMID: 34142755 PMCID: PMC10923190 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
While glycosyl triflates are frequently invoked as intermediates in many chemical glycosylation reactions, the chemistry of other glycosyl sulfonates remains comparatively underexplored. Given the reactivity of sulfonates can span several orders of magnitude, this represents an untapped resource for the development of stereoselective glycosylation reactions. This personal account describes our laboratories efforts to take advantage of this reactivity to develop β-specific glycosylation reactions. Initial investigations led to the development of 2-deoxy-sugar tosylates as highly selective donors for β-glycoside synthesis, an approach which has been used to great success by our group and others for the construction of deoxy-sugar oligosaccharides and natural products. Subsequent studies demonstrate that "matching" the reactivity of the sulfonate to that of the sugar donor leads to highly selective SN 2-glycosylations with a range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., 02155, Medford, MA, USA
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7
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Alhifthi A, Williams SJ. Unimolecular, Bimolecular, and Intramolecular Hydrolysis Mechanisms of 4-Nitrophenyl β-d-Glucopyranoside. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9530-9539. [PMID: 34190567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,2-trans-Glycosides hydrolyze through different mechanisms at different pH values, but systematic studies are lacking. Here, we report the pH-rate constant profile for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside. An inverse kinetic isotope effect of k(H3O+)/k(D3O+) = 0.65 in the acidic region indicates that the mechanism requires the formation of the conjugate acid of the substrate for the reaction to proceed, with the heterolytic cleavage of the glycosidic C-O bond. Reactions in the pH-independent region exhibit general catalysis with a single proton in flight, a normal solvent isotope effect of kH/kD = 1.5, and when extrapolated to zero buffer concentration show a small solvent isotope effect of k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 1.1, consistent with water attack through a dissociative mechanism. In the basic region, solvolysis in 18O-labeled water and H2O/MeOH mixtures allowed the detection of bimolecular hydrolysis and neighboring group participation, with a minor contribution of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Under mildly basic conditions, a bimolecular concerted mechanism is implicated through an inverse solvent isotope effect of k(HO-)/k(DO-) = 0.5 and a strongly negative entropy of activation (ΔS‡ = -13.6 cal mol-1 K-1). Finally, at high pH, an inverse solvent isotope effect of k(HO-)/k(DO-) = 0.5 indicates that the formation of 1,2-anhydrosugar is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alhifthi
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ren W, Farren-Dai M, Sannikova N, Świderek K, Wang Y, Akintola O, Britton R, Moliner V, Bennet AJ. Glycoside hydrolase stabilization of transition state charge: new directions for inhibitor design. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10488-10495. [PMID: 34094307 PMCID: PMC8162432 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbasugars are structural mimics of naturally occurring carbohydrates that can interact with and inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate processing. In particular, carbasugars have attracted attention as inhibitors of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and as therapeutic leads in several disease areas. However, it is unclear how the carbasugars are recognized and processed by GHs. Here, we report the synthesis of three carbasugar isotopologues and provide a detailed transition state (TS) analysis for the formation of the initial GH-carbasugar covalent intermediate, as well as for hydrolysis of this intermediate, using a combination of experimentally measured kinetic isotope effects and hybrid QM/MM calculations. We find that the α-galactosidase from Thermotoga maritima effectively stabilizes TS charge development on a remote C5-allylic center acting in concert with the reacting carbasugar, and catalysis proceeds via an exploded, or loose, SN2 transition state with no discrete enzyme-bound cationic intermediate. We conclude that, in complement to what we know about the TS structures of enzyme-natural substrate complexes, knowledge of the TS structures of enzymes reacting with non-natural carbasugar substrates shows that GHs can stabilize a wider range of positively charged TS structures than previously thought. Furthermore, this enhanced understanding will enable the design of new carbasugar GH transition state analogues to be used as, for example, chemical biology tools and pharmaceutical lead compounds. Positive charge stabilized on remote C5-allylic center with catalysis occurring via a loose SN2 transition state.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwu Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Marco Farren-Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Natalia Sannikova
