1
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Motsch BJ, Quach AH, Dutton JL, Wilson DJD, Wengryniuk SE. Direct C4 and C2 C-H Amination of Heteroarenes Using I(III) Reagents via a Cross Azine Coupling. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39195724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Aminated nitrogen heterocycles are valuable motifs across numerous chemical industries, perhaps most notably in small molecule drug discovery. While numerous strategies for installing nitrogen atoms onto azaarenes exist, most require prefunctionalization and methods for direct C-H amination are almost entirely limited to position C2. Herein, we report a method for the direct C2 and C4 C-H amination of fused azaarenes via in situ activation with a bispyridine-ligated I(III) reagent, [(Py)2IPh]2OTf, or Py-HVI. Unlike commonly used N-oxide chemistry, the method requires no preoxidation of the azaarene and provides unprecedented direct access to C4 amination products. The resulting N-heterocyclic pyridinium salts can be isolated via simple trituration. The free amine can be liberated under mild Zincke aminolysis, or the amination and cleavage can be telescoped to a one-pot process. The scope of the method is broad; the conditions are mild and operationally simple, and the aminated products are produced in good to excellent yields. Computational studies provide insights into the mechanism of activation, which involves an unusual direct nucleophilic functionalization of an I(III) ligand, as well as a kinetic basis for the observed C2 and C4 amination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Motsch
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Amelia H Quach
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Jason L Dutton
- La Trobe University, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- La Trobe University, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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2
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Buravets V, Gorin O, Burtsev V, Zabelina A, Zabelin D, Kosina J, Maixner J, Svorcik V, Kolganov AA, Pidko EA, Lyutakov O. Plasmon-Mediated Organic Photoelectrochemistry Applied to Amination Reactions. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400020. [PMID: 38747893 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is currently experiencing an era of renaissance, which is closely related to the possibility of carrying out organic transformations under mild conditions, with high selectivity, high yields, and without the use of toxic solvents. Combination of organic electrochemistry with alternative approaches, such as photo-chemistry was found to have great potential due to induced synergy effects. In this work, we propose for the first time utilization of plasmon triggering of enhanced and regio-controlled organic chemical transformation performed in photoelectrochemical regime. The advantages of the proposed route is demonstrated in the model amination reaction with formation of C-N bond between pyrazole and substituted benzene derivatives. Amination was performed in photo-electrochemical mode on the surface of plasmon active Au@Pt electrode with attention focused on the impact of plasmon triggering on the reaction efficiency and regio-selectivity. The ability to enhance the reaction rate significantly and to tune products regio-selectivity is demonstrated. We also performed density functional theory calculations to inquire about the reaction mechanism and potentially explain the plasmon contribution to electrochemical reaction rate and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Buravets
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Gorin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vasilii Burtsev
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zabelina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Zabelin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kosina
- Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Central Laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander A Kolganov
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629 HZ, Netherlands
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Wen L, Tan Q, Pi C, Yuan J, Zhang J, Mi X. Visible-light-mediated C-H amidation of imidazoheterocycles with N-amidopyridiniums. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4647-4650. [PMID: 38787700 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
C-3 amidated imidazoheterocycles were synthesized via a visible light-promoted reaction of imidazoheterocycles with N-amidopyridinium salts catalyzed by 4CzIPN under mild conditions. For imidazoheterocycles and N-amidopyridinium salts with various substituents, the reaction proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. The reaction provides a new strategy for the synthesis of secondary amides with the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Qiannan Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Chao Pi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Henan Universities, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Juan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xia Mi
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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4
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Carson MC, Liu CR, Kozlowski MC. Synthesis of Phenol-Pyridinium Salts Enabled by Tandem Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexation and Iridium Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3419-3429. [PMID: 38365194 PMCID: PMC11197922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a dual photocatalytic system to synthesize phenol-pyridinium salts using visible light. Utilizing both electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex and iridium(III) photocatalytic cycles, the C-N cross-coupling of unprotected phenols and pyridines proceeds in the presence of oxygen to furnish pyridinium salts. Photocatalytic generation of phenoxyl radical cations also enabled a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of a fluorophenol with an electron-poor pyridine. Spectroscopic experiments were conducted to probe the mechanism and reaction selectivity. The unique reactivity of these phenol-pyridinium salts were displayed in several derivatization reactions, providing rapid access to a diverse chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Cindy R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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5
