1
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Judd KD, Parsons SW, Eremin DB, Fokin VV, Dawlaty JM. Visualizing partial solvation at the air-water interface. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8346-8354. [PMID: 38846382 PMCID: PMC11151832 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research, the mechanistic nuances of unusual reactivity at the air-water interface, especially in microdroplets, remain elusive. The likely contributors include electric fields and partial solvation at the interface. To reveal these intricacies, we measure the frequency shift of a well-defined azide vibrational probe at the air-water interface, while independently controlling the surface charge density by introducing surfactants. First, we establish the response of the probe in the bulk and demonstrate that it is sensitive to both electrostatics and hydrogen bonding. From interfacial spectroscopy we infer that the azide is neither fully hydrated nor in a completely aprotic dielectric environment; instead, it experiences an intermediate environment. In the presence of hydrogen bond-accepting sulphate surfactants, competition arises for interfacial water with the azide. However, the dominant influence stems from the electrostatic effect of their negative heads, resulting in a significant blue-shift. Conversely, for the positive ammonium surfactants, our data indicate a balanced interplay between electrostatics and hydrogen bonding, leading to a minimal shift in the probe. Our results demonstrate partial solvation at the interface and highlights that both hydrogen bonding and electrostatics may assist or oppose each other in polarizing a reactant, intermediate, or product at the interface, which is important for understanding and tuning interfacial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Judd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Sean W Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
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2
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Mapile AN, LeRoy MA, Fabrizio K, Scatena LF, Brozek CK. The Surface of Colloidal Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles Revealed by Vibrational Sum Frequency Scattering Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13406-13414. [PMID: 38722052 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Solvation shells strongly influence the interfacial chemistry of colloidal systems, from the activity of proteins to the colloidal stability and catalysis of nanoparticles. Despite their fundamental and practical importance, solvation shells have remained largely undetected by spectroscopy. Furthermore, their ability to assemble at complex but realistic interfaces with heterogeneous and rough surfaces remains an open question. Here, we apply vibrational sum frequency scattering spectroscopy (VSFSS), an interface-specific technique, to colloidal nanocrystals with porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a case study. Due to the porous nature of the solvent-particle boundary, MOF particles challenge conventional models of colloidal and interfacial chemistry. Their multiweek colloidal stability in the absence of conventional surface ligands suggests that stability may arise in part from solvation forces. Spectra of colloidally stable Zn(2-methylimidazolate)2 (ZIF-8) in polar solvents indicate the presence of ordered solvation shells, solvent-metal binding, and spontaneous ordering of organic bridging linkers within the MOF. These findings help explain the unexpected colloidal stability of MOF colloids, while providing a roadmap for applying VSFSS to wide-ranging colloidal nanocrystals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Mapile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael A LeRoy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Kevin Fabrizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lawrence F Scatena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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3
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Hsu YS, Rathnayake ST, Waegele MM. Cation effects in hydrogen evolution and CO2-to-CO conversion: A critical perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:160901. [PMID: 38651806 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rates of many electrocatalytic reactions can be strongly affected by the structure and dynamics of the electrochemical double layer, which in turn can be tuned by the concentration and identity of the supporting electrolyte's cation. The effect of cations on an electrocatalytic process depends on a complex interplay between electrolyte components, electrode material and surface structure, applied electrode potential, and reaction intermediates. Although cation effects remain insufficiently understood, the principal mechanisms underlying cation-dependent reactivity and selectivity are beginning to emerge. In this Perspective, we summarize and critically examine recent advances in this area in the context of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO2-to-CO conversion, which are among the most intensively studied and promising electrocatalytic reactions for the sustainable production of commodity chemicals and fuels. Improving the kinetics of the HER in base and enabling energetically efficient and selective CO2 reduction at low pH are key challenges in electrocatalysis. The physical insights from the recent literature illustrate how cation effects can be utilized to help achieve these goals and to steer other electrocatalytic processes of technological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Sachinthya T Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Matthias M Waegele
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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4
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Tian Y, Zhao L, Shen X, Shang S, Pan Y, Dong G, Huo W, Zhu D, Tang X. Self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards for SERS quantitative detection and identification of nicotine released from snus products. Front Chem 2024; 12:1348423. [PMID: 38601887 PMCID: PMC11005032 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1348423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a unique analytical technique with excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, non-destructive detection and resolution. However, due to the randomness and poor repeatability of hot spot distribution, SERS quantitative analysis is still challenging. Meanwhile, snus is a type of tobacco product that can release nicotine and other components in the mouth without burning, and the rapid detection technique based on SERS can reliably evaluate the amount of nicotine released from snus, which is of great significance for understanding its characteristics and regulating its components. Herein, the strategy was proposed to solve the feasibility of SERS quantitative detection based on self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards (EIS) due to EIS signal can effectively correct SERS signal fluctuations caused by different aggregation states and measurement conditions, thus allowing reliable quantitative SERS analysis of targets with different surface affinity. By means of process control, after the Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were modified with 4-Mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) as internal standard molecules, Ag shell with a certain thickness was grown on the surface of the AuNP@4-MBN, and then the Au@4-MBN@Ag NPs were used to regulate and control the assembly of liquid-liquid interface. The high-density nano-arrays assembled at the liquid-liquid interface ensure high reproducibility as SERS substrates, and which could be used for SERS detection of nicotine released from snus products. In addition, time-mapping research shows that this method can also be used to dynamically monitor the release of nicotine. Moreover, such destruction-free evaluation of the release of nicotine from snus products opens up new perspectives for further research about the impact of nicotinoids-related health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Tian
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Shanzhai Shang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yonghua Pan
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Gaofeng Dong
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Wang Huo
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Donglai Zhu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Xianghu Tang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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5
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Streu K, Hunsberger S, Patel J, Wan X, Daly CA. Development of a universal method for vibrational analysis of the terminal alkyne C≡C stretch. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074106. [PMID: 38364010 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The terminal alkyne C≡C stretch has a large Raman scattering cross section in the "silent" region for biomolecules. This has led to many Raman tag and probe studies using this moiety to study biomolecular systems. A computational investigation of these systems is vital to aid in the interpretation of these results. In this work, we develop a method for computing terminal alkyne vibrational frequencies and isotropic transition polarizabilities that can easily and accurately be applied to any terminal alkyne molecule. We apply the discrete variable representation method to a localized version of the C≡C stretch normal mode. The errors of (1) vibrational localization to the terminal alkyne moiety, (2) anharmonic normal mode isolation, and (3) discretization of the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface are quantified and found to be generally small and cancel each other. This results in a method with low error compared to other anharmonic vibrational methods like second-order vibrational perturbation theory and to experiments. Several density functionals are tested using the method, and TPSS-D3, an inexpensive nonempirical density functional with dispersion corrections, is found to perform surprisingly well. Diffuse basis functions are found to be important for the accuracy of computed frequencies. Finally, the computation of vibrational properties like isotropic transition polarizabilities and the universality of the localized normal mode for terminal alkynes are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Streu
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Sara Hunsberger
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Jeanette Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Xiang Wan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | - Clyde A Daly
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
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6
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Li R, Yoc-Bautista MG, Weng S, Cai Z, Zhao B, Cronin SB. Voltage-Induced Inversion of Band Bending and Photovoltages at Semiconductor/Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9355-9361. [PMID: 38319802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
At semiconductor/liquid interfaces, the surface potential and photovoltages are produced by a combination of band bending and quasi-Fermi-level splitting at the semiconductor surface, which are usually treated in a qualitative fashion. As such, it is important to develop quantitative metrics for the band energies and photovoltaics at these interfaces. Here, we present a spectroscopic method for monitoring the photovoltages produced at semiconductor/liquid junctions. The surface reporter molecule mercaptobenzonitrile (MBN) is functionalized on the photoelectrode surface (p-type silicon) and is measured using in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy with a water immersion lens under electrochemical working conditions. In particular, the vibrational frequency of the C≡N stretch mode (ωCN) around 2225 cm-1 is sensitive to the local electric field in solution at the electrode/electrolyte interface via the vibrational Stark effect. Over the applied potential range from -0.8 to 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, we observe ωCN to increase from 2220 to 2229 cm-1 (at low laser power). As the incident laser power is increased from 83.5 μW to 13.3 mW, we observe additional shifts of ΔωCN = ±1 cm-1, corresponding to photovoltages produced at the semiconductor/liquid interface ΔV = ±0.2 V. Based on Mott-Schottky measurements, the flat band potential (FBP) occurs at -0.39 V vs Ag/AgCl. For applied potentials above the FBP, we observe ΔωCN > 0 (i.e., blue-shifts ∼1 cm-1) corresponding to positive photovoltages, whereas for applied potentials below the flat band potential, we observe ΔωCN < 0 (i.e., red-shifts ∼1 cm-1) corresponding to negative photovoltages. These spectroscopic observations reveal voltage-induced changes in the band bending at the semiconductor/liquid junction that, thus far, have been difficult to measure.