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I 12560 Castellón Spain
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Oluwafemi Akintola
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I 12560 Castellón Spain
| | - Andrew J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada +1-778-782-8814
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9
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Sobala L, Speciale G, Zhu S, Raich L, Sannikova N, Thompson AJ, Hakki Z, Lu D, Shamsi Kazem Abadi S, Lewis AR, Rojas-Cervellera V, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Zhang Y, Millet O, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bennet AJ, Sollogoub M, Rovira C, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. An Epoxide Intermediate in Glycosidase Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:760-770. [PMID: 32490192 PMCID: PMC7256955 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Retaining glycoside hydrolases cleave their substrates through stereochemical retention at the anomeric position. Typically, this involves two-step mechanisms using either an enzymatic nucleophile via a covalent glycosyl enzyme intermediate or neighboring-group participation by a substrate-borne 2-acetamido neighboring group via an oxazoline intermediate; no enzymatic mechanism with participation of the sugar 2-hydroxyl has been reported. Here, we detail structural, computational, and kinetic evidence for neighboring-group participation by a mannose 2-hydroxyl in glycoside hydrolase family 99 endo-α-1,2-mannanases. We present a series of crystallographic snapshots of key species along the reaction coordinate: a Michaelis complex with a tetrasaccharide substrate; complexes with intermediate mimics, a sugar-shaped cyclitol β-1,2-aziridine and β-1,2-epoxide; and a product complex. The 1,2-epoxide intermediate mimic displayed hydrolytic and transfer reactivity analogous to that expected for the 1,2-anhydro sugar intermediate supporting its catalytic equivalence. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics modeling of the reaction coordinate predicted a reaction pathway through a 1,2-anhydro sugar via a transition state in an unusual flattened, envelope (E 3) conformation. Kinetic isotope effects (k cat/K M) for anomeric-2H and anomeric-13C support an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state, and that for C2-18O (1.052 ± 0.006) directly implicates nucleophilic participation by the C2-hydroxyl. Collectively, these data substantiate this unprecedented and long-imagined enzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz
F. Sobala
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Speciale
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sha Zhu
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &
Institut de Química
Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Sannikova
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Thompson
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Zalihe Hakki
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dan Lu
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Saeideh Shamsi Kazem Abadi
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Simon
Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Víctor Rojas-Cervellera
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &
Institut de Química
Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ganeko Bernardo-Seisdedos
- Molecular
Recognition and Host−Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oscar Millet
- Molecular
Recognition and Host−Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Marıá Dıáz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Molecular
Recognition and Host−Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Bennet
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Simon
Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- E-mail:
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire,
UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- E-mail:
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica
i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &
Institut de Química
Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys
23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York
Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- E-mail:
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10
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Vocadlo DJ. A Shut-and-Open Case: An Epoxide Intermediate Spotted in the Reaction Coordinate of a Family of Glycoside Hydrolases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:619-621. [PMID: 32490180 PMCID: PMC7256941 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Vocadlo
- Department of
Chemistry and Department of Molecular
Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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11
