1
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Schmid SP, Schlosser L, Glorius F, Jorner K. Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2280-2304. [PMID: 39290209 PMCID: PMC11406055 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis has established itself as a third pillar of homogeneous catalysis, besides transition metal catalysis and biocatalysis, as its use for enantioselective reactions has gathered significant interest over the last decades. Concurrent to this development, machine learning (ML) has been increasingly applied in the chemical domain to efficiently uncover hidden patterns in data and accelerate scientific discovery. While the uptake of ML in organocatalysis has been comparably slow, the last two decades have showed an increased interest from the community. This review gives an overview of the work in the field of ML in organocatalysis. The review starts by giving a short primer on ML for experimental chemists, before discussing its application for predicting the selectivity of organocatalytic transformations. Subsequently, we review ML employed for privileged catalysts, before focusing on its application for catalyst and reaction design. Concluding, we give our view on current challenges and future directions for this field, drawing inspiration from the application of ML to other scientific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P Schmid
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Leon Schlosser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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2
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Hecht M, Dullinger P, Silva W, Horinek D, Gschwind RM. Highly acidic N-triflylphosphoramides as chiral Brønsted acid catalysts: the effect of weak hydrogen bonds and multiple acceptors on complex structures and aggregation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9104-9111. [PMID: 38903236 PMCID: PMC11186309 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Triflylphosphoramides (NTPAs) represent an important catalyst class in asymmetric catalysis due to their multiple hydrogen bond acceptor sites and acidity, which is increased by several orders of magnitude compared to conventional chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs). Thus, NTPAs allow for several challenging transformations, which are not accessible with CPAs. However, detailed evidence on their hydrogen bonding situation, complex structures and aggregation is still lacking. Therefore, this study covers the hydrogen bonding behavior and structural features of binary NTPA/imine complexes compared to their CPA counterparts. Deviating from the single-well potential hydrogen bonds commonly observed in CPA/imine complexes, the NTPA/imine complexes exhibit a tautomeric equilibrium between two proton positions. Low-temperature NMR at 180 K supported by computer simulations indicates a OHN hydrogen bond between the phosphoramide oxygen and the imine, instead of the mostly proposed NHN H-bond. Furthermore, this study finds no evidence for the existence of dimeric NTPA/NTPA/imine complexes as previously suggested for CPA systems, both synthetically and through NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Philipp Dullinger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg D-93053 Germany
| | - Wagner Silva
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Dominik Horinek
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg D-93053 Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
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3
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Tufano E, Lee E, Barilli M, Casali E, Oštrek A, Jung H, Morana M, Kang J, Kim D, Chang S, Zanoni G. Iridium Acylnitrenoid-Initiated Biomimetic Cascade Cyclizations: Stereodefined Access to Polycyclic δ-Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37926946 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ring-fused azacyclic compounds are important building units in the synthesis of biorelevant natural products, pharmaceutical agents, and molecular materials. Herein, we present a new approach to these condensed azacycles by a biomimetic cascade cyclization of arylalkenyl dioxazolones. This cascade reaction was found to proceed with excellent stereoselectivity and a high functional group tolerance. The substrate scope of arylalkenyl dioxazolones turned out to be highly flexible and extendable to additional terminating subunits, such as heteroaryl and alkynyl moieties. This biomimetic cyclization was elucidated to be initiated by an intramolecular transfer of the in situ generated electrophilic Ir-acylnitrenoid to the tethered olefinic double bond, leading to a key N-acylaziridine intermediate, which is in turn reacted with pendant (hetero)arenes or alkynes in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner to produce ring-fused azacyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tufano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Euijae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Matteo Barilli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andraž Oštrek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Marta Morana
- Department of Earth Science, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jihye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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4
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Lukin RY, Sukhov AV, Kachmarzhik AD, Dobrynin AB, Khayarov KR, Sinyashin OG, Yakhvarov DG. Synthesis, X-ray Structure, and Catalytic Activity in the Hydrosilylation Process of Platinum Complexes Bearing Buchwald Ligands. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Yu. Lukin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 29/1, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander V. Sukhov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 29/1, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander D. Kachmarzhik
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 29/1, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey B. Dobrynin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Khasan R. Khayarov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 29/1, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg G. Sinyashin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry G. Yakhvarov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str. 29/1, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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5
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Singh S, Sunoj RB. Molecular Machine Learning for Chemical Catalysis: Prospects and Challenges. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:402-412. [PMID: 36715248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusIn the domain of reaction development, one aims to obtain higher efficacies as measured in terms of yield and/or selectivities. During the empirical cycles, an admixture of outcomes from low to high yields/selectivities is expected. While it is not easy to identify all of the factors that might impact the reaction efficiency, complex and nonlinear dependence on the nature of reactants, catalysts, solvents, etc. is quite likely. Developmental stages of newer reactions would typically offer a few hundreds of samples with variations in participating molecules and/or reaction conditions. These "observations" and their "output" can be harnessed as valuable labeled data for developing molecular machine learning (ML) models. Once a robust ML model is built for a specific reaction under development, it can predict the reaction outcome for any new choice of substrates/catalyst in a few seconds/minutes and thus can expedite the identification of promising candidates for experimental validation. Recent years have witnessed impressive applications of ML in the molecular world, most of them aimed at predicting important chemical or biological properties. We believe that an integration of effective ML workflows can be made richly beneficial to reaction discovery.As with any new technology, direct adaptation of ML as used in well-developed domains, such as natural language processing (NLP) and image recognition, is unlikely to succeed in reaction discovery. Some of the challenges stem from ineffective featurization of the