1
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Grote F, Weintrub BI, Kreßler M, Cao Q, Halbig CE, Kusch P, Bolotin KI, Eigler S. Evidence for Trans-Oligoene Chain Formation in Graphene Induced by Iodine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311987. [PMID: 38506566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of pristine graphene by hydrogen and fluorine is well studied, resulting in graphane and fluorographene structures. In contrast, functionalization of pristine graphene with iodine has not been reported. Here, the functionalization of graphene with iodine using photochemical activation is presented, which is thermally reversible at 400 °C. Additional dispersive dominant Raman modes that are probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy are observed. Additionally, iodinated graphene is probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and by transport measurements showing p-doping surpassing non-covalent iodine doping by charge transfer-complex formation. The emergent Raman modes combined with strong p-doping indicate that iodine functionalization is distinct from simple iodine doping. A reaction mechanism based on these findings is proposed, identifying the large size of iodine atoms as the probable cause governing regiochemically controlled addition due to steric hinderance of reactive sites. The modification of the electronic structure is explained by the confinement of 1D trans-oligoene chains between sp3-defects. These results demonstrate the uniqueness of iodine reactivity toward graphene and the modification of the electronic structure of iodinated graphene, highlighting its dependence on the spatial arrangement of substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grote
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin I Weintrub
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Kreßler
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Lucherelli MA, Oestreicher V, Alcaraz M, Abellán G. Chemistry of two-dimensional pnictogens: emerging post-graphene materials for advanced applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6453-6474. [PMID: 37084083 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The layered allotropes of group 15 (P, As, Sb and Bi), also called two-dimensional (2D) pnictogens, have emerged as one of the most promising families of post-graphene 2D-materials. This is mainly due to the great variety of properties they exhibit, including layer-dependent bandgap, high charge-carrier mobility and current on/off ratios, strong spin-orbit coupling, wide allotropic diversity and pronounced chemical reactivity. These are key ingredients for exciting applications in (opto)electronics, heterogeneous catalysis, nanomedicine or energy storage and conversion, to name a few. However, there are still many challenges to overcome in order to fully understand their properties and bring them to real applications. As a matter of fact, due to their strong interlayer interactions, the mechanical exfoliation (top-down) of heavy pnictogens (Sb & Bi) is unsatisfactory, requiring the development of new methodologies for the isolation of single layers and the scalable production of high-quality flakes. Moreover, due to their pronounced chemical reactivity, it is necessary to develop passivation strategies, thus preventing environmental degradation, as in the case of bP, or controlling surface oxidation, with the corresponding modification of the interfacial and electronic properties. In this Feature Article we will discuss, among others, the most important contributions carried out in our group, including new liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) processes, bottom-up colloidal approaches, the preparation of intercalation compounds, innovative non-covalent and covalent functionalization protocols or novel concepts for potential applications in catalysis, electronics, photonics, biomedicine or energy storage and conversion. The past years have seen the birth of the chemistry of pnictogens at the nanoscale, and this review intends to highlight the importance of the chemical approach in the successful development of routes to synthesise, passivate, modify, or process these materials, paving the way for their use in applications of great societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Víctor Oestreicher
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marta Alcaraz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Pérez-Ojeda ME, Castro E, Kröckel C, Lucherelli MA, Ludacka U, Kotakoski J, Werbach K, Peterlik H, Melle-Franco M, Chacón-Torres JC, Hauke F, Echegoyen L, Hirsch A, Abellán G. Carbon Nano-onions: Potassium Intercalation and Reductive Covalent Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18997-19007. [PMID: 34699723 PMCID: PMC8603384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of covalently functionalized carbon nano-onions (CNOs) via a reductive approach using unprecedented alkali-metal CNO intercalation compounds. For the first time, an in situ Raman study of the controlled intercalation process with potassium has been carried out revealing a Fano resonance in highly doped CNOs. The intercalation was further confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the experimental results have been rationalized with DFT calculations. Covalently functionalized CNO derivatives were synthesized by using phenyl iodide and n-hexyl iodide as electrophiles in model nucleophilic substitution reactions. The functionalized CNOs were exhaustively characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, UV-vis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. This work provides important insights into the understanding of the basic principles of reductive CNOs functionalization and will pave the way for the use of CNOs in a wide range of potential applications, such as energy storage, photovoltaics, or molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Edison Castro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Claudia Kröckel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ursula Ludacka
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Werbach
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Julio C. Chacón-Torres
- School
of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119-Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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4
