1
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Shi CY, Qin WY, Qu DH. Semi-crystalline polymers with supramolecular synergistic interactions: from mechanical toughening to dynamic smart materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8295-8310. [PMID: 38846397 PMCID: PMC11151828 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Semi-crystalline polymers (SCPs) with anisotropic amorphous and crystalline domains as the basic skeleton are ubiquitous from natural products to synthetic polymers. The combination of chemically incompatible hard and soft phases contributes to unique thermal and mechanical properties. The further introduction of supramolecular interactions as noncovalently interacting crystal phases and soft dynamic crosslinking sites can synergize with covalent polymer chains, thereby enabling effective energy dissipation and dynamic rearrangement in hierarchical superstructures. Therefore, this review will focus on the design principles of SCPs by discussing supramolecular construction strategies and state-of-the-art functional applications from mechanical toughening to sophisticated functions such as dynamic adaptivity, shape memory, ion transport, etc. Current challenges and further opportunities are discussed to provide an overview of possible future directions and potential material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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2
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Stevens MJ, Rempe SLB. Binding of Li + to Negatively Charged and Neutral Ligands in Polymer Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10200-10207. [PMID: 37930189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Conceptually, single-ion polymer electrolytes (SIPE) with the anion bound to the polymer could solve major issues in Li-ion batteries, but their conductivity is too low. Experimentally, weakly interacting anionic groups have the best conductivity. To provide a theoretical basis for this result, density functional theory calculations of the optimized geometries and energies are performed for charged ligands used in SIPE. Comparison is made to neutral ligands found in dual-ion conductors, which demonstrate higher conductivity. The free energy differences between adding and subtracting a ligand are small enough for the neutral ligands to have the conductivity seen experimentally. However, charged ligands have large barriers, implying that lithium transport will coincide with the slow polymer diffusion, as observed in experiments. Overall, SIPE will require additional solvent to achieve a sufficiently high conductivity. Additionally, the binding of mono- and bidentate geometries varies, providing a simple and clear reason that polarizable force fields are required for detailed interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Susan L B Rempe
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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3
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Stevens MJ, Rempe SLB. Binding of carboxylate and water to monovalent cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29881-29893. [PMID: 37889481 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of carboxylate anions with water and cations are important for a wide variety of systems, both biological and synthetic. To gain insight on properties of the local complexes, we apply density functional theory, to treat the complex electrostatic interactions, and investigate mixtures with varied numbers of carboxylate anions (acetate) and waters binding to monovalent cations, Li+, Na+ and K+. The optimal structure with overall lowest free energy contains two acetates and two waters such that the cation is four-fold coordinated, similar to structures found earlier for pure water or pure carboxylate ligands. More generally, the complexes with two acetates have the lowest free energy. In transitioning from the overall optimal state, exchanging an acetate for water has a lower free energy barrier than exchanging water for an acetate. In most cases, the carboxylates are monodentate and in the first solvation shell. As water is added to the system, hydrogen bonding between waters and carboxylate O atoms further stabilizes monodentate structures. These structures, which have strong electrostatic interactions that involve hydrogen bonds of varying strength, are significantly polarized, with ChelpG partial charges that vary substantially as the bonding geometry varies. Overall, these results emphasize the increasing importance of water as a component of binding sites as the number of ligands increases, thus affecting the preferential solvation of specific metal ions and clarifying Hofmeister effects. Finally, structural analysis correlated with free energy analysis supports the idea that binding to more than the preferred number of carboxylates under architectural constraints are a key to ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | - Susan L B Rempe
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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4
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Vigil DL, Stevens MJ, Frischknecht AL. Accurate Calculation of Solvation Properties of Lithium Ions in Nonaqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8002-8008. [PMID: 37676921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of lithium triflate in 1,2-dimethoxyethane using six different literature force fields. This system is representative of many experimental studies of lithium salts in solvents and polymers. We show that multiple historically common force fields for lithium ions give qualitatively incorrect results when compared with those from experiments and quantum chemistry calculations. We illustrate the importance of correctly selecting force field parameters and give recommendations on the force field choice for lithium electrolyte applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Vigil
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Amalie L Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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5