molecular space, unavailability of quality data and its distribution, in making the right choice of ML model and its technically robust deployment. It shall be noted that there is no universal ML model suitable for an inherently high-dimensional problem such as chemical reactions. Given these backgrounds, rendering ML tools conducive for reactions is an exciting as well as challenging endeavor at the same time. With the increased availability of efficient ML algorithms, we focused on tapping their potential for small-data reaction discovery (a few hundreds to thousands of samples).In this Account, we describe both feature engineering and feature learning approaches for molecular ML as applied to diverse reactions of high contemporary interest. Among these, catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of imines/alkenes, β-C(sp3)-H bond functionalization, and relay Heck reaction employed a feature engineering approach using the quantum-chemically derived physical organic descriptors as the molecular features─all designed to predict the enantioselectivity. The selection of molecular features to customize it for a reaction of interest is described, along with emphasizing the chemical insights that could be gathered through the use of such features. Feature learning methods for predicting the yield of Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling, deoxyfluorination of alcohols, and enantioselectivity of N,S-acetal formation are found to offer excellent predictions. We propose a transfer learning protocol, wherein an ML model such as a language model is trained on a large number of molecules (105-106) and fine-tuned on a focused library of target task reactions, as an effective alternative for small-data reaction discovery (102-103 reactions). The exploitation of deep neural network latent space as a method for generative tasks to identify useful substrates for a reaction is demonstrated as a promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.,Centre for Machine Intelligence and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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6
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Nistanaki SK, Williams CG, Wigman B, Wong JJ, Haas BC, Popov S, Werth J, Sigman MS, Houk KN, Nelson HM. Catalytic asymmetric C-H insertion reactions of vinyl carbocations. Science 2022; 378:1085-1091. [PMID: 36480623 PMCID: PMC9993429 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From the preparation of pharmaceuticals to enzymatic construction of natural products, carbocations are central to molecular synthesis. Although these reactive intermediates are engaged in stereoselective processes in nature, exerting enantiocontrol over carbocations with synthetic catalysts remains challenging. Many resonance-stabilized tricoordinated carbocations, such as iminium and oxocarbenium ions, have been applied in catalytic enantioselective reactions. However, their dicoordinated counterparts (aryl and vinyl carbocations) have not, despite their emerging utility in chemical synthesis. We report the discovery of a highly enantioselective vinyl carbocation carbon-hydrogen (C-H) insertion reaction enabled by imidodiphosphorimidate organocatalysts. Active site confinement featured in this catalyst class not only enables effective enantiocontrol but also expands the scope of vinyl cation C-H insertion chemistry, which broadens the utility of this transition metal-free C(sp3)-H functionalization platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepand K Nistanaki
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chloe G Williams
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin Wigman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brittany C Haas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stasik Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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7
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Jo T, Taschinski S, Leach IF, Bauer C, Hashmi ASK, Klein JEMN. On the Role of Noncovalent Ligand-Substrate Interactions in Au(I) Catalysis: An Experimental and Computational Study of Protodeauration. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13158-13163. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taegeun Jo
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Taschinski
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isaac F. Leach
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bauer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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9
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Yamaguchi S. Molecular field analysis for data-driven molecular design in asymmetric catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6057-6071. [PMID: 35791843 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00228k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances (2019-present) in the use of MFA (molecular field analysis) for data-driven catalyst design, enabling to improve selectivities/reaction outcomes in asymmetric catalysis. Successful examples of MFA-based molecular design and how to design molecules by MFA are described, including how to generate and evaluate MFA-based regression models, and future challenges in MFA-based molecular design in molecular catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamaguchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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10
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Lustosa DM, Milo A. Mechanistic Inference from Statistical Models at Different Data-Size Regimes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M. Lustosa
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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11
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Yu X. Support Vector Machine‐Based Prediction of Enantioselectivity in Fluorination of Allylic Alcohols. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Regeneration College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Engineering Xiangtan Hunan 411104 China
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12
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Juraskova V, Celerse F, Laplaza R, Corminboeuf C. Assessing the persistence of chalcogen bonds in solution with neural network potentials. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154112. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0085153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-covalent bonding patterns are commonly harvested as a design principle in the field of catalysis, supramolecular chemistry and functional materials to name a few. Yet, their computational description generally neglects finite temperature and environment effects, which promote competing interactions and alter their static gas-phase properties. Recently, neural network potentials (NNPs) trained on Density Functional Theory (DFT) data have become increasingly popular to simulate molecular phenomena in condensed phase with an accuracy comparable to ab initio methods. To date, most applications have centered on solid-state materials or fairly simple molecules made of a limited number of elements. Herein, we focus on the persistence and strength of chalcogen bonds involving a benzotelluradiazole in condensed phase. While the tellurium-containing heteroaromatic molecules are known to exhibit pronounced interactions with anions and lone pairs of different atoms, the relevance of competing intermolecular interactions, notably with the solvent, is complicated to monitor experimentally but also challenging to model at an accurate electronic structure level. Here, we train direct and baselined NNPs to reproduce hybrid DFT energies and forces in order to identify what are the most prevalent non-covalent interactions occurring in a solute-Cl$^-$-THF mixture. The simulations in explicit solvent highlight competition with chalcogen bonds formed with the solvent and the short-range directionality of the interaction with direct consequences for the molecular properties in the solution. The comparison with other potentials (e.g., AMOEBA, direct NNP and continuum solvent model) also demonstrates that baselined NNPs offer a reliable picture of the non-covalent interaction interplay occurring in solution.
