1
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Zhu Q, Long J, Song X, Wang K, Zeng J, Fan Y. KO tBu/DMF-Mediated Hydroalkylation of Alkenes via Benzylic C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3726-3731. [PMID: 38417109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic hydroalkylation reaction of alkenes with benzylic hydrocarbons involving t-BuOK/DMF-mediated benzylic C-H bond activation is demonstrated. This direct and operational simple protocol affords a rapid and reliable access to a wide scope of benzylic compounds in good-to-excellent yields. The benzylic C-H's of either activated diarylmethanes (pKa ∼ 32.2) and benzyl thioethers (pKa ∼ 30.8) or inert alkylbenzenes could all act as useful synthetic platforms to be conveniently alkylated under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhu
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Long
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Xianchen Song
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Zeng
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Fan
- Institution Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530100, P. R. China
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2
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Wowk V, Bauer AK, Radovic A, Chamoreau LM, Neidig ML, Lefèvre G. Divergent Fe-Mediated C-H Activation Paths Driven by Alkali Cations. JACS AU 2024; 4:512-524. [PMID: 38425937 PMCID: PMC10900209 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The association of the ferrous complex FeIICl2(dmpe)2 (1) with alkali bases M(hmds) (M = Li, Na, K) proves to be an efficient platform for the activation of Ar-H bonds. Two mechanisms can be observed, leading to either Ar-FeII species by deprotonative ferration or hydrido species Ar-FeII-H by oxidative addition of transient Fe0(dmpe)2 generated by reduction of 1. Importantly, the nature of the alkali cation in M(hmds) has a strong influence on the preferred path. Starting from the same iron precursor, diverse catalytic applications can be explored by a simple modulation of the MI cation. Possible strategies enabling cross-coupling using arenes as pro-nucleophiles, reductive dehydrocoupling, or deuteration of B-H bonds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wowk
- CNRS,
Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis K. Bauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aleksa Radovic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Lise-Marie Chamoreau
- CNRS,
Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- CNRS,
Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CSB2D, Chimie
ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Roh B, Farah AO, Kim B, Feoktistova T, Moeller F, Kim KD, Cheong PHY, Lee HG. Stereospecific Acylative Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling: General Access to Optically Active α-Aryl Carbonyl Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7075-7083. [PMID: 37016901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the stereospecific Pd-catalyzed acylative cross-coupling of enantiomerically enriched alkylboron compounds has been developed. The protocol features an extremely high level of enantiospecificity to allow facile access to synthetically challenging and valuable chiral ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives. The use of a sterically encumbered and electron-rich phosphine ligand proved to be crucial for the success of the reaction. Furthermore, on the basis of experimental and computational studies, a unique mechanism for the transmetalation, assisted by the noncovalent interactions of the C(sp3)-based organoboron reagent, has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongdo Roh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2145, United States
| | - Beomsu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taisiia Feoktistova
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2145, United States
| | - Finn Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kyeong Do Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2145, United States
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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4
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Sun H, Cheng Y, Teng H, Chen X, Niu X, Yang H, Cui YM, Xu LW, Yang L. 3-Alkyl-2-pyridyl Directing Group-Enabled C2 Selective C-H Silylation of Indoles and Pyrroles via an Iridium Catalyst. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13346-13351. [PMID: 36129738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed, directing group-enabled site selective intra- and intermolecular silylation of indoles and pyrroles with hydrosilanes has been developed under ligand-free conditions. Fine-tuning of the removable 3-alkyl-2-pyridyl directing group was found to be crucial for achieving high yields for C2-silylated indole and pyrrole products. Moreover, the scalability was demonstrated, and further transformations of the silylation products were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Houyun Teng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaokang Niu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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5
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Gong X, Deng P, Cheng J. Calcium Mediated C—H Silylation of Aromatic Heterocycles with Hydrosilanes. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CHINA
| | - Peng Deng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences: Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Renmin Street. No. 5625 130022 Changchun CHINA
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6
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7