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7
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Bodine M, Rozyyev V, Elam JW, Tokmakoff A, Lewis NHC. Vibrational Probe at the Electrochemical Interface: Dependence on Plasmon Coupling and Potential of the Lineshape in Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11092-11099. [PMID: 38051916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational probes at an electrode surface shows promise for studying the structural dynamics at an active electrochemical interface. This interface is a complex environment where the solution structures in response to the applied potential. A strategy for achieving the necessary monolayer sensitivity is to use a plasmonically active electrode, which enhances the electromagnetic fields that produce the spectroscopic response. Here, we show how the coupling between the plasmon and the vibrations of the molecular monolayer impacts the FTIR and 2D IR spectroscopy, with an emphasis on the electrochemical potential difference spectra. We show how mixing between the vibrational and plasmonic states gives rise to the distortions that are observed in these measurements. This provides an important step toward 2D IR measurements of vibrational probes at the electrochemical interface as a tool for probing the structural dynamics in the double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bodine
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vepa Rozyyev
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Elam
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas H C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Li J, Liu F, Bi X, Ye J. Imaging immune checkpoint networks in cancer tissues with supermultiplexed SERS nanoprobes. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122327. [PMID: 37716283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined immune checkpoint (ICP) inhibitors maximize immune response rates of patients compared to the single-drug treatment strategy in cancer immunotherapy, and prediction of such optimal combinations requires high-throughput imaging techniques and suitable data analysis. In this work, we report a rational strategy for predicting combined drugs of ICP inhibitors based on supermultiplexed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging and correlation network analysis. To this end, we first built an ultrasensitive and supermultiplexed volume-active SERS (VASERS) nanoprobe platform, where Raman molecules are randomly arranged in 3D volumetric electromagnetic hotspots. By examining various bio-orthogonal Raman molecules with different electronic properties, we developed frequency modulation guidelines and achieved 32 resolvable colors in the Raman-silent region, the largest number of resolvable SERS colors demonstrated to date. We then demonstrated one-shot ten-color imaging of ICPs with high spectral resolution in clinical biopsies of breast cancer tissues, suggesting highly heterogeneous expression patterns of ICPs across tumor subtypes. Through correlation network analysis of these high-throughput Raman data, we investigated co-expression relationships among these ten-panel ICPs in cancer tissues and finally identified a variety of possible ICP combinations for synergistic immunotherapy of breast cancers, which may lead to novel therapeutical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Fugang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xinyuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China.
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9
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Menachekanian S, Mora Perez C, Pennathur AK, Voegtle MJ, Blauth D, Prezhdo OV, Dawlaty JM. Phenol as a Tethering Group to Gold Surfaces: Stark Response and Comparison to Benzenethiol. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8353-8359. [PMID: 37702751 PMCID: PMC10518863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the adsorption of organic molecules on metals is important in numerous areas of surface science, including electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, and biosensing. While thiols are commonly used to tether organic molecules on metals, it is desirable to broaden the range of anchoring groups. In this study, we use a combined spectroelectrochemical and computational approach to demonstrate the adsorption of 4-cyanophenols (CPs) on polycrystalline gold. Using the nitrile stretching vibration as a marker, we confirm the adsorption of CP on the gold electrode and compare our results with those obtained for the thiol counterpart, 4-mercaptobenzonitirle (MBN). Our results reveal that CP adsorbs on the gold electrode via the OH linker, as evidenced by the similarity in the direction and magnitude of the nitrite Stark shifts for CP and MBN. This finding paves the way for exploring new approaches to modify electrode surfaces for controlled reactivity. Furthermore, it highlights adsorption on metals as an important step in the electroreactivity of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan Menachekanian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Theoretical
Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center
for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Anuj K. Pennathur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mattew J. Voegtle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Drew Blauth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jahan M. Dawlaty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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10
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Maitra A, Das P, Thompson BC, Dawlaty JM. Distinguishing between the Electrostatic Effects and Explicit Ion Interactions in a Stark Probe. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2511-2520. [PMID: 36917012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational Stark probes are incisive tools for measuring local electric fields in a wide range of chemical environments. The interpretation of the frequency shift often gets complicated due to the specific interactions of the probe, such as hydrogen bonding and Lewis bonding. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the pure electrostatic response and the response due to such specific interactions. Here we report a molecular system that is sensitive to both the Stark effect from a single ion and the explicit Lewis bonding of ions with the probe. The molecule consists of a crown ether with an appended benzonitrile. The crown captures cations of various charges, and the electric field from the ions is sensed by the benzonitrile probe. Additionally, the lone pair of the benzonitrile can engage in Lewis interactions with some of the ions by donating partial charge density to the ions. Our system exhibits both of these effects and therefore is a suitable test bed for distinguishing between the pure electrostatic and the Lewis interactions. Our computational results show that the electrostatic influence of the ion is operative at large distances, while the Lewis interaction becomes important only within distances that permit orbital overlap. Our results may be useful for using the nitrile probe for measuring electrostatic and coordination effects in complex ionic environments such as the electrode-electrolyte interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Pratyusha Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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11
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Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-López MF. Probing solvation electrostatics at the air–water interface. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-023-02969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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12
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Zhang B, Schaack C, Prindle CR, Vo EA, Aziz M, Steigerwald ML, Berkelbach TC, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Electric fields drive bond homolysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1769-1774. [PMID: 36819847 PMCID: PMC9931054 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric fields have been used to control and direct chemical reactions in biochemistry and enzymatic catalysis, yet directly applying external electric fields to activate reactions in bulk solution and to characterize them ex situ remains a challenge. Here we utilize the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction technique to investigate the electric field driven homolytic cleavage of the radical initiator 4-(methylthio)benzoic peroxyanhydride at ambient temperatures in bulk solution, without the use of co-initiators or photochemical activators. Through time-dependent ex situ quantification by high performance liquid chromatography using a UV-vis detector, we find that the electric field catalyzes the reaction. Importantly, we demonstrate that the reaction rate in a field increases linearly with the solvent dielectric constant. Using density functional theory calculations, we show that the applied electric field decreases the dissociation energy of the O-O bond and stabilizes the product relative to the reactant due to their different dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University New York 10027 New York US
| | - Cedric Schaack
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York 10027 New York USA
| | | | - Ethan A. Vo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia UniversityNew York 10027New YorkUSA
| | - Miriam Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York 10027 New York USA
| | | | - Timothy C. Berkelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia UniversityNew York 10027New YorkUSA,Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron InstituteNew YorkNew York10010USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York 10027 New York USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University New York 10027 New York US .,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York 10027 New York USA