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13
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Yu X. Prediction of enantioselectivity in thiol addition to imines catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis & Waste Regeneration, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Engineering Xiangtan China
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14
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Franchino A, Martí À, Echavarren AM. H-Bonded Counterion-Directed Enantioselective Au(I) Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3497-3509. [PMID: 35138843 PMCID: PMC8895408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A new strategy for
enantioselective transition-metal catalysis
is presented, wherein a H-bond donor placed on the ligand of a cationic
complex allows precise positioning of the chiral counteranion responsible
for asymmetric induction. The successful implementation of this paradigm
is demonstrated in 5-exo-dig and 6-endo-dig cyclizations of 1,6-enynes, combining an achiral phosphinourea
Au(I) chloride complex with a BINOL-derived phosphoramidate Ag(I)
salt and thus allowing the first general use of chiral anions in Au(I)-catalyzed
reactions of challenging alkyne substrates. Experiments with modified
complexes and anions, 1H NMR titrations, kinetic data,
and studies of solvent and nonlinear effects substantiate the key
H-bonding interaction at the heart of the catalytic system. This conceptually
novel approach, which lies at the intersection of metal catalysis,
H-bond organocatalysis, and asymmetric counterion-directed catalysis,
provides a blueprint for the development of supramolecularly assembled
chiral ligands for metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Franchino
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àlex Martí
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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15
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Gallarati S, Laplaza R, Corminboeuf C. Harvesting the fragment-based nature of bifunctional organocatalysts to enhance their activity. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the activity of bifunctional organocatalysts: a fragment-based approach coupled with activity maps helps identifying better-performing catalytic motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research – Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Competence in Research – Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Liu R, Zhao X, Wang Y. A DFT Study on Gold-Catalyzed Domino Cyclization for Post-Ugi Synthesis of Spiroindolines: Insights on the Origin of Remarkable Diastereoselectivity. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive DFT study on gold-catalyzed domino cyclization to spiroindolines. The diastereoselectivity was analyzed based on the established coordination spheres. These computational results not only explain the origin...
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17
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Crawford JM, Kingston C, Toste FD, Sigman MS. Data Science Meets Physical Organic Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00285. [PMID: 34351757 PMCID: PMC9078128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAt the heart of synthetic chemistry is the holy grail of predictable catalyst design. In particular, researchers involved in reaction development in asymmetric catalysis have pursued a variety of strategies toward this goal. This is driven by both the pragmatic need to achieve high selectivities and the inability to readily identify why a certain catalyst is effective for a given reaction. While empiricism and intuition have dominated the field of asymmetric catalysis since its inception, enantioselectivity offers a mechanistically rich platform to interrogate catalyst-structure response patterns that explain the performance of a particular catalyst or substrate.In the early stages of an asymmetric reaction development campaign, the overarching mechanism of the reaction, catalyst speciation, the turnover limiting step, and many other details are unknown or posited based on related reactions. Considering the unclear details leading to a successful reaction, initial enantioselectivity data are often used to intuitively guide the ultimate direction of optimization. However, if the conditions of the Curtin-Hammett principle are satisfied, then measured enantioselectivity can be directly connected to the ensemble of diastereomeric transition states (TSs) that lead to the enantiomeric products, and the associated free energy difference between competing TSs (ΔΔG⧧ = -RT ln[(S)/(R)], where (S) and (R) represent the concentrations of the enantiomeric products). We, and others, speculated that this important piece of information can be leveraged to guide reaction optimization in a quantitative way.Although traditional linear free energy relationships (LFERs), such as Hammett plots, have been used to illuminate important mechanistic features, we sought to develop data science derived tools to expand the power of LFERs in order to describe complex reactions frequently encountered in modern asymmetric catalysis. Specifically, we investigated whether enantioselectivity data from a reaction can be quantitatively connected to the attributes of reaction components, such as catalyst and substrate structural features, to harness data for asymmetric catalyst design.In this context, we developed a workflow to relate computationally derived features of reaction components to enantioselectivity using data science tools. The mathematical representation of molecules can incorporate many aspects of a transformation, such as molecular features from substrate, product, catalyst, and proposed transition states. Statistical models relating these features to reaction outputs can be used for various tasks, such as performance prediction of untested molecules. Perhaps most importantly, statistical models can guide the generation of mechanistic hypotheses that are embedded within complex patterns of reaction responses. Overall, merging traditional physical organic experiments with statistical modeling techniques creates a feedback loop that enables both evaluation of multiple mechanistic hypotheses and future catalyst design. In this Account, we highlight the evolution and application of this approach in the context of a collaborative program based on chiral phosphoric acid catalysts (CPAs) in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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18
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Escudero-Casao M, Licini G, Orlandi M. Enantioselective α-Arylation of Ketones via a Novel Cu(I)-Bis(phosphine) Dioxide Catalytic System. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3289-3294. [PMID: 33635068 PMCID: PMC8041290 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel catalytic system based on copper(I) and chiral bis(phosphine) dioxides is described. This allows the arylation of silyl enol ethers to access enolizable α-arylated ketones in good yields and enantiomeric excess up to 95%. Noncyclic ketones are amenable substrates with this method, which complements other approaches based on palladium catalysis. Optimization of the ligand structure is accomplished via rational design driven by correlation analysis. Preliminary mechanistic hypotheses are also evaluated in order to identify the role of chiral bis(phosphine) dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CIRCC−Consorzio Interuniversitario
per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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19
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Orlandi M, Escudero-Casao M, Licini G. Nucleophilicity Prediction via Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3555-3564. [PMID: 33534569 PMCID: PMC7901016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The concept of nucleophilicity is
at the basis of most transformations
in chemistry. Understanding and predicting the relative reactivity
of different nucleophiles is therefore of paramount importance. Mayr’s
nucleophilicity scale likely represents the most complete collection
of reactivity data, which currently includes over 1200 nucleophiles.