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Chin YP, See NW, Jenkins ID, Krenske EH. Computational discoveries of reaction mechanisms: recent highlights and emerging challenges. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2028-2042. [PMID: 35148363 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review examines some of the notable advances and trends that have shaped the field of computational elucidation of organic reaction mechanisms over the last 10-15 years. It highlights the types of mechanistic problems that have recently become possible to study and summarizes the methodological developments that have permitted these new advances. Case studies are taken from three representative areas of organic chemistry-asymmetric catalysis, glycosylation reactions, and single electron transfer reactions-which illustrate themes common to the broader field. These include the trend towards modelling systems that are increasingly complex (both structurally and mechanistically), the growing appreciation of the mechanistic roles of non-covalent interactions, and the increasing ability to explore dynamical features of reaction mechanisms. Some interesting new challenges that have emerged in the field are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Ping Chin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Nicholas W See
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ian D Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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8
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhang S, Xu H, He J, Zhang Y. Application of Mutualism in Organic Synthetic Chemistry: Mutually Promoted C−H Functionalization of Indole and Reduction of Quinoline. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 People's Republic of China
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10
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Radical and Ionic Mechanisms in Rearrangements of o-Tolyl Aryl Ethers and Amines Initiated by the Grubbs-Stoltz Reagent, Et 3SiH/KO tBu. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226879. [PMID: 34833971 PMCID: PMC8619283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl ethers, amines, and sulfides with the Grubbs–Stoltz reagent (Et3SiH + KOtBu) were recently announced, in which the ethers were converted to o-hydroxydiarylmethanes, while the (o-tol)(Ar)NH amines were transformed into dihydroacridines. Radical mechanisms were proposed, based on prior evidence for triethylsilyl radicals in this reagent system. A detailed computational investigation of the rearrangements of the aryl tolyl ethers now instead supports an anionic Truce–Smiles rearrangement, where the initial benzyl anion can be formed by either of two pathways: (i) direct deprotonation of the tolyl methyl group under basic conditions or (ii) electron transfer to an initially formed benzyl radical. By contrast, the rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl amines depend on the nature of the amine. Secondary amines undergo deprotonation of the N-H followed by a radical rearrangement, to form dihydroacridines, while tertiary amines form both dihydroacridines and diarylmethanes through radical and/or anionic pathways. Overall, this study highlights the competition between the reactive intermediates formed by the Et3SiH/KOtBu system.
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11
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Kabi AK, Gujjarappa R, Roy A, Sahoo A, Musib D, Vodnala N, Singh V, Malakar CC. Transition-Metal-Free Transfer Hydrogenative Cascade Reaction of Nitroarenes with Amines/Alcohols: Redox-Economical Access to Benzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14597-14607. [PMID: 34662119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an efficient transition-metal-free process toward the transfer hydrogenative cascade reaction between nitroarenes and amines or alcohols. The developed redox-economical approach was realized using a combination of KOtBu and Et3SiH as reagents, which allows the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via σ-bond metathesis. The reaction conditions hold well over a wide range of substrates embedded with diverse functional groups to deliver the desired products in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic proposal has been depicted on the basis of a series of control experiments, mass spectroscopic evidence which is well supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a feasible energy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup K Kabi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Abhishek Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Multi-Storey Building, HauzKhas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab, India
| | - Chandi C Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
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12
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Neil B, Lucien F, Fensterbank L, Chauvier C. Transition-Metal-Free Silylation of Unactivated C(sp 2)–H Bonds with tert-Butyl-Substituted Silyldiazenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Neil
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 CEDEX 05 Paris, France
| | - Franck Lucien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 CEDEX 05 Paris, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 CEDEX 05 Paris, France
| | - Clément Chauvier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 CEDEX 05 Paris, France
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14
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Miura H, Hirata R, Tomoya T, Shishido T. Electrophilic C(sp
2
)−H Silylation by Supported Gold Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - Ryuji Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Toyomasu Tomoya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shishido