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13
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De R, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. A Happy Get-Together - Probing Electrochemical Interfaces by Non-Linear Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200407. [PMID: 35730530 PMCID: PMC9796775 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces are key structures in energy storage and catalysis. Hence, a molecular understanding of the active sites at these interfaces, their solvation, the structure of adsorbates, and the formation of solid-electrolyte interfaces are crucial for an in-depth mechanistic understanding of their function. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy has emerged as an operando spectroscopic technique to monitor complex electrochemical interfaces due to its intrinsic interface sensitivity and chemical specificity. Thus, this review discusses the happy get-together between VSFG spectroscopy and electrochemical interfaces. Methodological approaches for answering core issues associated with the behavior of adsorbates on electrodes, the structure of solvent adlayers, the transient formation of reaction intermediates, and the emergence of solid electrolyte interphase in battery research are assessed to provide a critical inventory of highly promising avenues to bring optical spectroscopy to use in modern material research in energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnadip De
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic TechnologyDepartment Functional InterfacesAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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14
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Stone IB, Starr RL, Hoffmann N, Wang X, Evans AM, Nuckolls C, Lambert TH, Steigerwald ML, Berkelbach TC, Roy X, Venkataraman L. Interfacial electric fields catalyze Ullmann coupling reactions on gold surfaces. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10798-10805. [PMID: 36320717 PMCID: PMC9491086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The electric fields created at solid-liquid interfaces are important in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we describe the Ullmann coupling of aryl iodides on rough gold surfaces, which we monitor in situ using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) and ex situ using mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. We find that this Ullmann coupling reaction occurs only on rough gold surfaces in polar solvents, the latter of which implicates interfacial electric fields. These experimental observations are supported by density functional theory calculations that elucidate the roles of surface roughness and local electric fields on the reaction. More broadly, this touchstone study offers a facile method to access and probe in real time an increasingly prominent yet incompletely understood mode of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Rachel L Starr
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Norah Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute New York New York 10010 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | | | - Timothy C Berkelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute New York New York 10010 USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
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15
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Bhattacharyya D, Videla PE, Palasz JM, Tangen I, Meng J, Kubiak CP, Batista VS, Lian T. Sub-Nanometer Mapping of the Interfacial Electric Field Profile Using a Vibrational Stark Shift Ruler. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14330-14338. [PMID: 35905473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of electrical double layers is important since the interfacial electric field and electrolyte environment directly affect the reaction mechanisms and catalytic rates of electrochemical processes. In this work, we introduce a spectroscopic method based on a Stark shift ruler that enables mapping the electric field strength across the electric double layer of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. We use the tungsten-pentacarbonyl(1,4-phenelenediisocyanide) complex attached to the gold surface as a molecular ruler. The carbonyl (CO) and isocyanide (NC) groups of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) provide multiple vibrational reporters situated at different distances from the electrode. Measurements of Stark shifts under operando electrochemical conditions and direct comparisons to density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal distance-dependent electric field strength from the electrode surface. This electric field profile can be described by the Gouy-Chapman-Stern model with Stern layer thickness of ∼4.5 Å, indicating substantial solvent and electrolyte penetration within the SAM. Significant electro-induction effect is observed on the W center that is ∼1.2 nm away from the surface despite rapid decay of the electric field (∼90%) within 1 nm. The applied methodology and reported findings should be particularly valuable for the characterization of a wide range of microenvironments surrounding molecular electrocatalysts at electrode interfaces and the positioning of electrocatalysts at specific distances from the electrode surface for optimal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Pablo E Videla
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Joseph M Palasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Isaac Tangen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jinhui Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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16
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Hoffmann NM, Wang X, Berkelbach TC. Linear Free Energy Relationships in Electrostatic Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norah M. Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010 United States
| | - Timothy C. Berkelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010 United States
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17
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Ovalle VJ, Hsu YS, Agrawal N, Janik MJ, Waegele MM. Correlating hydration free energy and specific adsorption of alkali metal cations during CO2 electroreduction on Au. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Warburton RE, Soudackov AV, Hammes-Schiffer S. Theoretical Modeling of Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10599-10650. [PMID: 35230812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an essential role in a wide range of electrocatalytic processes. A vast array of theoretical and computational methods have been developed to study electrochemical PCET. These methods can be used to calculate redox potentials and pKa values for molecular electrocatalysts, proton-coupled redox potentials and bond dissociation free energies for PCET at metal and semiconductor interfaces, and reorganization energies associated with electrochemical PCET. Periodic density functional theory can also be used to compute PCET activation energies and perform molecular dynamics simulations of electrochemical interfaces. Various approaches for maintaining a constant electrode potential in electronic structure calculations and modeling complex interactions in the electric double layer (EDL) have been developed. Theoretical formulations for both homogeneous and heterogeneous electrochemical PCET spanning the adiabatic, nonadiabatic, and solvent-controlled regimes have been developed and provide analytical expressions for the rate constants and current densities as functions of applied potential. The quantum mechanical treatment of the proton and inclusion of excited vibronic states have been shown to be critical for describing experimental data, such as Tafel slopes and potential-dependent kinetic isotope effects. The calculated rate constants can be used as input to microkinetic models and voltammogram simulations to elucidate complex electrocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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19
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Zhu Q, Wallentine SK, Deng GH, Rebstock JA, Baker LR. The Solvation-Induced Onsager Reaction Field Rather than the Double-Layer Field Controls CO 2 Reduction on Gold. JACS AU 2022; 2:472-482. [PMID: 35252996 PMCID: PMC8889607 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The selectivity and activity of the carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) reaction are sensitive functions of the electrolyte cation. By measuring the vibrational Stark shift of in situ-generated CO on Au in the presence of alkali cations, we quantify the total electric field present at catalytic active sites and deconvolute this field into contributions from (1) the electrochemical Stern layer and (2) the Onsager (or solvation-induced) reaction field. Contrary to recent theoretical reports, the CO2R kinetics does not depend on the Stern field but instead is closely correlated with the strength of the Onsager reaction field. These results show that in the presence of adsorbed (bent) CO2, the Onsager field greatly exceeds the Stern field and is primarily responsible for CO2 activation. Additional measurements of the cation-dependent water spectra using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy show that interfacial solvation strongly influences the CO2R activity. These combined results confirm that the cation-dependent interfacial water structure and its associated electric field must be explicitly considered for accurate understanding of CO2R reaction kinetics.