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Rovira C, Males A, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Mannosidase mechanism: at the intersection of conformation and catalysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 62:79-92. [PMID: 31891872 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mannosidases are a diverse group of enzymes that are important in the biological processing of mannose-containing polysaccharides and complex glycoconjugates. They are found in 12 of the >160 sequence-based glycosidase families. We discuss evidence that nature has evolved a small set of common mechanisms that unite almost all of these mannosidase families. Broadly, mannosidases (and the closely related rhamnosidases) perform catalysis through just two conformations of the oxocarbenium ion-like transition state: a B2,5 (or enantiomeric 2,5B) boat and a 3H4 half-chair. This extends to a new family (GT108) of GDPMan-dependent β-1,2-mannosyltransferases/phosphorylases that perform mannosyl transfer through a boat conformation as well as some mannosidases that are metalloenzymes and require divalent cations for catalysis. Yet, among this commonality lies diversity. New evidence shows that one unique family (GH99) of mannosidases use an unusual mechanism involving anchimeric assistance via a 1,2-anhydro sugar (epoxide) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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12
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Colombo C, Bennet AJ. The physical organic chemistry of glycopyranosyl transfer reactions in solution and enzyme-catalyzed. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:145-157. [PMID: 31689605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms of glycopyranosyl transfer that occur in solution, both for the chemical synthesis of complex structures and that for the cleavage of glycosidic bonds has allowed us to design biologically active molecules. Recent efforts on the reactivity of glycopyranosides, which are critical entities in all biological systems, coupled with the advent of modern spectroscopic instrumentation have allowed physical organic chemists to broaden our knowledge of glycosyl transfer reaction transition states, both in solution and for enzyme-catalyzed processes, and of critical high energy intermediates. This review details recent physical organic, kinetic and structural studies that have led to elucidation of several different mechanism for the transfer of glycopyranosyl moieties from various substrates to acceptors, such as water or a sugar hydroxyl group.
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13
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Zhuo MH, Wilbur DJ, Kwan EE, Bennett CS. Matching Glycosyl Donor Reactivity to Sulfonate Leaving Group Ability Permits S N2 Glycosylations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16743-16754. [PMID: 31550879 PMCID: PMC6814073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that highly β-selective glycosylation reactions can be achieved when the electronics of a sulfonyl chloride activator and the reactivity of a glycosyl donor hemiacetal are matched. While these reactions are compatible with the acid- and base-sensitive protecting groups that are commonly used in oligosaccharide synthesis, these protecting groups are not relied upon to control selectivity. Instead, β-selectivity arises from the stereoinversion of an α-glycosyl arylsulfonate in an SN2-like mechanism. Our mechanistic proposal is supported by NMR studies, kinetic isotope effect (KIE) measurements, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - David J Wilbur
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Eugene E Kwan
- Merck & Co. Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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14
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Nitrate Derivatives of Sauropunol A and B as Potent Vasodilatory Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030583. [PMID: 30736379 PMCID: PMC6384914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of nitrate derivatives of naturally occurring sauropunol A and B were designed and synthesized. Nitric oxide (NO) releasing capacity and vasodilatory capacity studies were performed to explore the structure-activity relationship of resulted nitrates. Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed that most of the synthesized mononitrate derivatives demonstrated superior releasing capacity than isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), and 2MNS-6 even demonstrated stronger NO releasing capacity than isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). Two dinitrates, DNS-1 and DNS-2, showed higher NO releasing capacity than ISDN. Evaluation of inhibitory activities to the contractions in mesenteric artery rings revealed that 2MNS-8 and DNS-2 showed stronger vasorelaxation activities than ISDN. High level of NO and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) may be essential for the potent vasodilatory effect of DNS-2. The vasodilatory effects of DNS-2 may result from cellular signal transduction of NO-sGC-cGMP. DNS-2 was found to be the most potent sauropunol-derived nitrate vasodilatory agent for further pharmaceutical investigation against cardiovascular diseases.