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
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15
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Mutoh Y, Yamamoto K, Mohara Y, Saito S. (Z)-Selective Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Terminal Alkynes Enabled by Ruthenium Complexes with an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3429-3441. [PMID: 34028185 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed trans-1,2-hydrosilylations and hydroborations of terminal alkynes that generate synthetically valuable (Z)-alkenylsilanes and (Z)-alkenylboranes remain challenging due to the (E)-selective nature of the reactions and the formation of the thermodynamically unfavorable (Z)-isomer. The development of new, efficient catalytic systems for the (Z)-selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes is thus highly desirable from a fundamental perspective as it would deepen our understanding of the metal-catalyzed (Z)-selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes. This personal account describes our research for developing a ruthenium complex that can efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes, and for exploring the factors controlling (Z)-selectivity of the reactions. Our effort into the activation of B-protected boronic acids, R-B(dan) (dan=naphthalene-1,8-diaminato), that was believed not to participate in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yusei Mohara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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16
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17
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Zhang L, An K, Wang Y, Wu YD, Zhang X, Yu ZX, He W. A Combined Computational and Experimental Study of Rh-Catalyzed C-H Silylation with Silacyclobutanes: Insights Leading to a More Efficient Catalyst System. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3571-3582. [PMID: 33621095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of new C-H silylation reagents and reactions remains an important topic. We reported that under Rh catalysis, silacyclobutanes (SCBs) for the first time were able to react with C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds, however the underlying reasons for such a new reactivity were not understood. Through this combined computational and experimental study on C-H silylation with SCBs, we not only depict a reaction pathway that fully accounts for the reactivity and all the experimental findings but also streamline a more efficient catalyst that significantly improves the reaction rates and yields. Our key findings include: (1) the active catalytic species is a [Rh]-H as opposed to the previously proposed [Rh]-Cl; (2) the [Rh]-H is generated via a reductive elimination/β-hydride (β-H) elimination sequence, as opposed to previously proposed endocyclic β-H elimination; (3) the regio- and enantio-determining steps are identified; (4) and of the same importance, the discretely synthesized [Rh]-H is shown to be a more efficient catalyst. This work suggests that the [Rh]-H/diphosphine system should find further applications in C-H silylations involving SCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kun An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Joint Centers for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Joint Centers for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Wu X, Ding G, Lu W, Yang L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xie X, Zhang Z. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkenes with Primary Silanes via Electrophilic Silicon-Hydrogen Bond Activation. Org Lett 2021; 23:1434-1439. [PMID: 33522233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective nickel-based catalytic system, NiCl2·6H2O/tBuOK, for the electrophilically activated hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes with primary silanes. This protocol provides excellent performance under mild reaction conditions: exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity, broad functional group tolerance (36 examples), and good scalability (TON = 5500). However, the secondary and tertiary silanes are not suitable. Mechanistic studies revealed that this homogeneous catalytic hydrosilylation includes an electrophilically activated Si-H bond process without the generation of nickel hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangni Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenkui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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19
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20
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Kim M, Park B, Shin M, Kim S, Kim J, Baik MH, Cho SH. Copper-Catalyzed Enantiotopic-Group-Selective Allylation of gem-Diborylalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1069-1077. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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21
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Clark KF, Poole DL, Leach SG, Murphy JA. Et 3SiH + KO t Bu provide multiple reactive intermediates that compete in the reactions and rearrangements of benzylnitriles and indolenines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12364-12370. [PMID: 34094446 PMCID: PMC8162870 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of potassium tert-butoxide and triethylsilane is unusual because it generates multiple different types of reactive intermediates simultaneously that provide access to (i) silyl radical reactions, (ii) hydrogen atom transfer reactions to closed shell molecules and to radicals, (iii) electron transfer reductions and (iv) hydride ion chemistry, giving scope for unprecedented outcomes. Until now, reactions with this reagent pair have generally been explained by reference to one of the intermediates, but we now highlight the interplay and competition between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Kenneth F Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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22