Several attempts have been made to theoretically predict Mayr’s
nucleophilicity parameters N based on calculation
of molecular properties, but a general model accounting for different
classes of nucleophiles could not be obtained so far. We herein show
that multivariate linear regression analysis is a suitable tool for
obtaining a simple model predicting N for virtually
any class of nucleophiles in different solvents for a set of 341 data
points. The key descriptors of the model were found to account for
the proton affinity, solvation energies, and sterics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Margarita Escudero-Casao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CIRCC-Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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20
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Gallegos LC, Luchini G, St. John PC, Kim S, Paton RS. Importance of Engineered and Learned Molecular Representations in Predicting Organic Reactivity, Selectivity, and Chemical Properties. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:827-836. [PMID: 33534534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Machine-readable chemical structure representations are foundational in all attempts to harness machine learning for the prediction of reactivities, selectivities, and chemical properties directly from molecular structure. The featurization of discrete chemical structures into a continuous vector space is a critical phase undertaken before model selection, and the development of new ways to quantitatively encode molecules is an active area of research. In this Account, we highlight the application and suitability of different representations, from expert-guided "engineered" descriptors to automatically "learned" features, in different prediction tasks relevant to organic and organometallic chemistry, where differing amounts of training data are available. These tasks include statistical models of stereo- and enantioselectivity, thermochemistry, and kinetics developed using experimental and quantum chemical data.The use of expert-guided molecular descriptors provides an opportunity to incorporate chemical knowledge, domain expertise, and physical constraints into statistical modeling. In applications to stereoselective organic and organometallic catalysis, where data sets may be relatively small and 3D-geometries and conformations play an important role, mechanistically informed features can be used successfully to obtain predictive statistical models that are also chemically interpretable. We provide an overview of several recent applications of this approach to obtain quantitative models for reactivity and selectivity, where topological descriptors, quantum mechanical calculations of electronic and steric properties, along with conformational ensembles, all feature as essential ingredients of the molecular representations used.Alternatively, more flexible, general-purpose molecular representations such as attributed molecular graphs can be used with machine learning approaches to learn the complex relationship between a structure and prediction target. This approach has the potential to out-perform more traditional representation methods such as "hand-crafted" molecular descriptors, particularly as data set sizes grow. One area where this is particularly relevant is in the use of large sets of quantum mechanical data to train quantitative structure-property relationships. A general approach toward curating useful data sets and training highly accurate graph neural network models is discussed in the context of organic bond dissociation enthalpies, where this strategy outperforms regression using precomputed descriptors.Finally, we describe how graph neural network predictions can be incorporated into mechanistically informed statistical models of chemical reactivity and selectivity. Once trained, this approach avoids the expensive computational overhead associated with quantum mechanical calculations, while maintaining chemical interpretability. We illustrate examples for which fast predictions of bond dissociation enthalpy and of the identities of radicals formed through cleavage of a molecule's weakest bond are used in simple physical models of site-selectivity and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C. Gallegos
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Guilian Luchini
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter C. St. John
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15103 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Seonah Kim
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15103 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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21
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Quijano-Quiñones RF, Guadarrama-Moreno J, Quesadas-Rojas M, Mena-Rejón GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Cáceres-Castillo D. The origin of the regiospecificity of acrolein dimerization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7459-7465. [PMID: 35423251 PMCID: PMC8695078 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein dimerization is a intriguing case since the reaction does not occur to form the electronically preferred regioisomeric adduct. Various explanations have been suggested to rationalize this experimental regioselectivity, however, none of these arguments had been convincing enough. In this work, the hetero Diels-Alder acrolein dimerization was theoretically investigated using DFT and MP2 methods. The influence of nucleophilic/electrophilic interactions and non-covalent interactions (NCI) in the regiospecificity of the reaction were analyzed. Our results show that the NCI at the transition state are the key factor controlling the regiospecificity in this reaction. Besides, we found that the choice of calculation method can have an effect on the prediction of the mechanism in the reaction, as all DFT methods forecast a one-step hetero Diels-Alder acrolein dimerization, while MP2 predicts a stepwise description for the lower energy reaction channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro F Quijano-Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Jareth Guadarrama-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Mariana Quesadas-Rojas
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Educación Superior, UNAM Mérida Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J Mena-Rejón
- Laboratorio de Química Farmaceútica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - Carolina S Castro-Segura
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - David Cáceres-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Química Farmaceútica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
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22
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23
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Díaz-Salazar H, Jiménez EI, Vallejo Narváez WE, Rocha-Rinza T, Hernández-Rodríguez M. Bifunctional squaramides with benzyl-like fragments: analysis of CH⋯π interactions by a multivariate linear regression model and quantum chemical topology. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A multivariate linear regression model and quantum chemical topology are used for the quantitative description of non-covalent interactions in the transition state of the Michael addition catalyzed by bifunctional squaramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Díaz-Salazar
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Mexico
| | - Eddy I. Jiménez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Mexico
| | - Wilmer E. Vallejo Narváez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Mexico
| | - Tomás Rocha-Rinza
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Mexico
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24
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Levin MD, Ovian JM, Read JA, Sigman MS, Jacobsen EN. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Difluorinated Alkyl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14831-14837. [PMID: 32799536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report an iodoarene-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of β,β-difluoroalkyl bromide building blocks. The transformation involves an oxidative rearrangement of α-bromostyrenes, utilizing HF-pyridine as the fluoride source and m-CPBA as the stoichiometric oxidant. A catalyst decomposition pathway was identified, which, in tandem with catalyst structure-activity relationship studies, facilitated the development of an improved catalyst providing higher enantioselectivity with lower catalyst loadings. The versatility of the difluoroalkyl bromide products was demonstrated via highly enantiospecific substitution reactions with suitably reactive nucleophiles. The origins of enantioselectivity were investigated using computed interaction energies of simplified catalyst and substrate structures, providing evidence for both CH-π and π-π transition state interactions as critical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Levin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John M Ovian