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20
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Zhu Q, Murphy CJ, Baker LR. Opportunities for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Enabled by Surface Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2829-2840. [PMID: 35137579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To achieve high selectivity in enzyme catalysis, nature carefully controls both the catalyst active site and the pocket or environment that mediates access and the geometry of a reactant. Despite the many advantages of heterogeneous catalysis, active sites on a surface are rarely defined with atomic precision, making it difficult to control reaction selectivity with the molecular precision of homogeneous systems. In colloidal nanoparticle synthesis, structural control is accomplished using a surface ligand or capping layer that stabilizes a specific particle morphology and prevents nanoparticle aggregation. Usually, these surface ligands are considered detrimental for catalysis because they occupy otherwise active surface sites. However, a number of examples have shown that surface ligands can play a beneficial role in defining the catalytic environment and enhancing performance by a variety of mechanisms. This perspective summarizes recent advances and opportunities using surface ligands to enhance the performance of nanocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Several mechanisms are discussed, including selective permeability, modulating interfacial solvation structure and electric fields, chemical activation, and templating active site selection. These examples inform strategies and point to emerging opportunities to design nanocatalysts toward molecular level control of electrochemical CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quansong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Tutorials in vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. II. Designing a broadband vibrational sum frequency generation spectrometer. Biointerphases 2022; 17:011202. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Nandi R, Jain V, Devi M, Gupta T, Pal SK. Hydrogen bond assisted anchoring transitions in nematic liquid crystals at the aqueous interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Maitra A, Sarkar S, Leitner DM, Dawlaty JM. Electric Fields Influence Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Relaxation and Line Widths. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7818-7825. [PMID: 34378946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular vibrational energy relaxation (IVR) is fundamentally important to chemical dynamics. We show that externally applied electric fields affect IVR and vibrational line widths by changing the anharmonic couplings and frequency detunings between modes. We demonstrate this effect in benzonitrile for which prior experimental results show a decrease in vibrational line width as a function of applied electric field. We identify three major channels for IVR that depend on electric field. In the dominant channel, the electric field affects the frequency detuning, while in the other two channels, variation of anharmonic couplings as a function of field is the underlying mechanism. Consistent with experimental results, we show that the combination of all channels gives rise to reduced line widths with increasing electric field in benzonitrile. Our results are relevant for controlling IVR with external or internal fields and for gaining a more complete interpretation of line widths of vibrational Stark probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0001, United States
| | - Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0001, United States
| | - David M Leitner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89519, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0001, United States
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24
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Drexler CI, Cracchiolo OM, Myers RL, Okur HI, Serrano AL, Corcelli SA, Cremer PS. Local Electric Fields in Aqueous Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8484-8493. [PMID: 34313130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational Stark shifts were explored in aqueous solutions of organic molecules with carbonyl- and nitrile-containing constituents. In many cases, the vibrational resonances from these moieties shifted toward lower frequency as salt was introduced into solution. This is in contrast to the blue-shift that would be expected based upon Onsager's reaction field theory. Salts containing well-hydrated cations like Mg2+ or Li+ led to the most pronounced Stark shift for the carbonyl group, while poorly hydrated cations like Cs+ had the greatest impact on nitriles. Moreover, salts containing I- gave rise to larger Stark shifts than those containing Cl-. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that cations and anions both accumulate around the probe in an ion- and probe-dependent manner. An electric field was generated by the ion pair, which pointed from the cation to the anion through the vibrational chromophore. This resulted from solvent-shared binding of the ions to the probes, consistent with their positions in the Hofmeister series. The "anti-Onsager" Stark shifts occur in both vibrational spectroscopy and fluorescence measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia M Cracchiolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | - Halil I Okur
- Department of Chemistry and National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arnaldo L Serrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Steven A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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25
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Lin L, Chowdhury AU, Ma YZ, Sacci RL, Katsaras J, Hong K, Collier CP, Carrillo JMY, Doughty B. Ion Pairing Mediates Molecular Organization Across Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33734-33743. [PMID: 34235915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid/liquid interfaces play a central role in scientific fields ranging from nanomaterial synthesis and soft matter electronics to nuclear waste remediation and chemical separations. This diversity of functions arises from an interface's ability to respond to changing conditions in its neighboring bulk phases. Understanding what drives this interfacial flexibility can provide novel avenues for designing new functional interfaces. However, limiting this progress is an inadequate understanding of the subtle intermolecular and interphase interactions taking place at the molecular level. Here, we use surface-specific vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy combined with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the self-assembly and structure of model ionic oligomers consisting of an oligodimethylsiloxane (ODMS) tail covalently attached to a positively charged methyl imidazolium (MIM+) head group at buried oil/aqueous interfaces. We show how the presence of seemingly innocuous salts can impart dramatic changes to the ODMS tail conformations in the oil phase via specific ion effects and ion-pairing interactions taking place in the aqueous phase. These specific ion interactions are shown to drive enhanced amphiphile adsorption, induce morphological changes, and disrupt emergent hydrogen-bonding structures at the interface. Tuning these interactions allows for independent control over the oligomer structure in the oil phase versus interfacial population changes and represents key mechanistic insight that is needed to control chemical reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Azhad U Chowdhury
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - John Katsaras
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Shull Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - C Patrick Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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26
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Bhattacharyya D, Videla PE, Cattaneo M, Batista VS, Lian T, Kubiak CP. Vibrational Stark shift spectroscopy of catalysts under the influence of electric fields at electrode-solution interfaces. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10131-10149. [PMID: 34377403 PMCID: PMC8336477 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
External control of chemical processes is a subject of widespread interest in chemical research, including control of electrocatalytic processes with significant promise in energy research. The electrochemical double-layer is the nanoscale region next to the electrode/electrolyte interface where chemical reactions typically occur. Understanding the effects of electric fields within the electrochemical double layer requires a combination of synthesis, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and theory. In particular, vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy is a powerful technique to probe the response of molecular catalysts at the electrode interface under bias. Fundamental understanding can be obtained via synthetic tuning of the adsorbed molecular catalysts on the electrode surface and by combining experimental VSFG data with theoretical modelling of the Stark shift response. The resulting insights at the molecular level are particularly valuable for the development of new methodologies to control and characterize catalysts confined to electrode surfaces. This Perspective article is focused on how systematic modifications of molecules anchored to surfaces report information concerning the geometric, energetic, and electronic parameters of catalysts under bias attached to electrode surfaces. Heterogeneous electrocatalysis: characterization of interfacial electric field within the electrochemical double layer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast Atlanta Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Pablo E Videla
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Mauricio Cattaneo
- INQUINOA-UNT-CONICET, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Instituto de Química Física, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Ayacucho 471 (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Northeast Atlanta Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358 La Jolla California 92093 USA