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Mandigma MJP, Domański M, Barham JP. C-Alkylation of alkali metal carbanions with olefins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7697-7723. [PMID: 32785363 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C-Alkylations of alkali metal carbanions with olefins, first reported five decades ago, is a class of reaction undergoing a resurgence in organic synthesis in recent years. As opposed to expectations from classical chemistry and transition metal-catalysis, here olefins behave as closed-shell electrophiles. Reactions range from highly reactive alkyllithiums giving rise to anionic polymerization, to moderately reactive alkylpotassium or alkylsodium compounds that give rise to defined, controlled and bimolecular chemistry. This review presents a brief historical overview on C-alkylation of alkali metal carbanions with olefins (typically mediated by KOtBu and KHMDS), highlights contemporary applications and features developing mechanistic understanding, thereby serving as a platform for future studies and the widespread use of this class of reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John P Mandigma
- Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Patil M. Mechanism of the t-BuOM (M = K, Na, Li)/DMEDA-Mediated Direct C–H Arylation of Benzene: A Computational Study. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, a combination of organic additive and t-BuOK/t-BuONa has been successfully used for the direct C–H arylation of arenes. Conceptually different from transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, these t-BuOK-mediated reactions have raised significant curiosity among organic chemists. Herein, a systematic computational study of each elementary step of the t-BuOM (M = K, Na, Li)/N
1,N
2-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (DMEDA) mediated direct C–H arylation of benzene is detailed. The presented mechanistic proposal relies on the complexation and reaction of t-BuOM with DMEDA (additive), which leads to the formation of different complexes such as SED(M+)…PhI. These complexes mainly involve coordination of the metal ion (from t-BuOM) to the additive and iodobenzene via stabilizing cation–lone pair and cation–π interactions. Such complexation of a metal ion to an additive and iodobenzene not only ensures facile electron transfer to iodobenzene but also provides a lowest energy pathway for the subsequent radical addition and deprotonation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Patil
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai
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24
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Frühwirt P, Knoechl A, Pillinger M, Müller SM, Wasdin PT, Fischer RC, Radebner J, Torvisco A, Moszner N, Kelterer AM, Griesser T, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Chemistry of Acylgermanes: Triacylgermenolates Represent Valuable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of a Variety of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15204-15217. [PMID: 32993291 PMCID: PMC7581296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The formation of
a stable triacylgermenolate 2 as
a decisive intermediate was achieved by using three pathways. The
first two methods involve the reaction of KOtBu or
alternatively potassium with tetraacylgermane 1 yielding 2 via one electron transfer. The mechanism involves the formation
of radical anions (shown by EPR). This reaction is highly efficient
and selective. The third method is a classical salt metathesis reaction
toward 2 in nearly quantitative yield. The formation
of 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis
measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. We demonstrate the potential of this intermediate by introducing
new types of Ge-based photoinitiators 4b–4f. The UV–vis absorption spectra of 4b–4f show considerably increased band intensities
due to the presence of eight or more chromophores. Moreover, compounds 4d–4f show absorption tailing up to 525
nm. The performance of these photoinitiators is demonstrated by spectroscopy
(time-resolved EPR, laser flash photolysis (LFP), photobleaching (UV–vis))
and photopolymerization experiments (photo-DSC measurements). Triacylgermenolate 2 was
obtained by using
KOtBu or alternatively potassium. The mechanism involves
the formation of radical anions (shown by EPR). The one-pot synthetic
protocol produces 2 in >95% yield, as confirmed by
NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. This was demonstrated by introducing new types of Ge-based
photoinitiators 4b−4f. Their performance
was analyzed by sophisticated spectroscopic methods and photopolymerization
experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie M Müller
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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25