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Mitrović A, Wild S, Lloret V, Fickert M, Assebban M, Márkus BG, Simon F, Hauke F, Abellán G, Hirsch A. Interface Amorphization of Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus upon Treatment with Diazonium Salts. Chemistry 2021; 27:3361-3366. [PMID: 33047818 PMCID: PMC7898634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) represents one of the most appealing 2D materials due to its electronic, optical, and chemical properties. Many strategies have been pursued to face its environmental instability, covalent functionalization being one of the most promising. However, the extremely low functionalization degrees and the limitations in proving the nature of the covalent functionalization still represent challenges in many of these sheet architectures reported to date. Here we shine light on the structural evolution of 2D-BP upon the addition of electrophilic diazonium salts. We demonstrated the absence of covalent functionalization in both the neutral and the reductive routes, observing in the latter case an unexpected interface conversion of BP to red phosphorus (RP), as characterized by Raman, 31 P-MAS NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TG-GC-MS), as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) gave insights into the potential underlying radical mechanism, suggesting a Sandmeyer-like reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mitrović
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of BelgradeStudentski trg 12–1611000BelgradeSerbia
| | - Stefan Wild
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
| | - Michael Fickert
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaCatedrático José Beltrán 246890PaternaSpain
| | - Bence G. Márkus
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology, and Economics and MTA-BMELendület Spintronics Research Group, (PROSPIN), PO Box 911521BudapestHungary
- Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsInstitute for Solid State Physics and Optics1121BudapestHungary
| | - Ferenc Simon
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology, and Economics and MTA-BMELendület Spintronics Research Group, (PROSPIN), PO Box 911521BudapestHungary
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaCatedrático José Beltrán 246890PaternaSpain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials, and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058Dr.-Mack Strasse 8190762Erlangen and FürthGermany
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5
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van Druenen M, Collins T, Davitt F, Doherty J, Collins G, Sofer Z, Holmes JD. Stabilization of Black Phosphorus by Sonication-Assisted Simultaneous Exfoliation and Functionalization. Chemistry 2020; 26:17581-17587. [PMID: 33006155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) has extraordinary properties, but its ambient instability remains a critical challenge. Functionalization has been employed to overcome the sensitivity of BP to ambient conditions while preserving its properties. Herein, a simultaneous exfoliation-functionalization process is reported that functionalizes BP flakes during exfoliation and thus provides increased protection, which can be attributed to minimal exposure of the flakes to ambient oxygen and water. A tetrabutylammonium salt was employed for intercalation of BP, resulting in the formation of flakes with large lateral dimensions. The addition of an aryl iodide or an aryl iodonium salt to the exfoliation solvent creates a scalable strategy for the production of functionalized few-layer BP flakes. The ambient stability of functionalized BP was prolonged to a period of one week, as revealed by STEM, AFM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maart van Druenen
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy Collins
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Fionán Davitt
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica Doherty
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Gillian Collins
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Justin D Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Environmental Research Institute &, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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6
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Xia Y, Martin C, Seibel J, Eyley S, Thielemans W, van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Iodide mediated reductive decomposition of diazonium salts: towards mild and efficient covalent functionalization of surface-supported graphene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11916-11926. [PMID: 32478349 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene is highly sought after, not only in view of the potential applications of the chemically modified material, but also because it brings fundamental insight into the chemistry of graphene. Thus, strategies that yield chemically modified graphene with densely grafted films of aryl groups via simple experimental protocols have been the focus of intense research. Here we report a mild, straightforward and efficient approach to graphene/graphite functionalization using iodide mediated reductive dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts. The experimental protocol employs aqueous solutions of the reagents. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature without the need of any environmental or electrochemical control. The covalently modified surfaces were characterized at the nanometer scale using a combination of complementary surface analytical techniques. The degree of covalent functionalization, and the morphology, as well as the thickness of the grafted films were studied at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, solution phase UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to understand the mechanistic aspects. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable covalent modification method compatible for both bulk and monolayer functionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Au H, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Mattevi C, Shaffer MSP. Thermal Decomposition of Ternary Sodium Graphite Intercalation Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6545-6553. [PMID: 32142591 PMCID: PMC7317426 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are often used to produce exfoliated or functionalised graphene related materials (GRMs) in a specific solvent. This study explores the formation of the Na‐tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐GIC and a new ternary system based on dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Detailed comparisons of in situ temperature dependent XRD with TGA‐MS and Raman measurements reveal a series of dynamic transformations during heating. Surprisingly, the bulk of the intercalation compound is stable under ambient conditions, trapped between the graphene sheets. The heating process drives a reorganisation of the solvent and Na molecules, then an evaporation of the solvent; however, the solvent loss is arrested by restacking of the graphene layers, leading to trapped solvent bubbles. Eventually, the bubbles rupture, releasing the remaining solvent and creating expanded graphite. These trapped dopants may provide useful property enhancements, but also potentially confound measurements of grafting efficiency in liquid‐phase covalent functionalization experiments on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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8