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27
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Delley MF, Nichols EM, Mayer JM. Interfacial Acid-Base Equilibria and Electric Fields Concurrently Probed by In Situ Surface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10778-10792. [PMID: 34253024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how applied potentials and electrolyte solution conditions affect interfacial proton (charge) transfers at electrode surfaces is critical for electrochemical technologies. Herein, we examine mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) and 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) on gold using in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Measurements as a function of the applied potential, the electrolyte pD, and the electrolyte concentration determined both the relative surface populations of acidic and basic forms of 4-MBA, as well as the local electric fields at the SAM-solution interface by following the Stark shifts of 4-MBN. The effective acidity of the SAM varied with the applied potential, requiring a 600 mV change to move the pKa by one unit. Since this is ca. 10× the Nernstian value of 59 mV/pKa, ∼90% of the applied potential dropped across the SAM layer. This emphasizes the importance of distinguishing applied potentials from the potential experienced at the interface. We use the measured interfacial electric fields to estimate the experienced potential at the SAM edge. The SAM pKa showed a roughly Nernstian dependence on this estimated experienced potential. An analysis of the combined acid-base equilibria and Stark shifts reveals that the interfacial charge density has significant contributions from both SAM carboxylate headgroups and electrolyte components. Ion pairing and ion penetration into the SAM also influence the observed surface acidity. To our knowledge, this study is the first concurrent examination of both effective acidity and electric fields, and highlights the relevance of experienced potentials and specific ion effects at functionalized electrode surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle F Delley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Eva M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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28
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Barry E, Burns R, Chen W, De Hoe GX, De Oca JMM, de Pablo JJ, Dombrowski J, Elam JW, Felts AM, Galli G, Hack J, He Q, He X, Hoenig E, Iscen A, Kash B, Kung HH, Lewis NHC, Liu C, Ma X, Mane A, Martinson ABF, Mulfort KL, Murphy J, Mølhave K, Nealey P, Qiao Y, Rozyyev V, Schatz GC, Sibener SJ, Talapin D, Tiede DM, Tirrell MV, Tokmakoff A, Voth GA, Wang Z, Ye Z, Yesibolati M, Zaluzec NJ, Darling SB. Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems: The Central Role of Water/Solid Interfaces in Adsorption, Reactivity, and Transport. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9450-9501. [PMID: 34213328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure, chemistry, and charge of interfaces between materials and aqueous fluids play a central role in determining properties and performance of numerous water systems. Sensors, membranes, sorbents, and heterogeneous catalysts almost uniformly rely on specific interactions between their surfaces and components dissolved or suspended in the water-and often the water molecules themselves-to detect and mitigate contaminants. Deleterious processes in these systems such as fouling, scaling (inorganic deposits), and corrosion are also governed by interfacial phenomena. Despite the importance of these interfaces, much remains to be learned about their multiscale interactions. Developing a deeper understanding of the molecular- and mesoscale phenomena at water/solid interfaces will be essential to driving innovation to address grand challenges in supplying sufficient fit-for-purpose water in the future. In this Review, we examine the current state of knowledge surrounding adsorption, reactivity, and transport in several key classes of water/solid interfaces, drawing on a synergistic combination of theory, simulation, and experiments, and provide an outlook for prioritizing strategic research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Barry
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Raelyn Burns
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Guilhem X De Hoe
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Joan Manuel Montes De Oca
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - James Dombrowski
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Jeffrey W Elam
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Alanna M Felts
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - John Hack
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Qiming He
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Xiang He
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Eli Hoenig
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Aysenur Iscen
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Benjamin Kash
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Harold H Kung
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Nicholas H C Lewis
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Xinyou Ma
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Anil Mane
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Alex B F Martinson
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Julia Murphy
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, Kgs. Lyngby, Lyngby, Hovedstaden 2800, DK Denmark
| | - Paul Nealey
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Yijun Qiao
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Vepa Rozyyev
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Steven J Sibener
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Dmitri Talapin
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - David M Tiede
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Zifan Ye
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Murat Yesibolati
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, Kgs. Lyngby, Lyngby, Hovedstaden 2800, DK Denmark
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Photon Sciences Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Seth B Darling
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems (AMEWS) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439 United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
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29
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Sarkar S, Maitra A, Lake WR, Warburton RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Dawlaty JM. Mechanistic Insights about Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Derived from a Vibrational Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8381-8390. [PMID: 34042429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a fundamental step in a wide range of electrochemical processes, including those of interest in energy conversion and storage. Despite its importance, several mechanistic details of such reactions remain unclear. Here, we have combined a proton donor (tertiary ammonium) with a vibrational Stark-shift probe (benzonitrile), to track the process from the entry of the reactants into the electrical double layer (EDL), to the PCET reaction associated with proton donation to the electrode, and the formation of products. We have used operando vibrational spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory under electrochemical bias to assign the reactant and product peaks and their Stark shifts. We have identified three main stages for the progress of the PCET reaction as a function of applied potential. First, we have determined the potential necessary for desolvation of the reactants and their entry into the polarizing environment of the EDL. Second, we have observed the appearance of product peaks prior to the onset of steady state electrochemical current, indicating formation of a stationary population of products that does not turn over. Finally, more negative of the onset potential, the electrode attracts additional reactants, displacing the stationary products and enabling steady state current. This work shows that the integration of a vibrational Stark-shift probe with a proton donor provides critical insight into the interplay between interfacial electrostatics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Such insights cannot be obtained from electrochemical measurements alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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30
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Voegtle MJ, Pal T, Pennathur AK, Menachekanian S, Patrow JG, Sarkar S, Cui Q, Dawlaty JM. Interfacial Polarization and Ionic Structure at the Ionic Liquid-Metal Interface Studied by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2741-2753. [PMID: 33689335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have both fundamental and practical value in interfacial science and electrochemistry. However, understanding their behavior near a surface is challenging because of strong Coulomb interactions and large and irregular ionic sizes, which affect both their structure and energetics. To understand this problem, we present a combined experimental and computational study using a vibrational probe molecule, 4-mercaptobenzonitrile, inserted at the junction between a metal and a variety of ILs. The vibrational frequency of the nitrile in the probe molecule reports on the local solvation environment and the electrostatic field at this junction. Within the ethylmethyl imidazolium (EMIM+) cation family of ILs, we varied the anions over a range of sizes and types. Complementing our surface spectroscopy, we also ran molecular dynamics simulations of these interfaces to better understand the ionic structures that produced the measured fields. The magnitude of the frequency shifts, and thereby fields, shows a general correlation with the size of anions, with larger anions corresponding to smaller fields. We find that the source of this correlation is partial intercalation of smaller anions into the probe monolayer, resulting in tighter packing of ionic layers near the surface. Larger anions reduce the overall lateral ion packing density near the surface, which reduces the net charge per unit area and explains the smaller observed fields. The insight from this work is important for developing a fundamental picture of concentrated electrolytes near interfaces and can help with designing ILs to create tailored electric fields near an electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Voegtle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Tanmoy Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Anuj K Pennathur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Sevan Menachekanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Joel G Patrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