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Ai W, Yang Q, Gao Y, Liu X, Liu H, Bai Y. In Situ Laser Scattering Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in the Mechanism Study of Photoinduced Direct C-H Arylation of Heteroarenes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11967-11972. [PMID: 32786502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in situ laser scattering electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LS-ESI-MS) was developed, where the laser scattering was simply achieved through the laser radiation of the "media" modified on the capillary. The laser scattering extended the reaction window and powerfully promoted the reaction yield of the photoinduced organic reaction, which enables the trace intermediates to be efficiently tracked in real time. For instance, the key radical cation in the photoinduced direct C-H arylation of heteroarenes was captured inventively, which provided direct experimental evidence for the verification of the reaction mechanism. Together with the characterization of oxidative photocatalytic Ru(III) intermediate, the integral insight into the process of visible-light-mediated direct C-H arylation of heteroarenes was confirmed. This approach is facile, powerful, and promising in the mechanism study of organic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qirong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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26
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Subaramanian M, Ramar PM, Rana J, Gupta VK, Balaraman E. Catalytic conversion of ketones to esters via C(O)-C bond cleavage under transition-metal free conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8143-8146. [PMID: 32691781 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03312j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic conversion of ketones to esters via C(O)-C bond cleavage under transition-metal free conditions is reported. This catalytic process proceeds under solvent-free conditions and offers an easy operational procedure, broad substrate scope with excellent selectivity, and reaction scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Subaramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Palmurukan M Ramar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Jagannath Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Virendra Kumar Gupta
- Polymer Synthesis and Catalysis Group, Reliance Research and Development Center, Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai 400701, India.
| | - Ekambaram Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
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27
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Das D, Mitra S, Kumar R, Banerjee S, Koti Ainavarapu SR. Copper-induced spectroscopic and structural changes in short peptides derived from azurin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 687:108388. [PMID: 32343975 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active sites of metalloproteins may be mimicked by designing peptides that bind to their respective metal ions. Studying the binding of protein ligands to metal ions along with the associated structural changes is important in understanding metal uptake, transport and electron transfer functions of proteins. Copper-binding metalloprotein azurin is a 128-residue electron transfer protein with a redox-active copper cofactor. Here, we report the copper-binding associated spectroscopic and structural properties of peptide loops (11 and 13 residues) from the copper-binding site of azurin. These peptides develop a β-turn upon copper-binding with a 1:1 Cu2+:peptide stoichiometry as seen in circular dichroism and exhibit electronic transitions centered at 340 nm and 540 nm. Further addition of copper develops a helical feature along with a shift in the absorption maxima to ~360 nm and ~580 nm at 2:1 Cu2+:peptide stoichiometry, indicating stoichiometric dependence of copper-binding geometry. Mass spectrometry indicates the copper-binding to cysteine, histidine and methionine in the peptide with 1:1 stoichiometry, and interestingly, dimerization through a disulfide linkage at 2:1 stoichiometry, as observed previously for denatured azurin. Fluorescence quenching studies on peptides with tryptophan further confirm the copper-binding induced changes in the two peptides are bi-phasic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjana Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Soumyajit Mitra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| | - Sri Rama Koti Ainavarapu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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28
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Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Bugden FE, Clark KF, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Benzylic C−H Functionalisation by [Et
3
SiH+KO
t
Bu] leads to Radical Rearrangements in
o‐
tolyl Aryl Ethers, Amines and Sulfides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude N. Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Frances E. Bugden
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth F. Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
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29
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Jenkins ID, Krenske EH. Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrosilane/Potassium tert-Butoxide (HSiR 3/KO t Bu)-Mediated Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7053-7058. [PMID: 32280845 PMCID: PMC7143413 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydrosilane/potassium tert-butoxide reagent system has attracted significant attention over the last 5 years since the discovery of its ability to silylate heteroarene C-H bonds. Numerous useful HSiR3/KO t Bu-mediated transformations are now known, including silylation of sp, sp2, and sp3 C-H bonds, reductive cleavage of C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds, reduction of polycyclic arenes, and hydrosilylation and polymerization of styrenes. This mini-review surveys the rich diversity of reaction mechanisms, both ionic and free radical and including hydride transfer, H atom transfer, and electron transfer, that have been uncovered during recent studies on the HSiR3/KO t Bu reagent system. Several mechanistic phenomena that remain to be explained are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Jenkins