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Pietrangelo A, Burns AB, Charlton RT, DeRocco MT, Gopinadhan M, Sun T, Wang L, Wright PJ, Stober ST, Yang Q, Martini A. Methanol-Assisted ADMET Polymerization of Semiaromatic Amides. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:605-611. [PMID: 37071887 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A method for the acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of semiaromatic amides is described. The procedure uses second-generation Grubbs' catalyst and N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (CHP), a high boiling, polar solvent capable of solubilizing both monomer and polymer. The addition of methanol to the reaction was found to significantly increase polymer molar mass although the role of the alcohol is currently not understood. Hydrogenation with hydrogen gas and Wilkinson's catalyst resulted in near-quantitative saturation. All polymers synthesized here exhibit a hierarchical semicrystalline morphology driven by ordering of aromatic amide groups via strong nonbonded interactions. Furthermore, the melting points can be tuned over a >100 °C range by precise substitution at just one of the backbone positions on each mer (<5% of the total).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Pietrangelo
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Adam B Burns
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Ryan T Charlton
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Matthew T DeRocco
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Manesh Gopinadhan
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Thomas Sun
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Lesheng Wang
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Pamela J Wright
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Spencer T Stober
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Quanpeng Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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6
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Liu J, Schaefer JL. Li + Conduction in Glass-Forming Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes with and without Ion Clusters. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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7
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Cheng X, Du F, Li Z. Synthesis of precision poly(1,3‐bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane alkylene)s via acyclic diene metathesis polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang‐Yue Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Fu‐Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polym. Chem. & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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8
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Park J, Staiger A, Mecking S, Winey KI. Enhanced Li-Ion Transport through Selectively Solvated Ionic Layers of Single-Ion Conducting Multiblock Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1008-1013. [PMID: 35876880 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate enhanced Li+ transport through the selectively solvated ionic layers of a single-ion conducting polymer. The polymer is a precisely segmented ion-containing multiblock copolymers with well-defined Li+SO3- ionic layers between crystallized linear aliphatic 18-carbon blocks. X-ray scattering reveals that the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecules selectively solvate the ionic layers without disrupting the crystallization of the polymer backbone. The amount of DMSO (∼21 wt %) calculated from the increased layer spacing is consistent with thermogravimetric analysis. The ionic conductivity through DMSO-solvated ionic layers is >104 times higher than in the dried state, indicating a significant enhancement of ion transport in the presence of this solvent. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) further elucidates the role of the structural relaxation time (τ) and the number of free Li+ (n) on the ionic conductivity (σ). Specifically, DRS reveals that the solvation of ionic domains with DMSO contributes to both accelerating the structural relaxation and the dissociation of ion pairs. This study is the initial demonstration that selective solvation is a viable design strategy to improve ionic conductivity in nanophase separated, single-ion conducting multiblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anne Staiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Yu W, Zhang K, Zhang J, Liang X, Ge X, Ge Z, Wei C, Song W, Xu T, Wu L. Efficient lamellar two‐dimensional proton channels derived from dipole interactions in a polyelectrolyte membrane. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Yu
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Xian Liang
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Xiaolin Ge
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zijuan Ge
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wanjie Song
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Liang Wu
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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10
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Park J, Staiger A, Mecking S, Winey KI. Ordered Nanostructures in Thin Films of Precise Ion-Containing Multiblock Copolymers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:388-393. [PMID: 35350601 PMCID: PMC8949628 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that ionic functionality in a multiblock architecture produces highly ordered and sub-3 nm nanostructures in thin films, including bicontinuous double gyroids. At 40 °C, precise ion-containing multiblock copolymers of poly(ethylene-b-lithium sulfosuccinate ester) n (PESxLi, x = 12 or 18) exhibit layered ionic assemblies parallel to the substrate. These ionic layers are separated by crystalline polyethylene blocks with the polymer backbones perpendicular to the substrate. Notably, above the melting temperature (T m) of the polyethylene blocks, layered PES18Li thin films transform into a highly oriented double-gyroid morphology with the (211) plane (d 211 = 2.5 nm) aligned parallel to the substrate. The cubic lattice parameter (a gyr) of the double gyroid is 6.1 nm. Upon heating further above T m, the double-gyroid morphology in PES18Li transitions into hexagonally packed cylinders with cylinders parallel to the substrate. These layered, double-gyroid, and cylinder nanostructures form epitaxially and spontaneously without secondary treatment, such as interfacial layers and solvent vapor annealing. When the film thickness is less than ∼3a gyr, double gyroids and cylinders coexist due to the increased confinement. For PES12Li above T m, the layered ionic assemblies simply transform into disordered morphology. Given the chemical tunability of ion-functionalized multiblock copolymers, this study reveals a versatile pathway to fabricating ordered nanostructures in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Park