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31
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Birdsall ER, Petti MK, Saraswat V, Ostrander JS, Arnold MS, Zanni MT. Structure Changes of a Membrane Polypeptide under an Applied Voltage Observed with Surface-Enhanced 2D IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1786-1792. [PMID: 33576633 PMCID: PMC8162810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The structures of many membrane-bound proteins and polypeptides depend on the membrane potential. However, spectroscopically studying their structures under an applied field is challenging, because a potential is difficult to generate across more than a few bilayers. We study the voltage-dependent structures of the membrane-bound polypeptide, alamethicin, using a spectroelectrochemical cell coated with a rough, gold film to create surface plasmons. The plasmons sufficiently enhance the 2D IR signal to measure a single bilayer. The film is also thick enough to conduct current and thereby apply a potential. The 2D IR spectra resolve features from both 310- and α-helical structures and cross-peaks connecting the two. We observe changes in the peak intensity, not their frequencies, upon applying a voltage. A similar change occurs with pH, which is known to alter the angle of alamethicin relative to the surface normal. The spectra are modeled using a vibrational exciton Hamiltonian, and the voltage-dependent spectra are consistent with a change in angle of the 310- and α-helices in the membrane from 55 to 44°and from 31 to 60°, respectively. The 310- and α-helices are coupled by approximately 10 cm-1. These experiments provide new structural information about alamethicin under a potential difference and demonstrate a technique that might be applied to voltage-gated membrane proteins and compared to molecular dynamics structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Birdsall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Megan K Petti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Vivek Saraswat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua S Ostrander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana 46953, United States
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin T Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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32
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Acharyya A, Mukherjee D, Gai F. Assessing the Effect of Hofmeister Anions on the Hydrogen-Bonding Strength of Water via Nitrile Stretching Frequency Shift. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11783-11792. [PMID: 33346656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the peak frequency (νmax) of the C≡N stretching vibrational spectrum of a hydrogen-bonded C≡N species is known to be a qualitative measure of its hydrogen-bonding strength. Herein, we show that within a two-state framework, this dependence can be analyzed in a more quantitative manner to yield the enthalpy and entropy changes (ΔHHB and ΔSHB) for the corresponding hydrogen-bonding interactions. Using this method, we examine the effect of ten common anions on the strength of the hydrogen-bond(s) formed between water and the C≡N group of an unnatural amino acid, p-cyanophenylalanine (PheCN). We find that based on the ΔHHB values, these anions can be arranged in the following order: HPO42- > OAc- > F- > SO42- ≈ Cl- ≈ (H2O) ≈ ClO4- ≈ NO3- > Br- > SCN- ≈ I-, which differs from the corresponding Hofmeister series. Because PheCN has a relatively small size, the finding that anions having very different charge densities (e.g., SO42- and ClO4-) act similarly suggests that this ranking order is likely the result of specific ion effects. Since proteins contain different backbone and side-chain units, our results highlight the need to assess their individual contributions toward the overall Hofmeister effect in order to achieve a microscopic understanding of how ions affect the physical and chemical properties of such macromolecules. In addition, the analytical method described in the present study is applicable for analyzing the spectral evolution of any vibrational spectra composed of two highly overlapping bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arusha Acharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Debopreeti Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Feng Gai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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33
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Guo W, Liu B, He Y, You E, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang J, Wang Z. Plasmonic Gold Nanohole Arrays for Surface-Enhanced Sum Frequency Generation Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122557. [PMID: 33352752 PMCID: PMC7766786 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nobel metal nanohole arrays have been used extensively in chemical and biological systems because of their fascinating optical properties. Gold nanohole arrays (Au NHAs) were prepared as surface plasmon polariton (SPP) generators for the surface-enhanced sum-frequency generation (SFG) detection of 4-Mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN). The angle-resolved reflectance spectra revealed that the Au NHAs have three angle-dependent SPP modes and two non-dispersive localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes under different structural orientation angles (sample surface orientation). An enhancement factor of ~30 was achieved when the SPP and LSPR modes of the Au NHAs were tuned to match the incident visible (VIS) and output SFG, respectively. This multi-mode matching strategy provided flexible controls and selective spectral windows for surface-enhanced measurements, and was especially useful in nonlinear spectroscopy where more than one light beam was involved. The structural orientation- and power-dependent performance demonstrated the potential of plasmonic NHAs in SFG and other nonlinear sensing applications, and provided a promising surface molecular analysis development platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Bowen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yuhan He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Enming You
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Shengchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (W.G.); (Y.H.); (E.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.H.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (Z.W.)
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34
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Wallentine S, Bandaranayake S, Biswas S, Baker LR. Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction on Gold: Site Blocking by the Stern Layer Controls CO 2 Adsorption Kinetics. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8307-8313. [PMID: 32946241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Directly observing active surface intermediates represents a major challenge in electrocatalysis, especially for CO2 electroreduction on Au. We use in-situ, plasmon-enhanced vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy, which has detection limits of <1% of a monolayer and can access the Au/electrolyte interface during active electrocatalysis in the absence of mass transport limitations. Measuring the potential-dependent surface coverage of atop CO confirms that the rate-determining step for this reaction is CO2 adsorption. An analysis of the interfacial electric field reveals the formation of a dense cation layer at the electrode surface, which is correlated to the onset of CO production. The Tafel slope increases in conjunction with the field saturation due to active site blocking by adsorbed cations. These findings show that CO2 reduction is extremely sensitive to the potential-dependent structure of the electrochemical double layer and provides direct observation of the interfacial processes that govern these kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Wallentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Savini Bandaranayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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35
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Gunathunge CM, Li J, Li X, Waegele MM. Surface-Adsorbed CO as an Infrared Probe of Electrocatalytic Interfaces. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charuni M. Gunathunge
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Matthias M. Waegele
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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36
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Wallentine S, Bandaranayake S, Biswas S, Baker LR. Plasmon-Resonant Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation of Electrochemical Interfaces: Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction on Gold. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8057-8064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Wallentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Savini Bandaranayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L. Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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37