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Krenske
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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30
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Young A, Allison M, Poole DL, Leach SG, Parkinson JA, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. New reductive rearrangement of N-arylindoles triggered by the Grubbs-Stoltz reagent Et 3SiH/KO t Bu. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3719-3726. [PMID: 34094060 PMCID: PMC8152433 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide. Studies indicate that the pathway involves (i) the formation of indole radical anions followed by fragmentation of the indole C2–N bond, and (ii) a ring-closing reaction that follows a potassium-ion dependent hydrogen atom transfer step. Unexpected behaviors of ‘radical-trap’ substrates prove very helpful in framing the proposed mechanism. N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Parkinson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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31
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Chang XH, Wang ZL, Zhao M, Yang C, Li JJ, Ma WW, Xu YH. Synthesis of Functionalized Vinylsilanes via Metal-Free Dehydrogenative Silylation of Enamides. Org Lett 2020; 22:1326-1330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yun-He Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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32
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Ai W, Gao Y, Xue J, Liu X, Liu H, Wang J, Bai Y. Tracing and elucidating visible-light mediated oxidation and C-H functionalization of amines using mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2163-2166. [PMID: 31970374 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The co-existing mechanism of visible light mediated direct oxidation and C-H functionalization of amines was investigated by capturing all the intermediates using online mass spectrometry. The two-step dehydrogenation of amine involving a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) process was revealed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjuan Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
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34
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Palumbo F, Rohrbach S, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. N‐Silylation of Amines Mediated by Et
3
SiH/KO
t
Bu. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
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35
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Ahmed J, Swain AK, Das A, Govindarajan R, Bhunia M, Mandal SK. A K-arylacetylide complex for catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization using KO tBu as a precatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13860-13863. [PMID: 31670328 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a transition metal free catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization across the C-X triple bond (X = CH and N) with E-selective homo (alkyne-alkyne) and head-to-tail selective hetero (alkyne-nitrile) dimerization. A series of stoichiometric reactions enabled us to crystallize a reactive organometallic intermediate K-arylacetylide complex which was characterized by X-ray crystallography, indicating that an ionic mechanism is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India.
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36
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Mutoh Y, Yamamoto K, Saito S. Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (dan)-Protected Arylboronic Acids. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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37
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Highly effective functionalization of silsesquioxanes mediated by inexpensive earth-abundant metal catalyst – Potassium tert-butoxide. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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38
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Chen PP, Zhang H, Cheng B, Chen X, Cheng F, Zhang SQ, Lu Z, Meng F, Hong X. How Solvents Control the Stereospecificity of Ni-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation of Allylic Pivalates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fengchang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fanke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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39
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Kumar M, Verma S, Kumar A, Mishra PK, Ramabhadran RO, Banerjee S, Verma AK. Mechanistic insights of Cu(ii)-mediated ortho-C-H amination of arenes by capturing fleeting intermediates and theoretical calculations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9359-9362. [PMID: 31317149 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capture of reactive intermediates empowers chemists to conjecture the detail of a chemical transformation. Here we explore the mechanism of a C-H amination by intercepting short-lived intermediates in real time using online mass spectrometry. Computational study unravels the favorable pathway of the proposed dual mechanism of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Shalini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Anubhav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Pawan K Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Raghunath O Ramabhadran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India.