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jacquelyne A Read
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Tsai CC, Sandford C, Wu T, Chen B, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Enantioselective Intramolecular Allylic Substitution via Synergistic Palladium/Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis: Insight into Stereoinduction through Statistical Modeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14647-14655. [PMID: 32453890 PMCID: PMC7686151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mode of asymmetric induction in an enantioselective intramolecular allylic substitution reaction catalyzed by a combination of palladium and a chiral phosphoric acid was investigated by a combined experimental and statistical modeling approach. Experiments to probe nonlinear effects, the reactivity of deuterium-labeled substrates, and control experiments revealed that nucleophilic attack to the π-allylpalladium intermediate is the enantio-determining step, in which the chiral phosphate anion is involved in stereoinduction. Using multivariable linear regression analysis, we determined that multiple noncovalent interactions with the chiral environment of the phosphate anion are integral to enantiocontrol in the transition state. The synthetic protocol to form chiral pyrrolidines was further applied to the asymmetric construction of C-O bonds at fully substituted carbon centers in the synthesis of chiral 2,2-disubstituted benzomorpholines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Buyun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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26
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De Jesus Silva J, Ferreira MAB, Fedorov A, Sigman MS, Copéret C. Molecular-level insight in supported olefin metathesis catalysts by combining surface organometallic chemistry, high throughput experimentation, and data analysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6717-6723. [PMID: 33133485 PMCID: PMC7553044 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of high-throughput experimentation (HTE), surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) and statistical data analysis provided the platform to analyze in situ silica-grafted Mo imido alkylidene catalysts based on a library of 35 phenols. Overall, these tools allowed for the identification of σ-donor electronic effects and dispersive interactions and as key drivers in a prototypical metathesis reaction, homodimerization of 1-nonene. Univariate and multivariate correlation analysis confirmed the categorization of the catalytic data into two groups, depending on the presence of aryl groups in ortho position of the phenol ligand. The initial activity (TOFin) was predominantly correlated to the σ-donor ability of the aryloxy ligands, while the overall catalytic performance (TON1 h) was mainly dependent on attractive dispersive interactions with the used phenol ligands featuring aryl ortho substituents and, in sharp contrast, repulsive dispersive interactions with phenol free of aryl ortho substituents. This work outlines a fast and efficient workflow of gaining molecular-level insight into supported metathesis catalysts and highlights σ-donor ability and noncovalent interactions as crucial properties for designing active d0 supported metathesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan De Jesus Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 5 , CH 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
| | - Marco A B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
- Centre for Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem) , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar , Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, SP-310 , São Carlos , São Paulo 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 5 , CH 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zürich , Leonhardstrasse 21 , CH 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 5 , CH 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ;
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27
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Tsai C, Sandford C, Wu T, Chen B, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Enantioselective Intramolecular Allylic Substitution via Synergistic Palladium/Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis: Insight into Stereoinduction through Statistical Modeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Che Tsai
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Tunghai University Taichung City 40704 Taiwan
| | - Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Buyun Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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28
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Orlandi M. Basic principles of substrate activation through non-covalent bond interactions. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the last twenty years, chiral Brønsted acid and chiral counteranion catalysis have emerged as a fundamental area of organocatalysis. The development of chiral acidic catalysts has allowed extending many known Brønsted catalyzed reactions to the stereoselective domain. Moreover, the controlled conditions under which these catalysts can be used, allowed accessing reactivity of increasing complexity with extraordinary selectivity levels. However, compared to the explosion of this branch of organocatalysis in an applicative direction, only little has been done to understand and rationalize the observed reaction outcomes. This is due, in part, to the complex nature of the weak interactions (H-bonds, electrostatic, and dispersion interactions) governing this class of reactions. Here we review relevant mechanistic analyses from both chiral Brønsted acid and chiral counteranion directed catalysis. Both experimental and computational work is included that aimed at unveiling the nature of the interactions governing the a number of reactions. These include the: enantioselective reduction of ketoimines with Hantzsch esters; ring opening reactions of epoxides, oxetanes, aziridinium, and sulfonium ions; stereoselective fluorination of allylic alcohols; oxidative aminations of benzylic thioethers (enantioselective Pummerer reaction). These case studies are analyzed and discussed in order to highlight key features and similarities across the different catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
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29
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Miró J, Gensch T, Ellwart M, Han SJ, Lin HH, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Enantioselective Allenoate-Claisen Rearrangement Using Chiral Phosphate Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6390-6399. [PMID: 32182422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first highly enantioselective allenoate-Claisen rearrangement using doubly axially chiral phosphate sodium salts as catalysts. This synthetic method provides access to β-amino acid derivatives with vicinal stereocenters in up to 95% ee. We also investigated the mechanism of enantioinduction by transition state (TS) computations with DFT as well as statistical modeling of the relationship between selectivity and the molecular features of both the catalyst and substrate. The mutual interactions of charge-separated regions in both the zwitterionic intermediate generated by reaction of an amine to the allenoate and the Na+-salt of the chiral phosphate leads to an orientation of the TS in the catalytic pocket that maximizes favorable noncovalent interactions. Crucial arene-arene interactions at the periphery of the catalyst lead to a differentiation of the TS diastereomers. These interactions were interrogated using DFT calculations and validated through statistical modeling of parameters describing noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Miró