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15
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Karak M, Joh Y, Suenaga M, Oishi T, Torikai K. 1,2- trans Glycosylation via Neighboring Group Participation of 2- O-Alkoxymethyl Groups: Application to One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:1221-1225. [PMID: 30693782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of 2- O-alkoxymethyl groups as effective stereodirecting substituents for the construction of 1,2- trans glycosidic linkages is reported. The observed stereoselectivity arises from the intramolecular formation of a five-membered cyclic architecture between the 2- O-alkoxymethyl substituent and the oxocarbenium ion, which provides the expected facial selectivity. Furthermore, the observed stereocontrol and the extremely high reactivity of 2- O-alkoxymethyl-protected donors allowed development of a one-pot sequential glycosylation strategy that should become a powerful tool for the assembly of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milandip Karak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Yohei Joh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Masahiko Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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16
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Fernandes PZ, Petricevic M, Sobala L, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Exploration of Strategies for Mechanism-Based Inhibitor Design for Family GH99 endo-α-1,2-Mannanases. Chemistry 2018; 24:7464-7473. [PMID: 29508463 PMCID: PMC6001782 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
endo-α-1,2-Mannosidases and -mannanases, members of glycoside hydrolase family 99 (GH99), cleave α-Glc/Man-1,3-α-Man-OR structures within mammalian N-linked glycans and fungal α-mannan, respectively. They are proposed to act through a two-step mechanism involving a 1,2-anhydrosugar "epoxide" intermediate incorporating two conserved catalytic carboxylates. In the first step, one carboxylate acts as a general base to deprotonate the 2-hydroxy group adjacent to the fissile glycosidic bond, and the other provides general acid assistance to the departure of the aglycon. We report herein the synthesis of two inhibitors designed to interact with either the general base (α-mannosyl-1,3-(2-aminodeoxymannojirimycin), Man2NH2 DMJ) or the general acid (α-mannosyl-1,3-mannoimidazole, ManManIm). Modest affinities were observed for an endo-α-1,2-mannanase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Structural studies revealed that Man2NH2 DMJ binds like other iminosugar inhibitors, which suggests that the poor inhibition shown by this compound is not a result of a failure to achieve the expected interaction with the general base, but rather the reduction in basicity of the endocyclic nitrogen caused by introduction of a vicinal, protonated amine at C2. ManManIm binds with the imidazole headgroup distorted downwards, a result of an unfavourable interaction with a conserved active site tyrosine. This study has identified important limitations associated with mechanism-inspired inhibitor design for GH99 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Z. Fernandes
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Marija Petricevic
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Lukasz Sobala
- York Structural Biology LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of ChemistryBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
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17
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Tanaka M, Nakagawa A, Nishi N, Iijima K, Sawa R, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Boronic-Acid-Catalyzed Regioselective and 1,2- cis-Stereoselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Sugar Acceptors via S Ni-Type Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3644-3651. [PMID: 29457892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regio- and 1,2- cis-stereoselective chemical glycosylation of unprotected glycosyl acceptors has been in great demand for the efficient synthesis of natural glycosides. However, simultaneously regulating these selectivities has been a longstanding problem in synthetic organic chemistry. In nature, glycosyl transferases catalyze regioselective 1,2- cis-glycosylations via the SNi mechanism, yet no useful chemical glycosylations based on this mechanism have been developed. In this paper, we report a highly regio- and 1,2- cis-stereoselective SNi-type glycosylation of 1,2-anhydro donors and unprotected sugar acceptors using p-nitrophenylboronic acid (10e) as a catalyst in the presence of water under mild conditions. Highly controlled regio- and 1,2- cis-stereoselectivities were achieved via the combination of boron-mediated carbohydrate recognition and the SNi-type mechanism. Mechanistic studies using the KIEs and DFT calculations were consistent with a highly dissociative concerted SNi mechanism. This glycosylation method was applied successfully to the direct glycosylation of unprotected natural glycosides and the efficient synthesis of a complex oligosaccharide with minimal protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Nobuya Nishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Kiyoko Iijima
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) , 3-14-23 Kamiosaki , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 , Japan
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18