| | - Akhilesh K Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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40
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41
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Yang P, Xu W, Wang R, Zhang M, Xie C, Zeng X, Wang M. Potassium tert-Butoxide-Mediated Condensation Cascade Reaction: Transition Metal-Free Synthesis of Multisubstituted Aryl Indoles and Benzofurans. Org Lett 2019; 21:3658-3662. [PMID: 31025566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and facile method to synthesize valuable disubstituted 2-aryl indoles and benzofurans in good yields has been demonstrated, based on a tert-butoxide-mediated condensation reaction involving a vinyl sulfoxide intermediate. Products are obtained from N- or O-benzyl benzaldehydes using dimethyl sulfoxide as a carbon source. The methodology features a wide functional group tolerance and transition metal-free environment. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction involves a tandem aldol reaction/Michael addition/dehydrosulfenylation/isomerization sequence through an ionic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Weiyan Xu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Rongchao Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Chunsong Xie
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
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42
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Fukui N. Organic Transformations by the Hydrosilane-Alkoxide System. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Rand AW, Montgomery J. Catalytic reduction of aryl trialkylammonium salts to aryl silanes and arenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5338-5344. [PMID: 31191891 PMCID: PMC6540906 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl trialkylammonium salts serve as versatile substrates for nickel-catalyzed reductions, allowing access to functionalized arenes and aryl silanes.
A new approach for the reduction of aryl ammonium salts to arenes or aryl silanes using nickel catalysis is reported. This method displays excellent ligand-controlled selectivity based on the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand employed. Utilizing a large NHC in non-polar solvents generates aryl silanes, while small NHCs in polar solvents promote reduction to arenes. Several classes of aryl silanes can be accessed from simple aniline building blocks, including those useful for cross-couplings, oxidations, and halogenations. The reaction conditions are mild, functional group tolerant, and provide efficient access to a variety of benzene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Rand
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave. , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave. , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
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44
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Liu S, Pan P, Fan H, Li H, Wang W, Zhang Y. Photocatalytic C-H silylation of heteroarenes by using trialkylhydrosilanes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3817-3825. [PMID: 31015923 PMCID: PMC6457191 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient and selective C-H silylation of heteroarenes, especially the pharmaceutically relevant electron-deficient heteroarenes, represents a great challenge in organic synthesis. Herein we wish to report a distinctive visible light-promoted photocatalytic C-H silylation approach that enables the direct coupling of trialkylhydrosilanes with both electron-deficient and -rich heteroarenes as well as with cyano-substituted arenes in moderate to high yields and with good regioselectivity. The protocol features operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and the use of safe and readily available Na2S2O8, bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide (BTMSPO) or iPr3SiSH as the radical initiators. Notably, the challenging bulky and inert trialkylhydrosilanes, such as (t-butyldimethyl)silane ( t BuMe2SiH) and (triisopropyl)silane (iPr3SiH), work smoothly with the protocol. Moreover, despite the higher stability of t BuMe2Si silylation products, our studies revealed their great reactivity and versatility in diverse C-Si-based chemical transformations, providing an operationally simple, low-cost, and environmentally benign synthetic technology for molecule construction and elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Peng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Huaqiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , BIO5 Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0207 , USA
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
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45
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Frogneux X, Pesesse A, Delacroix S, Ribot F, Carenco S. Radical‐Initiated Dismutation of Hydrosiloxanes by Catalytic Potassium‐Graphite. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Frogneux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 4 Place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
- Collège de FrancePSL University, CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot Paris France
| | - Antoine Pesesse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 4 Place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
| | - Simon Delacroix
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 4 Place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
| | - François Ribot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 4 Place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
| | - Sophie Carenco
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris 4 Place Jussieu F-75005 Paris France
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46
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The Unanticipated Catalytic Activity of Lithium tert-Butoxide/THF in the Interesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methyl Acetate. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1509706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, the biodiesel (mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) production proceeds by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol accordingly by the formation of glycerol as a by-product, which cannot be included in biofuel composition. Biodiesel could also be produced via interesterification ensuring full conversion of oil to biofuel, consisting of FAME and triacetin. The most effective catalysts for interesterification reactions are alkali metal alkoxides. The effectivity of alkoxide catalyst depends on its solubility determined by the structure of the alkyl chain. In our previous studies, we have shown that the branched chain catalyst tert-BuOK/THF is highly suitable for the realisation of interesterification reactions. Till now, in the scientific literature, very little is known about the influence of metal ions. In order to investigate the influence of counterion on the activity of alkoxide catalysts, in this work, we have investigated the proceeding of interesterification reactions of rapeseed oil with methyl acetate in the presence of lithium, sodium, and potassium tert-butoxides in THF. Experimentally obtained relationships for catalyst-to-oil molar ratio (COMR) influence rapeseed oil interesterifications with methyl acetate at 55°C for 1 h, with methyl acetate-to-oil molar ratio (MAOMR) 18 showing that the tert-BuONa/THF and tert-BuOK/THF have high and similar activity, but the tert-BuOLi/THF is fundamentally different. The low and diverse activity of lithium tert-butoxide can be explained by the association of ions and very low catalytic activity of ion pairs. Simulation of the influence of association on the FAME formation shows that at COMR 0.1 (sufficient for fast reaction proceeding in the presence of tert-BuONa/THF and tert-BuOK/THF), the concentration of tert-butoxide ions in the presence of tert-BuOLi/THF because of associations lowers from 28 mmol/L to 13 mmol/L, whcih is not sufficient for effective proceeding of reaction. Activity of alkoxides in this reaction is solely determined by the counterion.