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tobias Gensch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mario Ellwart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Kinomics Research Center and Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hsin-Hui Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Reid JP, Hu M, Ito S, Huang B, Hong CM, Xiang H, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Strategies for remote enantiocontrol in chiral gold(iii) complexes applied to catalytic enantioselective γ,δ-Diels-Alder reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6450-6456. [PMID: 34094110 PMCID: PMC8152632 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chiral square planar gold(iii) complexes to access enantioenriched products has rarely been applied in asymmetric catalysis. In this context, we report a mechanistic and synthetic investigation into the use of N-heterocyclic (NHC) gold(iii) complexes in γ,δ-Diels–Alder reactions of 2,4-dienals with cyclopentadiene. The optimal catalyst bearing a unique 2-chloro-1-naphthyl substituent allowed efficient synthesis of functionally rich carbocycles in good yields, diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Transition state and multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis of both catalyst and substrate trends using molecular descriptors derived from designer parameter acquisition platforms, reveals attractive non-covalent interactions (NCIs) to be key selectivity determinates. These analyses demonstrate that a putative π–π interaction between the substrate proximal double bond and the catalyst aromatic group is an essential feature for high enantioselectivity. Chiral square planar gold(iii) complexes are employed as catalysts in asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions. The non-covalent interactions responsible for the enantioselectivity are revealed through multivariate linear regression analysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene P Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Mingyou Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Susumu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Banruo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Hengye Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
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31
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Cáceres-Castillo D, Mena-Rejón GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Mechanistic study of the formation of quercetine cycloadducts under microwave conditions: a theoretical approach. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1643509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cáceres-Castillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejón
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Carolina S. Castro-Segura
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
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32
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Kammeraad JA, Goetz J, Walker EA, Tewari A, Zimmerman PM. What Does the Machine Learn? Knowledge Representations of Chemical Reactivity. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1290-1301. [PMID: 32091880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a departure from conventional chemical approaches, data-driven models of chemical reactions have recently been shown to be statistically successful using machine learning. These models, however, are largely black box in character and have not provided the kind of chemical insights that historically advanced the field of chemistry. To examine the knowledgebase of machine-learning models-what does the machine learn-this article deconstructs black-box machine-learning models of a diverse chemical reaction data set. Through experimentation with chemical representations and modeling techniques, the analysis provides insights into the nature of how statistical accuracy can arise, even when the model lacks informative physical principles. By peeling back the layers of these complicated models we arrive at a minimal, chemically intuitive model (and no machine learning involved). This model is based on systematic reaction-type classification and Evans-Polanyi relationships within reaction types which are easily visualized and interpreted. Through exploring this simple model, we gain deeper understanding of the data set and uncover a means for expert interactions to improve the model's reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kammeraad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jack Goetz
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eric A Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ambuj Tewari
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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33
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Zahrt AF, Athavale SV, Denmark SE. Quantitative Structure-Selectivity Relationships in Enantioselective Catalysis: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1620-1689. [PMID: 31886649 PMCID: PMC7018559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it a surge of research related to computer-guided approaches to catalyst design. In the past two decades, chemoinformatics, the application of informatics to solve problems in chemistry, has increasingly influenced prediction of activity and mechanistic investigations of organic reactions. The advent of advanced statistical and machine learning methods, as well as dramatic increases in computational speed and memory, has contributed to this emerging field of study. This review summarizes strategies to employ quantitative structure-selectivity relationships (QSSR) in asymmetric catalytic reactions. The coverage is structured by initially introducing the basic features of these methods. Subsequent topics are discussed according to increasing complexity of molecular representations. As the most applied subfield of QSSR in enantioselective catalysis, the application of local parametrization approaches and linear free energy relationships (LFERs) along with multivariate modeling techniques is described first. This section is followed by a description of global parametrization methods, the first of which is continuous chirality measures (CCM) because it is a single parameter derived from the global structure of a molecule. Chirality codes, global, multivariate descriptors, are then introduced followed by molecular interaction fields (MIFs), a global descriptor class that typically has the highest dimensionality. To highlight the current reach of QSSR in enantioselective transformations, a comprehensive collection of examples is presented. When combined with traditional experimental approaches, chemoinformatics holds great promise to predict new catalyst structures, rationalize mechanistic behavior, and profoundly change the way chemists discover and optimize reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Soumitra V. Athavale
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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34
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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36
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Ligand Design for Asymmetric Catalysis: Combining Mechanistic and Chemoinformatics Approaches. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Jennings JJ, Wigman BW, Armstrong BM, Franz AK. NMR Quantification of the Effects of Ligands and Counterions on Lewis Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15845-15853. [PMID: 31747746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relative Lewis acidity of a variety of metal-ligand catalyst complexes is quantified using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Three 31P NMR probes, including two new bidentate binding probes, are compared on the basis of different binding modes (i.e., monodentate vs bidentate) and the relative scale of their downfield shift upon binding to Lewis acid complexes. Bidentate coordination of catalyst complexes including metal catalysts, ligands, and counterions were assessed due to their importance to asymmetric catalysis. The effect of ligands, counterions, and additives on Lewis acidity is quantified and correlated to reaction yield at an early time point as an approximation for catalytic activity/efficiency and chelation mode in two organic transformations. Binding studies were performed under catalytically relevant conditions, giving further applicability to synthesis. Insight into activation modes are revealed through this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Jennings
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Benjamin W Wigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Brittany M Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Annaliese K Franz
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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38
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Luo HY, Dong JW, Xie YY, Song XF, Zhu D, Ding T, Liu Y, Chen ZM. Lewis Base/Brønsted Acid Co-Catalyzed Asymmetric Thiolation of Alkenes with Acid-Controlled Divergent Regioselectivity. Chemistry 2019; 25:15411-15418. [PMID: 31489999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A divergent strategy for the facile preparation of various enantioenriched phenylthio-substituted lactones was developed based on Lewis base/Brønsted acid co-catalyzed thiolation of homoallylic acids. The acid-controlled regiodivergent cyclization (6-endo vs. 5-exo) and acid-mediated stereoselective rearrangement of phenylthio-substituted lactones were explored. Experimental and computational studies were performed to clarify the origins of the regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. The calculation results suggest that C-O and C-S bond formation might occur simultaneously, without formation of a commonly supposed catalyst-coordinated thiiranium ion intermediate and the potential π-π stacking between substrate and SPh as an important factor in the enantio-determining step. Finally, this methodology was applied in the rapid syntheses of the bioactive natural products (+)-ricciocarpin A and (R)-dodecan-4-olide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Feng Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Deng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tongmei Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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39