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He Y, Li Y, Ma X, Zhou X, Huang Y, Sun J. Aryliodonium Salt-Induced Regioselective Access to meta-Substituted Anilines by Arylation of Azoles. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38385662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A highly efficient aryliodonium salt-induced regioselective access to meta-substituted anilines by arylation of azoles has been developed under catalyst-free conditions. This efficient transformation provides a facile and scalable approach to a wide range of biologically active N-arylazoles with moderate to high yields. According to the control experiments, two plausible pathways, including a Michael pathway and a free radical coupling pathway, for the reaction were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xiangmei Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Yekai Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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6
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Rao WH, Li YG, Jiang LL, Li Q, Zou GD, Cao X. Metal-Free Selective Ortho-C-H Amidation of Hypervalent(III) Iodobezenes with N-Methoxy Amides under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13825-13837. [PMID: 37737590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free selective ortho-C-H amidation of aryl iodines(III) with the use of N-methoxy amides as aminating reagents under mild conditions is described here. In the protocol, excellent chemoselectivity and high regioselectivity were obtained. Notably, the iodine substituent rendered the amidation product suitable to be used for further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ying-Ge Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Li-Li Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Xinhua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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7
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Murtaza A, Ulhaq Z, Shirinfar B, Rani S, Aslam S, Martins GM, Ahmed N. Arenes and Heteroarenes C-H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300119. [PMID: 37255348 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single-step transformation. However, the activation of C-H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre-functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre-activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost-effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C-H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ulhaq
- Chemical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
- West Herts College, Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos - UFS Car, 13565-905, São Carlos -SP, Brazil
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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8
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Sen PP, Roy SR. Introducing Phenalenyl-Based Organic Lewis Acid as a Photocatalyst to Facilitate Oxidative Azolation of Unactivated Arenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1895-1900. [PMID: 36892632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
By revealing the robust photooxidant properties of phenalenyl-based organic Lewis acid, we have introduced this moiety as an effective organophotocatalyst for the oxidative azolation of unactivated and feedstock arenes. In addition to its tolerance for various functional groups and scalability, this photocatalyst was shown to be promising for the defluorinative azolation of fluoroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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9
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Lu YC, West JG. Chemoselective Decarboxylative Protonation Enabled by Cooperative Earth-Abundant Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213055. [PMID: 36350328 PMCID: PMC9839625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative protonation is a general deletion tactic to replace polar carboxylic acid groups with hydrogen or its isotope. Current methods rely on the pre-activation of acids, non-sustainable hydrogen sources, and/or expensive/highly oxidizing photocatalysts, presenting challenges to their wide adoption. Here we show that a cooperative iron/thiol catalyst system can readily achieve this transformation, hydrodecarboxylating a wide range of activated and unactivated carboxylic acids and overcoming scope limitations in previous direct methods. The reaction is readily scaled in batch configuration and can be directly performed in deuterated solvent to afford high yields of d-incorporated products with excellent isotope incorporation efficiency; characteristics not attainable in previous photocatalyzed approaches. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a radical mechanism and kinetic results of unactivated acids (KIE=1) are consistent with a light-limited reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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10
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Kazi I, Nandy A, Selvam R, Sekar G. Halogen Bond-Activated Visible-Light-Mediated Regioselective C-H Arylation of 2-Phenylimidazo-[1,2- a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12323-12333. [PMID: 36065525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for transition metal-free halogen bond-assisted regioselective C-H arylation of 2-phenylimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines under visible-light condition has been developed. The halogen bond between an aryl halide and base KOtBu initiates an electron transfer process and generates an aryl radical, which catalyzes its coupling with 2-phenylimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines to give arylated products in good yield. Several control experiments, density functional theory calculations, and ultraviolet-visible analysis indicate the presence of a halogen bond between an aryl halide and KOtBu. This methodology has been successfully utilized to synthesize antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Kazi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Anuradha Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Raji Selvam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Govindasamy Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