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Tejeda‐Serrano M, Lloret V, Márkus BG, Simon F, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Doménech‐Carbó A, Abellán G, Leyva‐Pérez A. Few-layer Black Phosphorous Catalyzes Radical Additions to Alkenes Faster than Low-valence Metals. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:2226-2232. [PMID: 32421028 PMCID: PMC7216949 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of catalytic metals by p-block main elements has a tremendous impact not only in the fundamentals but also in the economic and ecological fingerprint of organic reactions. Here we show that few-layer black phosphorous (FL-BP), a recently discovered and now readily available 2D material, catalyzes different radical additions to alkenes with an initial turnover frequency (TOF0) up to two orders of magnitude higher than representative state-of-the-art metal complex catalysts at room temperature. The corresponding electron-rich BP intercalation compound (BPIC) KP6 shows a nearly twice TOF0 increase with respect to FL-BP. This increase in catalytic activity respect to the neutral counterpart also occurs in other 2D materials (graphene vs. KC8) and metal complex catalysts (Fe0 vs. Fe2- carbon monoxide complexes). This reactive parallelism opens the door for cross-fertilization between 2D materials and metal catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tejeda‐Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Bence G. Márkus
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsPO Box 91H-1521BudapestHungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Spintronics Research Group (PROSPIN)POBox 91H-1521BudapestHungary
| | - Ferenc Simon
- Department of PhysicsBudapest University of Technology and EconomicsPO Box 91H-1521BudapestHungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Spintronics Research Group (PROSPIN)POBox 91H-1521BudapestHungary
| | - Frank Hauke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
| | - Antonio Doménech‐Carbó
- Departamento de Química AnalíticaUniversitat de ValènciaDr. Moliner 5046100Burjassot, ValènciaSpain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Zentralinstitut für neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP)Dr.-Mack Straße 8190762FürthGermany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaCatedrático José Beltrán 246980Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Leyva‐Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
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9
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Romero J, Varela M, Assebban M, Oestreicher V, Guedeja-Marrón A, Jordá JL, Abellán G, Coronado E. Insights into the formation of metal carbon nanocomposites for energy storage using hybrid NiFe layered double hydroxides as precursors. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7626-7633. [PMID: 34094140 PMCID: PMC8152703 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NiFe-carbon magnetic nanocomposites prepared using hybrid sebacate intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as precursors are shown to be of interest as supercapacitors. Here, the low-temperature formation mechanism of these materials has been deciphered by means of a combined study using complementary in situ (temperature-dependent) techniques. Specifically, studies involving X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry coupled to mass spectrometry (TG-MS), statistical Raman spectroscopy (SRS), aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been carried out. The experimental results confirm the early formation of FeNi3 nanoparticles at ca. 200–250 °C, preceding the concerted collapse of the starting NiFe-LDH laminar structure over just 50 °C (from 350 to 400 °C). At the same time, the catalytic interactions between the metallic atoms and the organic molecules permit the concomitant formation of a graphitic carbon matrix leading to the formation of the final FeNi3-carbon nanocomposite. Furthermore, in situ temperature-dependent experiments in the presence of the intrinsic magnetic field of the STEM-EELS allow observing the complete metal segregation of Ni and Fe even at 400 °C. These results provide fundamental insights into the catalytic formation of carbon-based nanocomposites using LDHs as precursors and pave the way for the fine-tuning of their properties, with special interest in the field of energy storage and conversion. The low-temperature formation mechanism of NiFe-carbon magnetic nanocomposites prepared using hybrid sebacate intercalated layered double hydroxides as precursors has been deciphered using a set of in situ characterization techniques.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Romero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - María Varela
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Pluridisciplinar & Departamento de Física de Materiales Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Víctor Oestreicher
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Alejandra Guedeja-Marrón
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Pluridisciplinar & Departamento de Física de Materiales Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Jose L Jordá
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avenida de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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10