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Rothermel K, Žabka M, Hioe J, Gschwind RM. Disulfonimides versus Phosphoric Acids in Brønsted Acid Catalysis: The Effect of Weak Hydrogen Bonds and Multiple Acceptors on Complex Structures and Reactivity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13221-13231. [PMID: 31550152 PMCID: PMC6863592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Brønsted acid catalysis, hydrogen bonds play a crucial role for reactivity and selectivity. However, the contribution of weak hydrogen bonds or multiple acceptors has been unclear so far since it is extremely difficult to collect experimental evidence for weak hydrogen bonds. Here, our hydrogen bond and structural access to Brønsted acid/imine complexes was used to analyze BINOL-derived chiral disulfonimide (DSI)/imine complexes. 1H and 15N chemical shifts as well as 1JNH coupling constants revealed for DSI/imine complexes ion pairs with very weak hydrogen bonds. The high acidity of the DSIs leads to a significant weakening of the hydrogen bond as structural anchor. In addition, the five hydrogen bond acceptors of DSI allow an enormous mobility of the imine in the binary DSI complexes. Theoretical calculations predict the hydrogen bonds to oxygen to be energetically less favored; however, their considerable population is corroborated experimentally by NOE and exchange data. Furthermore, an N-alkylimine, which shows excellent reactivity and selectivity in reactions with DSI, reveals an enlarged structural space in complexes with the chiral phosphoric acid TRIP as potential explanation of its reduced reactivity and selectivity. Thus, considering factors such as flexibility and possible hydrogen bond sites is essential for catalyst development in Brønsted acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johnny Hioe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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40
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Li J, Grosslight S, Miller SJ, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Site-selective acylation of natural products with BINOL-derived phosphoric acids. ACS Catal 2019; 9:9794-9799. [PMID: 31827975 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective acylation of a steroidal natural product 19-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone catalyzed by 1,1'-Bi(2-napthol)-derived (BINOL) chiral phosphoric acids (CPA's) is described. Systematic variation and multivariate linear regression analysis reveal that the same steric parameters typically needed for high enantioselectivity with this class of CPAs are also required for site-selectivity in this case. Density functional theory calculations identify additional weak CH-π interactions as contributors to site discrimination. We further report a rare example of site-selective acylation of phenols through the evaluation of naringenin, a flavonoid natural product, using CPA catalysis. These results suggest that BINOL-derived CPA's may have broader applications in site-selective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Samantha Grosslight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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41
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Vik EC, Li P, Pellechia PJ, Shimizu KD. Transition-State Stabilization by n→π* Interactions Measured Using Molecular Rotors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16579-16583. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C. Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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42
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Rothermel K, Melikian M, Hioe J, Greindl J, Gramüller J, Žabka M, Sorgenfrei N, Hausler T, Morana F, Gschwind RM. Internal acidity scale and reactivity evaluation of chiral phosphoric acids with different 3,3'-substituents in Brønsted acid catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10025-10034. [PMID: 32015815 PMCID: PMC6977555 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR H-bond analysis reveals an offset of internal and external acidities of catalysts and allows for a detailed reactivity analysis.
The concept of hydrogen bonding for enhancing substrate binding and controlling selectivity and reactivity is central in catalysis. However, the properties of these key hydrogen bonds and their catalyst-dependent variations are extremely difficult to determine directly by experiments. Here, for the first time the hydrogen bond properties of a whole series of BINOL-derived chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalysts in their substrate complexes with various imines were investigated to derive the influence of different 3,3′-substituents on the acidity and reactivity. NMR 1H and 15N chemical shifts and 1JNH coupling constants of these hydrogen bonds were used to establish an internal acidity scale corroborated by calculations. Deviations from calculated external acidities reveal the importance of intermolecular interactions for this key feature of CPAs. For CPAs with similarly sized binding pockets, a correlation of reactivity and hydrogen bond strengths of the catalyst was found. A catalyst with a very small binding pocket showed significantly reduced reactivities. Therefore, NMR isomerization kinetics, population and chemical shift analyses of binary and ternary complexes as well as reaction kinetics were performed to address the steps of the transfer hydrogenation influencing the overall reaction rate. The results of CPAs with different 3,3′-substituents show a delicate balance between the isomerization and the ternary complex formation to be rate-determining. For CPAs with an identical acidic motif and similar sterics, reactivity and internal acidity correlated inversely. In cases where higher sterical demand within the binary complex hinders the binding of the second substrate, the correlation between acidity and reactivity breaks down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rothermel
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Maxime Melikian
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Julian Greindl
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Matej Žabka
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Nils Sorgenfrei
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Thomas Hausler
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Fabio Morana
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
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43
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Jung H, Schrader M, Kim D, Baik MH, Park Y, Chang S. Harnessing Secondary Coordination Sphere Interactions That Enable the Selective Amidation of Benzylic C–H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15356-15366. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Malte Schrader
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yoonsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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44
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Chen ZM, Liu J, Guo JY, Loch M, DeLuca RJ, Sigman MS. Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective alkenylation of alkenylbenzene derivatives. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7246-7250. [PMID: 31588293 PMCID: PMC6685350 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A regioselective and enantioselective palladium-catalyzed relay Heck alkenylation of alkenylbenzene derivatives to construct remote stereocenters is disclosed. Various β-substituted styrenes were readily obtained in moderate yields with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity. This strategy provides rapid access to enantioenriched δ, ε, ζ, and η-alkenyl aryl compounds from simple starting materials. Mechanistic studies suggest that termination of the relay reaction is controlled by affinity of the arene for the Pd complex during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Jing-Yao Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Maximillan Loch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Ryan J DeLuca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA .