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anne Staiger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Paren BA, Häußler M, Rathenow P, Mecking S, Winey KI. Decoupled Cation Transport within Layered Assemblies in Sulfonated and Crystalline Telechelic Polyethylenes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Manuel Häußler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick Rathenow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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12
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Jiang S, Lu Y, Luo C. State Transitions and Crystalline Structures of a Single Polyethylene Chain: MD Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:964-975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
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13
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Park J, Easterling CP, Armstrong CC, Huber DL, Bowman JI, Sumerlin BS, Winey KI, Taylor MK. Nanoscale layers of precise ion-containing polyamides with lithiated phenyl sulfonate in the polymer backbone. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00802e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise polyamide ionomer produces well-defined nanoscale layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Charles P. Easterling
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Christopher C. Armstrong
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Dale L. Huber
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Jared I. Bowman
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mercedes K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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14
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Sarkar R, Mishra K, Das PK, Ramakrishnan S. Probing Polymer Chain Folding in Solution Using Second Harmonic Light Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12457-12465. [PMID: 34641685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodically grafted amphiphilic copolymers (PGACs) were earlier shown by us to adopt a zigzag folded conformation in the solid state, which enabled the backbone and pendant segments to segregate and occupy alternate layers in a lamellar structure. The conformational transition from a random coil to a zigzag folded chain in solution is an interesting problem, which is largely unexplored. To examine this, an orthogonally clickable parent polyester was sequentially clicked with two types of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments: one is a simple PEG and the other is a PEG that carries a dipolar chromophore. These two hydrophilic PEG segments, installed in a periodic and alternating fashion along the hydrocarbon-rich (HC) polyester backbone, ensure that the Janus folded chains are formed upon folding and carry chromophoric dipoles oriented along the same direction, thereby generating a large net dipole. The folding-induced alignment of chromophores in solution was followed using second harmonic light scattering (SHLS), wherein the intensity of the frequency-doubled scattered light (I2ω) is measured. Folding was induced by adding a polar solvent, like methanol, to a chloroform solution of the polymer; methanol desolvates the HC backbone but solubilizes the pendant PEG segments, thus inducing folding. The second harmonic intensity (I2ω) increased initially with methanol concentration and then saturated; in contrast, I2ω remained invariant with the solvent composition in the case of an analogous model chromophore. Furthermore, in a model PGAC carrying chromophore-bearing PEG segments on every repeat unit, I2ω decreased with increasing methanol composition, revealing the formation of a centrosymmetric folded chain, wherein the chromophoric dipoles on either side cancel each other. Thus, this study clearly reveals that the zigzag chain folding of PGACs can be induced by a segment-selective solvent, resulting in the rather elusive directional ordering of chromophoric dipoles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Sarkar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kamini Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Puspendu Kumar Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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15
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Staiger A, Paren BA, Zunker R, Hoang S, Häußler M, Winey KI, Mecking S. Anhydrous Proton Transport within Phosphonic Acid Layers in Monodisperse Telechelic Polyethylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16725-16733. [PMID: 34585919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymers bearing phosphonic acid groups have been proposed as anhydrous proton-conducting membranes at elevated operating temperatures for applications in fuel cells. However, the synthesis of phosphonated polymers and the control over the nanostructure of such polymers is challenging. Here, we report the straightforward synthesis of phosphonic acid-terminated, long-chain aliphatic materials with precisely 26 and 48 carbon atoms (C26PA2 and C48PA2). These materials combine the structuring ability of monodisperse polyethylenes with the ability of phosphonic acid groups to form strong hydrogen-bonding networks. Anhydride formation is absent so that charge carrier loss by a condensation reaction is avoided even at elevated temperatures. Below the melting temperature (Tm), both materials exhibit a crystalline polyethylene backbone and a layered morphology with planar phosphonic acid aggregates separated by 29 and 55 Å for C26PA2 and C48PA2, respectively. Above Tm, the amorphous polyethylene (PE) segments coexist with the layered aggregates. This phenomenon is especially pronounced for the C26PA2 and is identified as a thermotropic smectic liquid crystalline phase. Under these conditions, an extraordinarily high correlation length (940 Å) along the layer normal is observed, demonstrating the strength of the hydrogen bond network formed by the phosphonic acid groups. The proton conductivity in both materials in the absence of water reaches 10-4 S/cm at 150 °C. These new precise phosphonic acid-based materials illustrate the importance of controlling the chemistry to form self-assembled nanoscale aggregates that facilitate rapid proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Staiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robin Zunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Son Hoang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Manuel Häußler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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16