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Schirowski M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Controlling the Degree of Functionalization: In-Depth Quantification and Side-Product Analysis of Diazonium Chemistry on SWCNTs. Chemistry 2019; 25:12761-12768. [PMID: 31298442 PMCID: PMC6790569 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present an in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of a reaction between 4-iodobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS) or a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TG-GC-MS) as well as Raman spectroscopy. We propose a method for precise determination of the degree of functionalization and quantification of physisorbed aromates, detaching around their boiling point, alongside covalently bonded ones (cleavage over 200 °C). While the presence of some side products like phenol- or biphenyl species could be excluded, residual surfactant and minor amounts of benzene could be identified. A concentration-dependent experiment shows that the degree of functionalization increases with the logarithm of the concentration of applied diazonium salt, which can be exploited to precisely adjust the amount of aryl addends on the nanotube sidewall, up to 1 moiety per 100 carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
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11
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Lucherelli MA, Raya J, Edelthalhammer KF, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Abellán G, Bianco A. A Straightforward Approach to Multifunctional Graphene. Chemistry 2019; 25:13218-13223. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jésus Raya
- Membrane Biophysics and NMR, Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7177University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Konstantin F. Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg (FAU) Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg France
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12
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Yang P, Zhang H, Liu Q, Liu J, Chen R, Yu J, Hou J, Bai X, Wang J. Nano-sized architectural design of multi-activity graphene oxide (GO) by chemical post-decoration for efficient uranium(VI) extraction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 375:320-329. [PMID: 31100560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of organic groups onto graphene oxide (GO) platelets can supply additional active sites for adsorption of uranium(VI) (U(VI)) to improve the adsorption capacity. However, as a result of the existence of stabilizing π-conjugation system, a facile and effective modification method remains a challenge. Therefore, a novel strategy is exploited by nano-sized architectural design of multi-activity GO through post-decoration with amidoxime functionalized diaminomaleonitrile (DM-AO). The post-modification of DM-AO successfully activated the inert sites in GO platelets. Meanwhile, the amidoxime group in DM-AO can improve the adsorption selectivity. Adsorption amount of U(VI) on the as prepared GO-DM-AO reached at 935 mg g-1, which is increased by 209% increment compared with that of pristine GO at the same concentration. The adsorption efficiency of GO-DM-AO is greatly improved, and the time to reach the adsorption equilibrium is half of that of GO. Excitingly, the excellent removal efficiency could still maintained even after 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption. The outstanding adsorption amount, short adsorption equilibrium time, and excellent removal efficiency can provide a theoretical guidance for further immobilization of U(VI) from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Hongsen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Jindi Hou
- College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China; Institute of Advanced Marine Materials, Harbin Engineering University, 150001, PR China.
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13
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Romero J, Prima-Garcia H, Varela M, Miralles SG, Oestreicher V, Abellán G, Coronado E. Giant Enhancement in the Supercapacitance of NiFe-Graphene Nanocomposites Induced by a Magnetic Field. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900189. [PMID: 31081262 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise in energy demand in the past years has prompted a search for low-cost alternatives for energy storage, supercapacitors being one of the most important devices. It is shown that a dramatic enhancement (≈1100%, from 155 to 1850 F g-1 ) of the specific capacitance of a hybrid stimuli-responsive FeNi3 -graphene electrode material can be achieved when the charge/discharge cycling is performed in the presence of an applied magnetic field of 4000 G. This result is related to an unprecedented magnetic-field-induced metal segregation of the FeNi3 nanoparticles during the cycling, which results in the appearance of small Ni clusters (<5 nm) and, consequently, in an increase in pseudocapacitive sites. The results open the door to a systematic improvement of the capacitance values of hybrid supercapacitors, while moving the research in this area towards the development of magnetically addressable energy-storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Romero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
| | - Helena Prima-Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
| | - Maria Varela
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado & Departamento de Física de Materiales, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Sara G Miralles
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
| | - Víctor Oestreicher
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46890, Paterna, Spain
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14
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Wild S, Fickert M, Mitrovic A, Lloret V, Neiss C, Vidal‐Moya JA, Rivero‐Crespo MÁ, Leyva‐Pérez A, Werbach K, Peterlik H, Grabau M, Wittkämper H, Papp C, Steinrück H, Pichler T, Görling A, Hauke F, Abellán G, Hirsch A. Lattice Opening upon Bulk Reductive Covalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5763-5768. [PMID: 30675972 PMCID: PMC7318246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemical bulk reductive covalent functionalization of thin-layer black phosphorus (BP) using BP intercalation compounds has been developed. Through effective reductive activation, covalent functionalization of the charged BP by reaction with organic alkyl halides is achieved. Functionalization was extensively demonstrated by means of several spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations; the products showed higher functionalization degrees than those obtained by neutral routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wild
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
| | - Michael Fickert
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
| | - Aleksandra Mitrovic
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
| | - Christian Neiss