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Pennathur AK, Voegtle MJ, Menachekanian S, Dawlaty JM. Strong Propensity of Ionic Liquids in Their Aqueous Solutions for an Organic-Modified Metal Surface. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7500-7507. [PMID: 32786711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding ionic structure and electrostatic environments near a surface has both fundamental and practical value. In electrochemistry, especially when room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are involved, the complex ionic structure near the interface is expected to crucially influence reactions. Here we report evidence that even in dilute aqueous solutions of several ILs, the ions aggregate near the surface in ways that are qualitatively different from simple electrolytes. We have used a vibrational probe molecule, 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (MBN), tethered to a metal surface to monitor the behavior of the ionic layers. The characteristic nitrile vibrational frequency of this molecule has distinct values in the presence of pure water (∼2232 cm-1) and pure IL (for example, ∼2226 cm-1 for ethylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [EMIM][BF4]). This difference reflects the local electrostatic field and the hydrogen-bonding variations between these two limiting cases. We tracked this frequency shift as a function of IL concentration in water all the way from pure water to pure IL. We report two important findings. First, only one nitrile peak is observed for the entire concentration range, indicating that at least on the length scale of the probe molecule water and ILs do not phase separate within the interface, and no heterogeneously distinct electrostatic environments are formed. Second, and more importantly, we find that even up to a significant mole fraction of bulk water (x ∼ 0.95), the nitrile frequency does not change from that indicative of a pure IL for [EMIM][BF4], indicating preferential aggregation of the ions near the surface. Because this behavior is very similar to surfactants, we chose an imidazolium cation with a longer side chain which resulted in behavior expected from a surfactant, with a preferential layer of the ions on the surface even in dilute water solutions (x ∼ 0.995). This observation indicates that even those ILs that are not nominally categorized as surfactants have a strong tendency to aggregate at the surface. Because ILs serve as electrolytes in a range of electrochemical reactions, including those requiring water, our results are likely useful for mechanistic understanding and tuning of such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj K Pennathur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Matthew J Voegtle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Sevan Menachekanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
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38
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Lewis NHC, Iscen A, Felts A, Dereka B, Schatz GC, Tokmakoff A. Vibrational Probe of Aqueous Electrolytes: The Field Is Not Enough. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7013-7026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H. C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aysenur Iscen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alanna Felts
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bogdan Dereka
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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39
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Piontek SM, DelloStritto M, Mandal B, Marshall T, Klein ML, Borguet E. Probing Heterogeneous Charge Distributions at the α-Al2O3(0001)/H2O Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12096-12105. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Goldsmith Z, Secor M, Hammes-Schiffer S. Inhomogeneity of Interfacial Electric Fields at Vibrational Probes on Electrode Surfaces. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:304-311. [PMID: 32123749 PMCID: PMC7047426 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields control chemical reactivity in a wide range of systems, including enzymes and electrochemical interfaces. Characterizing the electric fields at electrode-solution interfaces is critical for understanding heterogeneous catalysis and associated energy conversion processes. To address this challenge, recent experiments have probed the response of the nitrile stretching frequency of 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) attached to a gold electrode to changes in the solvent and applied electrode potential. Herein, this system is modeled with periodic density functional theory using a multilayer dielectric continuum treatment of the solvent and at constant applied potentials. The impact of the solvent dielectric constant and the applied electrode potential on the nitrile stretching frequency computed with a grid-based method is in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the interfacial electrostatic potentials and electric fields as a function of applied potential were calculated directly with density functional theory. Substantial spatial inhomogeneity of the interfacial electric fields was observed, including oscillations in the region of the molecular probe attached to the electrode. These simulations highlight the microscopic inhomogeneity of the electric fields and the role of molecular polarizability at electrode-solution interfaces, thereby demonstrating the limitations of mean-field models and providing insights relevant to the interpretation of vibrational Stark effect experiments.
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Sarkar S, Maitra A, Banerjee S, Thoi VS, Dawlaty JM. Electric Fields at Metal-Surfactant Interfaces: A Combined Vibrational Spectroscopy and Capacitance Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1311-1321. [PMID: 31985221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants modulate interfacial processes. In electrochemical CO2 reduction, cationic surfactants promote carbon product formation and suppress hydrogen evolution. The interfacial field produced by the surfactants affects the energetics of electrochemical intermediates, mandating their detailed understanding. We have used two complementary tools-vibrational Stark shift spectroscopy which probes interfacial fields at molecular length scales and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which probes the entire double layer-to study the electric fields at metal-surfactant interfaces. Using a nitrile as a probe, we found that at open-circuit potentials, cationic surfactants produce larger effective interfacial fields (∼-1.25 V/nm) when compared to anionic surfactants (∼0.4 V/nm). At a high bulk surfactant concentration, the surface field reaches a terminal value, suggesting the formation of a full layer, which is also supported by EIS. We propose an electrostatic model that explains these observations. Our results help in designing tailored surfactants for influencing electrochemical reactions via the interfacial field effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
| | - Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
| | - Soumyodip Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - V Sara Thoi
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
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Sayama A, Nihonyanagi S, Ohshima Y, Tahara T. In situ observation of the potential-dependent structure of an electrolyte/electrode interface by heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2580-2589. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HD-VSFG spectroscopy reveals the potential-dependent interfacial structure of an electrochemical interface at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sayama
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Tahei Tahara
- Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
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43
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Waegele MM, Gunathunge CM, Li J, Li X. How cations affect the electric double layer and the rates and selectivity of electrocatalytic processes. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:160902. [PMID: 31675864 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is central to the production of renewable fuels and high-value commodity chemicals. The electrolyte and the electrode together determine the catalytic properties of the liquid/solid interface. In particular, the cations of the electrolyte can greatly change the rates and reaction selectivity of many electrocatalytic processes. For this reason, the careful choice of the cation is an essential step in the design of catalytic interfaces with high selectivity for desired high-value products. To make such a judicious choice, it is critical to understand where in the electric double layer the cations reside and the various distinct mechanistic impacts they can have on the electrocatalytic process of interest. In this perspective, we review recent advances in the understanding of the electric double layer with a particular focus on the interfacial distribution of cations and the cations' hydration states in the vicinity of the electrode under various experimental conditions. Furthermore, we summarize the different ways in which cations can alter the rates and selectivity of chemical processes at electrified interfaces and identify possible future areas of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Waegele
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Charuni M Gunathunge
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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44