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Flachmüller A, Mecking S, Peter C. Coarse grained simulation of the aggregation and structure control of polyethylene nanocrystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:264001. [PMID: 33857931 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abf881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) telechelics with carboxylate functional groups at both ends have been shown to assemble into hexagonal nanocrystal platelets with a height defined by their chain length in basic CsOH-solution. In this coarse grained (CG) simulation study we show how properties of the functional groups alter the aggregation and crystallization behavior of those telechelics. Systematic variation of the parameters of the CG model showed that important factors which control nanoparticle stability and structure are the PE chain length and the hydrophilicity and the steric demand of the head groups. To characterize the aggregation process we analyzed the number and size of the obtained aggregates as well as intramolecular order and intermolecular alignment of the polymer chains. By comparison of CG and atomistic simulation data, it could be shown that atomistic simulations representing different chemical systems can be emulated with specific, different CG parameter sets. Thus, the results from the (generic) CG simulation models can be used to explain the effect of different head groups and different counterions on the aggregation of PE telechelics and the order of the obtained nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christine Peter
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Kang S, Park MJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Block Copolymers with Tethered Acid Groups: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1527-1541. [PMID: 35617073 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research on advanced polymer electrolytes has led to the emergence of all-solid-state energy storage/transfer systems. Early research began with acid-tethered polymers half a century ago, and research interest has gradually shifted to high-precision polymers with controllable acid functional groups and nanoscale morphologies. Consequently, various self-assembled acid-tethered block polymer morphologies have been produced. Their ion properties are profoundly affected by the multiscale intermolecular interactions in confinements. The creation of hierarchically organized ion/dipole arrangements inside the block copolymer nanostructures has been highlighted as a future method for developing advanced single-ion polymers with decoupled ion dynamics and polymer chain relaxation. Several emerging practical applications of the acid-tethered block copolymers have been explored to draw attention to the challenges and opportunities in developing state-of-the-art electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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18
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Yan L, Hoang L, Winey KI. Ionomers from Step-Growth Polymerization: Highly Ordered Ionic Aggregates and Ion Conduction. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
| | - Lauren Hoang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, United States
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19
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Haider T, Suraeva O, O'Duill ML, Mars J, Mezger M, Lieberwirth I, Wurm FR. Controlling the crystal structure of precisely spaced polyethylene-like polyphosphoesters. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and crystallization behavior of polyethylene-like polyphosphates with a precise spacing of 20, 30, and 40 methylene groups between each phosphate group, which determined the crystal structure, lamellar, and crystal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Julian Mars
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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20
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Sarkar R, Gowd EB, Ramakrishnan S. Precise control of grafting density in periodically grafted amphiphilic copolymers: an alternate strategy to fine-tune the lamellar spacing in the sub-10 nm regime. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00616e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By exactly locating pendant PEG550 segments at varying intervals along a hydrocarbon-rich polyester backbone, the lamellar dimension has been precisely tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Sarkar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
| | - E. Bhoje Gowd
- Material Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram 695019
- India
| | - S. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012
- India
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21
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Yan L, Rank C, Mecking S, Winey KI. Gyroid and Other Ordered Morphologies in Single-Ion Conducting Polymers and Their Impact on Ion Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:857-866. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christina Rank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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22
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Majumder S, Reiter R, Xu J, Reiter G. Controlling the Growth of Stacks of Correlated Lamellar Crystals of a Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumder
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Renate Reiter
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Experimental Polymer Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Rank C, Yan L, Mecking S, Winey KI. Periodic Polyethylene Sulfonates from Polyesterification: Bulk and Nanoparticle Morphologies and Ionic Conductivities. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Abbott LJ, Buss HG, Thelen JL, McCloskey BD, Lawson JW. Polyanion Electrolytes with Well-Ordered Ionic Layers in Simulations and Experiment. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilda G. Buss