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - José Alejandro Vidal‐Moya
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rivero‐Crespo
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Antonio Leyva‐Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAvda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Katharina Werbach
- Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of ViennaStrudlhofgasse 41090ViennaAustria
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of ViennaStrudlhofgasse 41090ViennaAustria
| | - Mathias Grabau
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAUEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Haiko Wittkämper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAUEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAUEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | | | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of PhysicsUniversity of ViennaStrudlhofgasse 41090ViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)Universidad de ValenciaCatedrático José Beltrán 246980, PaternaValenciaSpain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 1091058Erlangen and Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762 FürthGermany
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15
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Clancy AJ, Sirisinudomkit P, Anthony DB, Thong AZ, Greenfield JL, Salaken Singh MK, Shaffer MSP. Real-time mechanistic study of carbon nanotube anion functionalisation through open circuit voltammetry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3300-3306. [PMID: 30996916 PMCID: PMC6428032 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the functionalisation of reduced single walled carbon nanotubes with organobromides was monitored by open circuit voltammetry throughout the reaction and further elucidated through a series of comparative reactions. The degree of functionalisation was mapped against the reagent reduction potential, degree of electron donation of substituents (Hammett parameter), and energies calculated, ab initio, for dissociation and heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bond. In contrast to the previously assumed reduction/homolytic cleavage mechanism, the reaction was shown to consist of a rapid association of carbon-halide bond to the reduced nanotube as a complex, displacing surface-condensed countercations, leading to an initial increase in the net nanotube surface negative charge. The complex subsequently slowly degrades through charge transfer from the reduced single-walled carbon nanotube to the organobromide, utilizing charge, and the carbon-halide bond breaks heterolytically. Electron density on the C-Br bond in the initial reagent is the best predictor for degree of functionalisation, with more electron donating substituents increasing the degree of functionalisation. Both the mechanism and the new application of OCV to study such reactions are potentially relevant to a wide range of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , WC1E 7JE , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Pichamon Sirisinudomkit
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Aaron Z Thong
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
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16
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Gitteröffnung durch reduktive kovalente Volumen‐Funktionalisierung von schwarzem Phosphor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Halbig CE, Lasch R, Krüll J, Pirzer AS, Wang Z, Kirchhof JN, Bolotin KI, Heinrich MR, Eigler S. Selective Functionalization of Graphene at Defect-Activated Sites by Arylazocarboxylic tert-Butyl Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3599-3603. [PMID: 30570208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of versatile functionalization concepts for graphene is currently in the focus of research. Upon oxo-functionalization of graphite, the full surface of graphene becomes accessible for C-C bond formation to introduce out-of-plane functionality. Herein, we present the arylation of graphene with arylazocarboxylic tert-butyl esters, which generates aryl radicals after activation with an acid. Surprisingly, the degree of functionalization is related to the concentration of lattice vacancy defects in the graphene material. Consequently, graphene materials that are free from lattice defects are not reactive. The reaction can be applied to graphene dispersed in solvents and leads to bitopic functionalization as well as monotopic functionalization when the graphene is deposited on surfaces. As the arylazocarboxylic tert-butyl ester moiety can be attached to various molecules, the presented method paves the way to functional graphene derivatives, with the density of defects determining the degree of functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Krüll
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna S Pirzer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan N Kirchhof
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Wabra I, Holzwarth J, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Exohedral Addition Chemistry of the Fullerenide Anions C
60
2−
and C
60
⋅−. Chemistry 2019; 25:5186-5201. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Wabra
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Holzwarth
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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19
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Halbig CE, Lasch R, Krüll J, Pirzer AS, Wang Z, Kirchhof JN, Bolotin KI, Heinrich MR, Eigler S. Selektive Funktionalisierung von Graphen an defektaktivierten Bereichen durch Arylazocarbonsäure-tert
-butylester. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Jasmin Krüll
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Anna S. Pirzer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jan N. Kirchhof
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Kirill I. Bolotin
- Institut für Experimentalphysik; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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20
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Schirowski M, Tyborski C, Maultzsch J, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Goclon J. Reductive diazotation of carbon nanotubes: an experimental and theoretical selectivity study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:706-717. [PMID: 30746106 PMCID: PMC6340405 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of negatively charged SWCNTs with diazonium salts was analyzed in a combined experimental and computational DFT study.