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45
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Pollice R, Chen P. A Universal Quantitative Descriptor of the Dispersion Interaction Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9758-9769. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pollice
- ETH ZürichLaboratorium für Organische Chemie Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI G207/ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- ETH ZürichLaboratorium für Organische Chemie Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI G207/ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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46
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Pollice R, Chen P. A Universal Quantitative Descriptor of the Dispersion Interaction Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pollice
- ETH ZürichLaboratorium für Organische Chemie Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI G207/ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- ETH ZürichLaboratorium für Organische Chemie Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI G207/ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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47
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Ferreira MAB, De Jesus Silva J, Grosslight S, Fedorov A, Sigman MS, Copéret C. Noncovalent Interactions Drive the Efficiency of Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10788-10800. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos − UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jordan De Jesus Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Grosslight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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48
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Fang C, Fantin M, Pan X, de Fiebre K, Coote ML, Matyjaszewski K, Liu P. Mechanistically Guided Predictive Models for Ligand and Initiator Effects in Copper-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (Cu-ATRP). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7486-7497. [PMID: 30977644 PMCID: PMC6634993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (Cu-ATRP) is one of the most widely used controlled radical polymerization techniques. Notwithstanding the extensive mechanistic studies in the literature, the transition states of the activation/deactivation of the growing polymer chain, a key equilibrium in Cu-ATRP, have not been investigated computationally. Therefore, the understanding of the origin of ligand and initiator effects on the rates of activation/deactivation is still limited. Here, we present the first computational analysis of Cu-ATRP activation transition states to reveal factors that affect the rates of activation and deactivation. The Br atom transfer between the polymer chain and the Cu catalyst occurs through an unusual bent geometry that involves pronounced interactions between the polymer chain end and the ancillary ligand on the Cu catalyst. Therefore, the rates of activation/deactivation are determined by both the electronic properties of the Cu catalyst and the ligand-initiator steric repulsions. In addition, our calculations revealed the important role of ligand backbone flexibility on the activation. These theoretical analyses led to the identification of three chemically meaningful descriptors, namely HOMO energy of the catalyst ( EHOMO), percent buried volume ( Vbur%), and distortion energy of the catalyst (Δ Edist), to describe the electronic, steric, and flexibility effects on reactivity, respectively. A robust and simple predictive model for ligand effect on reactivity is thereby established by correlating these three descriptors with experimental activation rate constants using multivariate linear regression. Validation using a structurally diverse set of ligands revealed the average error is less than ±2 kcal/mol compared to the experimentally derived activation energies. The same approach was also applied to develop a predictive model for reactivity of different alkyl halide initiators using R-X bond dissociation energy (BDE) and Cu-X halogenophilicity as descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Kurt de Fiebre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, United States
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Melikian M, Gramüller J, Hioe J, Greindl J, Gschwind RM. Brønsted acid catalysis - the effect of 3,3'-substituents on the structural space and the stabilization of imine/phosphoric acid complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5226-5234. [PMID: 31191877 PMCID: PMC6540909 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BINOL derived chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) are widely known for their high selectivity. Numerous 3,3'-substituents are used for a variety of stereoselective reactions and theoretical models of their effects are provided. However, experimental data about the structural space of CPA complexes in solution is extremely rare and so far restricted to NMR investigations of binary TRIP/imine complexes featuring two E- and two Z-imine conformations. Therefore, in this paper the structural space of 16 CPA/imine binary complexes is screened and 8 of them are investigated in detail by NMR. For the first time dimers of CPA/imine complexes in solution were experimentally identified, which show an imine position similar to the transition state in transfer hydrogenations. Furthermore, our experimental and computational data revealed an astonishing invariance of the four core structures regardless of the different steric and electronic properties of the 3,3'-substituent. However, a significant variation of E/Z-ratios is observed, demonstrating a strong influence of the 3,3'-substituents on the stabilization of the imine in the complexes. These experimental E/Z-ratios cannot be reproduced by calculations commonly applied for mechanistic studies, despite extensive conformational scans and treatment of the electronic structure at a high level of theory with various implicit solvent corrections. Thus, these first detailed experimental data about the structural space and influence of the 3,3'-substituent on the energetics of CPA/imine complexes can serve as basis to validate and improve theoretical predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Melikian
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Julian Greindl
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
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Brethomé AV, Fletcher SP, Paton RS. Conformational Effects on Physical-Organic Descriptors: The Case of Sterimol Steric Parameters. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V. Brethomé
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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