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Amarasekara H, Dharuman S, Kato T, Crich D. Synthesis of Conformationally-Locked cis- and trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0] Mono-, Di-, and Trioxadecane Modifications of Galacto- and Glucopyranose; Experimental Limiting 3J H,H Coupling Constants for the Estimation of Carbohydrate Side Chain Populations and Beyond. J Org Chem 2018; 83:881-897. [PMID: 29241001 PMCID: PMC5775050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hexopyranose side chains populate three staggered conformations, whose proportions can be determined from the three sets of ideal limiting 3JH5,H6R and 3JH5,H6S coupling constants in combination with the time-averaged experimental coupling constants. Literature values for the limiting coupling constants, obtained by the study of model compounds, the use of the Haasnoot-Altona and related equations, or quantum mechanical computations, can result in computed negative populations of one of the three ideal conformations. Such values arise from errors in the limiting coupling constants and/or from the population of nonideal conformers. We describe the synthesis and analysis of a series of cis- and trans-fused mono-, di-, and trioxabicyclo[4.4.0]octane-like compounds. Correction factors for the application of data from internal models (-CH(OR)-CH(OR)-) to terminal systems (-CH(OR)-CH2(OR)) are deduced from comparison of further models, and applied where necessary. Limiting coupling constants so-derived are applied to the side chain conformations of three model hexopyranosides, resulting in calculated conformer populations without negative values. Although, developed primarily for hexopyranose side chains, the limiting coupling constants are suitable, with the correction factors presented, for application to the side chains of higher carbon sugars and to conformation analysis of acyclic diols and their derivatives in a more general sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Suresh Dharuman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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19
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Serizawa K, Noguchi M, Li G, Shoda SI. First Detection of Unprotected 1,2-Anhydro Aldopyranoses. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Serizawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579
| | - Gefei Li
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579
| | - Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-514, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579
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20
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Downey AM, Pohl R, Roithová J, Hocek M. Synthesis of Nucleosides through Direct Glycosylation of Nucleobases with 5-O-Monoprotected or 5-Modified Ribose: Improved Protocol, Scope, and Mechanism. Chemistry 2017; 23:3910-3917. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Downey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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21
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Petricevic M, Sobala LF, Fernandes PZ, Raich L, Thompson AJ, Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Millet O, Zhu S, Sollogoub M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Rovira C, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Contribution of Shape and Charge to the Inhibition of a Family GH99 endo-α-1,2-Mannanase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1089-1097. [PMID: 27992199 PMCID: PMC5269645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inhibitor
design incorporating features of the reaction coordinate
and transition-state structure has emerged as a powerful approach
for the development of enzyme inhibitors. Such inhibitors find use
as mechanistic probes, chemical biology tools, and therapeutics. Endo-α-1,2-mannosidases and endo-α-1,2-mannanases,
members of glycoside hydrolase family 99 (GH99), are interesting targets
for inhibitor development as they play key roles in N-glycan maturation
and microbiotal yeast mannan degradation, respectively. These enzymes
are proposed to act via a 1,2-anhydrosugar “epoxide”
mechanism that proceeds through an unusual conformational itinerary.
Here, we explore how shape and charge contribute to binding of diverse
inhibitors of these enzymes. We report the synthesis of neutral dideoxy,
glucal and cyclohexenyl disaccharide inhibitors, their binding to
GH99 endo-α-1,2-mannanases, and their structural
analysis by X-ray crystallography. Quantum mechanical calculations
of the free energy landscapes reveal how the neutral inhibitors provide
shape but not charge mimicry of the proposed intermediate and transition
state structures. Building upon the knowledge of shape and charge
contributions to inhibition of family GH99 enzymes, we design and
synthesize α-Man-1,3-noeuromycin, which is revealed to be the
most potent inhibitor (KD 13 nM for Bacteroides xylanisolvens GH99 enzyme) of these enzymes
yet reported. This work reveals how shape and charge mimicry of transition
state features can enable the rational design of potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Petricevic
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lukasz F Sobala
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Pearl Z Fernandes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lluís Raich
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ganeko Bernardo-Seisdedos
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Sha Zhu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), UMR 8232, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), UMR 8232, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Marı́a Dı́az de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Australia
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22
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Measurement of Kinetic Isotope Effects by Continuously Monitoring Isotopologue Ratios Using NMR Spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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