The reaction of neutral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diazonium salts proceeds with a high selectivity towards metallic carbon nanotube species; this reaction is well-understood and the mechanism has been elucidated. In the present joint theoretical and experimental study, we investigate the reaction of negatively charged SWCNTs – carbon nanotubides – with diazonium salts. Our density functional theory calculations predict a stronger binding of the aryl diazonium cations to charged metallic SWCNTs species and therefore lead to a preferential addend binding in the course of the reaction. The Raman resonance profile analysis on the reductive arylation of carbon nanotubides obtained by the solid state intercalation approach with potassium in varying concentrations confirms the predicted preferred functionalization of metallic carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we were also able to show that the selectivity for metallic SWCNT species could be further increased when low potassium concentrations (K : C < 1 : 200) are used for an initial selective charging of the metallic species. Further insights into the nature of the bound addends were obtained by coupled thermogravimetric analysis of the functionalized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Christoph Tyborski
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany.,Chair of Experimental Physics , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jakub Goclon
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego Str. 1K , 15-245 Bialystok , Poland .
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21
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Halbig CE, Martin O, Hauke F, Eigler S, Hirsch A. Oxo-Functionalized Graphene: A Versatile Precursor for Alkylated Graphene Sheets by Reductive Functionalization. Chemistry 2018; 24:13348-13354. [PMID: 29902333 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controlled covalent functionalization of graphene remains a challenging task owing to the heterogeneous nature of materials. Functionalization approaches for graphene either lack in quantifying the degree of functionalization or they do not discriminate between covalent and non-covalent functionalization. Here, graphite is oxidized and exfoliated in a three-step procedure and subsequently reduced and functionalized by hexylation. Although Raman spectroscopy is powerful to determine the degree of in-plane lattice defects (θLD ) and functionalization (θFD ), the method fails at detecting introduced hexyl groups at a concentration of about 0.03 %, next to the pre-existing in-plane lattice defects of 0.7 %. However, sensitive thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TGA-GC/MS) can prove the hexylation reaction. The efficiency of functionalization is comparable to reductive functionalization of pristine chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-graphene and bulk graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Halbig
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustraße 3, 14105, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Dr. Mack Straße 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Dr. Mack Straße 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustraße 3, 14105, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Dr. Mack Straße 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
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22
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Hirsch A, Hauke F. Post-Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4338-4354. [PMID: 29024321 PMCID: PMC5901039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current state of the chemical functionalization of three types of single sheet 2D materials, namely, graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ), and black phosphorus (BP) is summarized. Such 2D sheet polymers are currently an emerging field at the interface of synthetic chemistry, physics, and materials science. Both covalent and non-covalent functionalization of sheet architectures allows a systematic modification of their properties, that is, an improvement of solubility and processability, the prevention of re-aggregation, or band-gap tuning. Next to successful functionalization concepts, fundamental challenges are also addressed. These include the insolubility and polydispersity of most 2D sheet polymers, the development of suitable characterization tools, the identification of effective binding strategies, the chemical activation of the usually rather unreactive basal planes for covalent addend binding, and the regioselectivity of plane addition reactions. Although a number of these questions remain elusive in this Review, the first promising concepts to overcome such hurdles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hirsch
- Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, ZMPFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAUHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, ZMPFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAUDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
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23
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Hirsch A, Hauke F. Zweidimensionale Chemie jenseits von Graphen: das aufstrebende Gebiet der Funktionalisierung von Molybdändisulfid und schwarzem Phosphor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie &, Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik, ZMP; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAU; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hauke
- Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik, ZMP; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAU; Dr.-Mack-Straße 81 90762 Fürth Deutschland
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24
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Schirowski M, Abellán G, Nuin E, Pampel J, Dolle C, Wedler V, Fellinger TP, Spiecker E, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Fundamental Insights into the Reductive Covalent Cross-Linking of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3352-3360. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Edurne Nuin
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Pampel
- Fraunhofer Institute IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dolle
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent Wedler
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Tim-Patrick Fellinger
- University of Applied Science Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
- Department of Technical Electrochemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
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25