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Shi H, Zhao B, Ma J, Bronson MJ, Cai Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Cronin M, Jensen L, Cronin SB. Measuring Local Electric Fields and Local Charge Densities at Electrode Surfaces Using Graphene-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (GERS)-Based Stark-Shifts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36252-36258. [PMID: 31498591 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report spectroscopic measurements of the local electric fields and local charge densities at electrode surfaces using graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) based on the Stark-shifts of surface-bound molecules and the G band frequency shift in graphene. Here, monolayer graphene is used as the working electrode in a three-terminal potentiostat while Raman spectra are collected in situ under applied electrochemical potentials using a water immersion lens. First, a thin layer (1 Å) of copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules are deposited on monolayer graphene by thermal evaporation. GERS spectra are then taken in an aqueous solution as a function of the applied electrochemical potential. The shifts in vibrational frequencies of the graphene G band and CuPc are obtained simultaneously and correlated. The upshifts in the G band Raman mode are used to determine the free carrier density in the graphene sheet under these applied potentials. Of the three dominant peaks in the Raman spectra of CuPc (i.e., 1531, 1450, and 1340 cm-1), only the 1531 cm-1 peak exhibits Stark-shifts and can, thus, be used to report the local electric field strength at the electrode surface under electrochemical working conditions. Between applied electrochemical potentials from -0.8 V to 0.8 V vs NHE, the free carrier density in the graphene electrode spans a range from -4 × 1012 cm-2 to 2 × 1012 cm-2. Corresponding Stark-shifts in the CuPc peak around 1531 cm-1 are observed up to 1.0 cm-1 over a range of electric field strengths between -3.78 × 106 and 1.85 × 106 V/cm. Slightly larger Stark-shifts are observed in a 1 M KCl solution, compared to those observed in DI water, as expected based on the higher ion concentration of the electrolyte. Based on our data, we determine the Stark shift tuning rate to be 0.178 cm-1/ (106 V/cm), which is relatively small due to the planar nature of the CuPc molecule, which largely lies perpendicular to the electric field at this electrode surface. Computational simulations using density functional theory (DFT) predict similar Stark shifts and provide a detailed atomistic picture of the electric field-induced perturbations to the surface-bound CuPc molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark J Bronson
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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Ryu J, Surendranath Y. Tracking Electrical Fields at the Pt/H 2O Interface during Hydrogen Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15524-15531. [PMID: 31433173 PMCID: PMC6777043 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We quantify changes in the magnitude
of the interfacial electric
field under the conditions of H2/H+ catalysis
at a Pt surface. We track the product distribution of a local pH-sensitive,
surface-catalyzed nonfaradaic reaction, H2 addition to cis-2-butene-1,4-diol to form n-butanol
and 1,4-butanediol, to quantify the concentration of solvated H+ at a Pt surface that is constantly held at the reversible
hydrogen electrode potential. By tracking the surface H+ concentration across a wide range of pH and ionic strengths, we
directly quantify the magnitude of the electrostatic potential drop
at the Pt/solution interface and establish that it increases by ∼60
mV per unit increase in pH. These results provide direct insight into
the electric field environment at the Pt surface and highlight the
dramatically amplified field existent under alkaline vs acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyune Ryu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Hydrogen bonding steers the product selectivity of electrocatalytic CO reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9220-9229. [PMID: 31004052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900761116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The product selectivity of many heterogeneous electrocatalytic processes is profoundly affected by the liquid side of the electrocatalytic interface. The electrocatalytic reduction of CO to hydrocarbons on Cu electrodes is a prototypical example of such a process. However, probing the interactions of surface-bound intermediates with their liquid reaction environment poses a formidable experimental challenge. As a result, the molecular origins of the dependence of the product selectivity on the characteristics of the electrolyte are still poorly understood. Herein, we examined the chemical and electrostatic interactions of surface-adsorbed CO with its liquid reaction environment. Using a series of quaternary alkyl ammonium cations ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]), we systematically tuned the properties of this environment. With differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), we show that ethylene is produced in the presence of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] cations, whereas this product is not synthesized in [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-containing electrolytes. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) reveals that the cations do not block CO adsorption sites and that the cation-dependent interfacial electric field is too small to account for the observed changes in selectivity. However, SEIRAS shows that an intermolecular interaction between surface-adsorbed CO and interfacial water is disrupted in the presence of the two larger cations. This observation suggests that this interaction promotes the hydrogenation of surface-bound CO to ethylene. Our study provides a critical molecular-level insight into how interactions of surface species with the liquid reaction environment control the selectivity of this complex electrocatalytic process.
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Nelson DA, Schultz ZD. The impact of optically rectified fields on plasmonic electrocatalysis. Faraday Discuss 2019; 214:465-477. [PMID: 30821795 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the excitation of plasmon resonances on nanostructured materials can drive catalytic processes. Plasmon resonances can be tuned across the solar spectrum, thus offering intriguing possibilities for their application in plasmonic catalysis. Previous work carried out by our group has indicated that nanostructures with tight junctions can create direct current (DC) electric fields. These fields arise from an optical rectification of the plasmon resonance on the plasmonic surface, and our group has shown that these fields modulate photocatalytic activity. This work looks to shed further light on the impact that optically rectified fields can have on catalytic reactions. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the electrochemical reduction and oxidation potentials of a 2 mM CuSO4 solution occur at ∼100 mV lower overpotential on an optically excited Ag nanodendrite electrode. Stark spectroscopy of the nitriles absorbed to these surfaces indicate photo-associated changes in the surface potential across the Ag nanodendrites. Localized areas evince photo-induced changes in the surface potential upwards of 300 mV. These results provide evidence of optically rectified fields altering the electrochemical reactivity on plasmonic surfaces and suggest that optimizing this nonlinear phenomenon may improve plasmonic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby A Nelson
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Shi H, Cai Z, Patrow J, Zhao B, Wang Y, Wang Y, Benderskii A, Dawlaty J, Cronin SB. Monitoring Local Electric Fields at Electrode Surfaces Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Stark-Shift Spectroscopy during Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33678-33683. [PMID: 30187745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to measure the vibrational Stark shifts of surface-bound thiolated-benzonitrile molecules bound to an electrode surface during hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). Here, the electrode surface consists of Au nanoislands deposited both with and without an underlying layer of monolayer graphene on a glass substrate. The Stark shifts observed in the nitrile (C-N) stretch frequency (around 2225 cm-1) are used to report the local electric field strength at the electrode surface under electrochemical working conditions. Under positive (i.e., oxidative) applied potentials [vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)], we observe blue shifts of up to 7.6 cm-1, which correspond to local electric fields of 22 mV/cm. Under negative applied potentials (vs NHE), the C-N stretch frequency is red-shifted by only about 1 cm-1. This corresponds to a regime in which the electrochemical current increases exponentially in the hydrogen evolution process. Under these finite electrochemical currents, we estimate the voltage drop across the solution ( V = IR). Correcting for this voltage drop results in a highly linear electric field versus applied electrochemical voltage relation. Here, the onset potential for the HER lies around 0.2 V versus NHE and the point of zero charge (PZC) occurs at 0.04 V versus NHE, based on the capacitance-voltage ( C- V) profile. The solution field is obtained by comparing the C-N stretch frequency in solution with that obtained in air. By evaluating the local electric field strength at the PZC and the onset potential, we can separate the solution field from the reaction field (i.e., electrode field), respectively. At the onset of HER, the solution field is -0.8 mV/cm and the electrode field is -1.2 mV/cm. At higher ion concentrations, we observe similar electric field strengths and more linear E-field versus applied potential behavior because of the relatively low resistance of the solution, which results in negligible voltage drops ( V = IR).
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Patrow JG, Wang Y, Dawlaty JM. Interfacial Lewis Acid-Base Adduct Formation Probed by Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3631-3638. [PMID: 29897764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding Lewis pair (LP) interactions at heterogeneous environments is important for controlling surface reactions. We report the formation of interfacial Lewis adducts with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as the Lewis acid and 4-mercaptobenzonitrile attached to gold as the Lewis base. We use the nitrile vibrational frequency as a probe of adduct strength, with stronger adducts leading to larger frequencies. The vibrational frequency shifts of the surface adducts were measured via sum frequency generation spectroscopy and compared to the frequency shifts of bulk adducts. Our results show a distinctly smaller frequency shift for the surface adducts compared to the bulk, indicating a weaker Lewis acid-base interaction near the surface. We explore three possible origins of this difference: interfacial frustration, surface electric fields, and electronic energy level alignment. We highlight the relevance of each and note that likely more than one of them affect the observed surface LP interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Patrow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90007 , United States
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