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47
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Kumar A, Janes T, Chakraborty S, Daw P, von Wolff N, Carmieli R, Diskin-Posner Y, Milstein D. C−C Bond Formation of Benzyl Alcohols and Alkynes Using a Catalytic Amount of KOt
Bu: Unusual Regioselectivity through a Radical Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Trevor Janes
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Prosenjit Daw
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Chemical Research Support; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical Research Support; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot 76100 Israel
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48
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Kumar A, Janes T, Chakraborty S, Daw P, von Wolff N, Carmieli R, Diskin-Posner Y, Milstein D. C-C Bond Formation of Benzyl Alcohols and Alkynes Using a Catalytic Amount of KO t Bu: Unusual Regioselectivity through a Radical Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3373-3377. [PMID: 30605258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a C-C bond-forming reaction between benzyl alcohols and alkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of KOt Bu to form α-alkylated ketones in which the C=O group is located on the side derived from the alcohol. The reaction proceeds under thermal conditions (125 °C) and produces no waste, making the reaction highly atom efficient, environmentally benign, and sustainable. Based on our mechanistic investigations, we propose that the reaction proceeds through radical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Trevor Janes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Prosenjit Daw
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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49
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Asgari P, Hua Y, Bokka A, Thiamsiri C, Prasitwatcharakorn W, Karedath A, Chen X, Sardar S, Yum K, Leem G, Pierce BS, Nam K, Gao J, Jeon J. Catalytic hydrogen atom transfer from hydrosilanes to vinylarenes for hydrosilylation and polymerization. Nat Catal 2019; 2:164-173. [PMID: 31460492 PMCID: PMC6711469 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of the importance of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in biology and chemistry, there is increased interest in new strategies to perform HAT in a sustainable manner. Here, we describe a sustainable, net redox-neutral HAT process involving hydrosilanes and alkali metal Lewis base catalysts - eliminating the use of transition metal catalysts - and report an associated mechanism concerning Lewis base-catalysed, complexation-induced HAT (LBCI-HAT). The catalytic LBCI-HAT is capable of accessing both branch-specific hydrosilylation and polymerization of vinylarenes in a highly selective fashion, depending on the Lewis base catalyst used. In this process, earth abundant, alkali metal Lewis base catalyst plays a dual role. It first serves as a HAT initiator and subsequently functions as a silyl radical stabilizing group, which is critical to highly selective cross-radical coupling. EPR study identified a potassiated paramagnetic species and multistate density function theory revealed a high HAT character, yet multiconfigurational nature in the transition state of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Asgari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Yuanda Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Apparao Bokka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | | | | | - Ashif Karedath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Sinjinee Sardar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Kyungsuk Yum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Brad S Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Kwangho Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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50
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Liu XW, Zarate C, Martin R. Base-Mediated Defluorosilylation of C(sp2
)−F and C(sp3
)−F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2064-2068. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Liu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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