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He Y, Fishman ZS, Yang KR, Ortiz B, Liu C, Goldsamt J, Batista VS, Pfefferle LD. Hydrophobic CuO Nanosheets Functionalized with Organic Adsorbates. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1824-1833. [PMID: 29298055 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of hydrophobic CuO nanosheets is introduced by functionalization of the cupric oxide surface with p-xylene, toluene, hexane, methylcyclohexane, and chlorobenzene. The resulting nanosheets exhibit a wide range of contact angles from 146° (p-xylene) to 27° (chlorobenzene) due to significant changes in surface composition induced by functionalization, as revealed by XPS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies and computational modeling. Aromatic adsorbates are stable even up to 250-350 °C since they covalently bind to the surface as alkoxides, upon reaction with the surface as shown by DFT calculations and FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The resulting hydrophobicity correlates with H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) stability, which therefore provides a practical gauge of hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian He
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Zachary S Fishman
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Ke R Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States.,Energy Science Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Brandon Ortiz
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Chaolun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, United States
| | - Julia Goldsamt
- Great Neck North High School , Great Neck, New York 11023, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States.,Energy Science Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516-7394, United States
| | - Lisa D Pfefferle
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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26
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Sturala J, Luxa J, Pumera M, Sofer Z. Chemistry of Graphene Derivatives: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives. Chemistry 2018; 24:5992-6006. [PMID: 29071744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of graphene and its derivatives is one of the hottest topics of current material science research. The derivatisation of graphene is based on various approaches, and to date functionalization with halogens, hydrogen, various functional groups containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and several other elements have been reported. Most of these functionalizations are based on sp3 hybridization of carbon atoms in the graphene skeleton, which means the formation of out-of-plane covalent bonds. Several elements were also reported for substitutional modification of graphene, where the carbon atoms are substituted with atoms like nitrogen, boron, and several others. From tens of functional groups, for only two of them were reported full functionalization of graphene skeleton and formation of its stoichiometric counterparts, fluorographene and hydrogenated graphene. The functionalization of graphene is crucial for most of its applications including energy storage and conversion devices, electronic and optic applications, composites, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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27
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12184-12190. [PMID: 28782166 PMCID: PMC5638083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronides (HBC) was successfully used as a model system for investigating the complex mechanism of the reductive functionalization of graphene. The well-defined molecular HBC system enabled deeper insights into the mechanism of the alkylation of reductively activated nanographenes. The separation and complete characterization of alkylation products clearly demonstrate that nanographene functionalization proceeds with exceptionally high regio- and stereoselectivities on the HBC scaffold. Experimental and theoretical studies lead to the conclusion that the intact basal graphene plane is chemically inert and addend binding can only take place at either preexisting defects or close to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmitry I Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu. Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
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29
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Abellán G, Wild S, Lloret V, Scheuschner N, Gillen R, Mundloch U, Maultzsch J, Varela M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Fundamental Insights into the Degradation and Stabilization of Thin Layer Black Phosphorus. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10432-10440. [PMID: 28675300 PMCID: PMC5578363 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Herein,
we have developed a systematic study on the oxidation and
passivation of mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus (BP). We analyzed
the strong anisotropic behavior of BP by scanning Raman microscopy
providing an accurate method for monitoring the oxidation of BP via
statistical Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, different factors influencing
the environmental instability of the BP, i.e., thickness, lateral
dimensions or visible light illumination, have been investigated in
detail. Finally, we discovered that the degradation of few-layer BP
flakes of <10 nm can be suppressed for months by using ionic liquids,
paving the way for the development of BP-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Abellán
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nils Scheuschner
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Gillen
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chair of Experimental Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Varela
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado & Departamento de Física de Materiales, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Kaplan A, Yuan Z, Benck JD, Govind Rajan A, Chu XS, Wang QH, Strano MS. Current and future directions in electron transfer chemistry of graphene. Chem Soc Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The participation of graphene in electron transfer chemistry, where an electron is transferred between graphene and other species, encompasses many important processes that have shown versatility and potential for use in important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kaplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jesse D. Benck
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ananth Govind Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Ximo S. Chu
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering
- School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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