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob L. Thelen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Yan L, Häußler M, Bauer J, Mecking S, Winey KI. Monodisperse and Telechelic Polyethylenes Form Extended Chain Crystals with Ionic Layers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Häußler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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27
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Frischknecht AL, Winey KI. The evolution of acidic and ionic aggregates in ionomers during microsecond simulations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:064901. [PMID: 30769997 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed microsecond-long, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on a series of precise poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) ionomers neutralized with lithium, with three different spacer lengths between acid groups on the ionomers and at two temperatures. Ionic aggregates form in these systems with a variety of shapes ranging from isolated aggregates to percolated aggregates. At the lower temperature of 423 K, the ionic aggregate morphologies do not reach a steady-state distribution over the course of the simulations. At the higher temperature of 600 K, the aggregates are sufficiently mobile that they rearrange and reach steady state after hundreds of nanoseconds. For systems that are 100% neutralized with lithium, the ions form percolated aggregates that span the simulation box in three directions, for all three spacer lengths (9, 15, and 21). In the partially neutralized systems, the morphology includes lithium ion aggregates that may also include some unneutralized acid groups, along with a coexisting population of acid group aggregates that form through hydrogen bonding. In the lithium ion aggregates, unneutralized acid groups tend to be found on the ends or sides of the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie L Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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28
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Sorte EG, Paren BA, Rodriguez CG, Fujimoto C, Poirier C, Abbott LJ, Lynd NA, Winey KI, Frischknecht AL, Alam TM. Impact of Hydration and Sulfonation on the Morphology and Ionic Conductivity of Sulfonated Poly(phenylene) Proton Exchange Membranes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin A. Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christina G. Rodriguez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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29
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Sarkar R, Gowd EB, Ramakrishnan S. De-symmetrizing periodically grafted amphiphilic copolymers: design, synthesis and generation of Janus folded chains. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mutual immiscibility between the three segments, namely backbone HC, and pendant PEG and FC segments, causes zigzag folding of the polymer such that FC segments lie on one side and PEG on the other, thereby generating Janus-type folded chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Sarkar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore – 560012
- India
| | - E. Bhoje Gowd
- Material Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram – 695019
- India
| | - S. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore – 560012
- India
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30
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Majumder S, Busch H, Poudel P, Mecking S, Reiter G. Growth Kinetics of Stacks of Lamellar Polymer Crystals. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Busch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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31
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Trigg EB, Middleton LR, Yan L, Winey KI. Comparing Morphological Evolution during Tensile Deformation of Two Precise Polyethylenes via 2D Fitting of in Situ X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Lv A, Li ZL, Wu YH, Du FS, Li ZC. Synthesis of precision polymers with regularly placed perfluoroalkyl segments and sulfonic acid groups via ADMET polymerization and internal alkene modification. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Trigg EB, Gaines TW, Maréchal M, Moed DE, Rannou P, Wagener KB, Stevens MJ, Winey KI. Self-assembled highly ordered acid layers in precisely sulfonated polyethylene produce efficient proton transport. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:725-731. [PMID: 29807986 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in polymer synthesis have allowed remarkable control over chain microstructure and conformation. Capitalizing on such developments, here we create well-controlled chain folding in sulfonated polyethylene, leading to highly uniform hydrated acid layers of subnanometre thickness with high proton conductivity. The linear polyethylene contains sulfonic acid groups pendant to precisely every twenty-first carbon atom that induce tight chain folds to form the hydrated layers, while the methylene segments crystallize. The proton conductivity is on par with Nafion 117, the benchmark for fuel cell membranes. We demonstrate that well-controlled hairpin chain folding can be utilized for proton conductivity within a crystalline polymer structure, and we project that this structure could be adapted for ion transport. This layered polyethylene-based structure is an innovative and versatile design paradigm for functional polymer membranes, opening doors to efficient and selective transport of other ions and small molecules on appropriate selection of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Trigg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taylor W Gaines
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manuel Maréchal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | - Demi E Moed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | - Kenneth B Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark J Stevens
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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34
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Influence of a nanoparticle on the structure and dynamics of model ionomer melts. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4621-4632. [PMID: 29786724 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00665b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We simulate a single spherical nanoparticle (NP) surrounded by partially neutralized ionomers. The coarse-grained ionomers consist of a linear backbone of neutral monomer beads with charged pendant beads and counterions, along with pendant 'sticker' beads that represent unneutralized acid groups. Two different NP interactions are considered; one in which the NP interacts uniformly with all beads in the system (neutral NP) and another in which the NP has higher cohesive interactions with ions and stickers (sticky NP). Ions are depleted around the neutral NP relative to the bulk, but are denser around the surface of the sticky NP. The bond vector autocorrelation function was computed as a function of distance from the NP. For the neutral NP, due to the absence of ions, there is an increase in bond rotational dynamics near the surface relative to the bulk, while the reverse trend is observed in the case of the sticky NP. These analyses were done systematically for differing mole content of pendants, levels of neutralization, and NP sizes; lower pendant content causes a significantly larger difference in the bond dynamics near and far from the NP surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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35
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Kwasny MT, Watkins CM, Posey ND, Matta ME, Tew GN. Functional Polyethylenes with Precisely Placed Thioethers and Sulfoniums through Thiol–Ene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Posey
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Megan E. Matta
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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36
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Middleton LR, Trigg EB, Yan L, Winey KI. Deformation-induced morphology evolution of precise polyethylene ionomers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Gaines TW, Bell MH, Trigg EB, Winey KI, Wagener KB. Precision Sulfonic Acid Polyolefins via Heterogenous to Homogenous Deprotection. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Gaines
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐7200 USA
| | - Michael H. Bell
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐7200 USA
| | - Edward B. Trigg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Pennsylvania 3231 Walnut St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Pennsylvania 3231 Walnut St. Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611‐7200 USA
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38
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Ramos J, Vega J, Martínez-Salazar J. Predicting experimental results for polyethylene by computer simulation. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Sampath J, Hall LM. Effect of Neutralization on the Structure and Dynamics of Model Ionomer Melts. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sampath
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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40
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41
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Anderson LR, Yang Q, Ediger AM. Comparing gas transport in three polymers via molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22123-22133. [PMID: 30113613 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02829j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to study the transport of methane and n-butane molecules in the bulk and interface region of polyethylene (PE), poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne) (PMP) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Anderson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
- Sandia National Laboratories
| | - Andrew M. Ediger
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
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42
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Trigg EB, Middleton LR, Moed DE, Winey KI. Transverse Orientation of Acid Layers in the Crystallites of a Precise Polymer. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Demi E. Moed
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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43
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Trigg EB, Tiegs BJ, Coates GW, Winey KI. High Morphological Order in a Nearly Precise Acid-Containing Polymer and Ionomer. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:947-951. [PMID: 35650896 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Linear polyethylenes with functional groups at precise intervals along the backbone possess a number of remarkable properties, but the current synthetic methods that produce these precise polymers are difficult to scale up beyond the laboratory setting. When evaluating alternative synthetic routes, a critical question is how precise must the polymer microstructure be to achieve the properties of interest? As a first step in answering this question, we present morphological characterization of a nearly precise polymer-that is, an acid-containing polymer wherein the acid groups are separated by either n or n + 1 methylene groups. We find that the size scale and uniformity of the amorphous morphologies of the nearly precise acid-containing polymer and its sodium-neutralized ionomer are essentially indistinguishable from the precise polymers based on X-ray scattering. Meanwhile, the nearly precise polymer is strikingly distinct from a pseudorandom copolymer with similar average composition. This result suggests that the properties of nearly precise polymers could likewise be quite similar to truly precise polymers and beckons future work to explore their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. Trigg
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brandon J. Tiegs
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Abstract
In this review we summarize recent efforts in understanding nano-aggregation in acid- and ion-containing polymer systems. The acid and ionic groups have specific interactions that drive aggregation and alter polymer behavior at the nano-, micro-, and bulk length scales. Advancements in synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computer simulations have enabled researchers to better understand the morphologies and dynamics, particularly at the nanoscale. This overview of recent advancements in nano-aggregated polymer systems highlights the current understanding of the field and presents promising directions for future investigations and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
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