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11
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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12
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Qin J, Zhou T, Zhou TP, Tang L, Zuo H, Yu H, Wu G, Wu Y, Liao RZ, Zhong F. Catalytic Atroposelective Electrophilic Amination of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205159. [PMID: 35612900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the first catalytic atroposelective electrophilic amination of indoles, which delivers functionalized atropochiral N-sulfonyl-3-arylaminoindoles with excellent optical purity. This reaction was furnished by 1,6-nucleophilic addition to p-quinone diimines. Control experiments suggest an ionic mechanism that differs from the radical addition pathway commonly proposed for 1,6-addition to quinones. The origin of 1,6-addition selectivity was investigated through computational studies. Preliminary studies show that the obtained 3-aminoindoles atropisomers exhibit anticancer activities. This method is valuable with respect to enlarging the toolbox for atropochiral amine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Qin
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Langyu Tang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Honghua Zuo
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaibin Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
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13
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
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14
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Long H, Chen TS, Song J, Zhu S, Xu HC. Electrochemical aromatic C-H hydroxylation in continuous flow. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3945. [PMID: 35803941 PMCID: PMC9270493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydroxylation of arene C-H bonds is a highly sought-after transformation but remains an unsolved challenge due to the difficulty in efficient and regioselective C-H oxygenation and high reactivity of the phenolic products leading to overoxidation. Herein we report electrochemical C-H hydroxylation of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of phenols. The method is characterized by broad scope (compatible with arenes of diverse electronic properties), mild conditions without any catalysts or chemical oxidants, and excellent scalability as demonstrated by the continuous production of 1 mol (204 grams) of one of the phenol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, 361006, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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15
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Qin J, Zhou T, Zhou T, Tang L, Zuo H, Yu H, Wu G, Wu Y, Liao RZ, Zhong F. Catalytic Atroposelective Electrophilic Amination of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Qin
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Taiping Zhou
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Langyu Tang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Honghua Zuo
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huaibin Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Luoyu road 1037 430074 Wuhan CHINA
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16
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Ma Y, Cui L, Li M, Cao J, Zheng L, Wei Z. Product Identification and Mechanism Exploration of Organic Electrosynthesis Using on-line Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Cao YX, Zhu G, Li Y, Le Breton N, Gourlaouen C, Choua S, Boixel J, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Soulé JF. Photoinduced Arylation of Acridinium Salts: Tunable Photoredox Catalysts for C-O Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5902-5909. [PMID: 35316065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced arylation of N-substituted acridinium salts has been developed and has exhibited a high functional group tolerance (e.g., halogen, nitrile, ketone, ester, and nitro). A broad range of well-decorated C9-arylated acridinium-based catalysts with fine-tuned photophysical and photochemical properties, namely, excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials have been synthetized in a one-step procedure. These functionalized acridinium salts were later evaluated in the photoredox-catalyzed fragmentation of 1,2-diol derivatives (lignin models). Among them, 2-bromophenyl substituted N-methyl acridinium has outperformed all photoredox catalysts, including commercial Fukuzumi's catalyst, for the selective CβO-Ar bond cleavage of diol monoarylethers to afford 1,2-diols in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Cao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
| | - Gan Zhu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France.,Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nolwenn Le Breton
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class─either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization─lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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19
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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21
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Han Y, Jiang W, Zhang J, Peng J, Chen C. Visible-Light-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed C—H Amination for the Synthesis of Carbazolequinones. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Lu L, Shi R, Lei A. Single-electron transfer oxidation-induced C–H bond functionalization via photo-/electrochemistry. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Okuda Y, Fujimoto M, Akashi H, Orita A. Dephosphinylative [4 + 2] Benzannulation of Phosphinyl Ynamines: Application to the Modular Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Amines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17651-17666. [PMID: 34860520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 9-amino-10-halophenanthrenes were synthesized through a one-pot process, including dephosphinylative Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling of 2-bromobiphenyls with air-stable phosphinyl ynamines, followed by halonium-promoted [4 + 2] benzannulation of the resulting 2-(aminoethynyl)biphenyls. Nonsubstituted and methyl-substituted 2-bromobiphenyls rapidly underwent the Sonogashira-Hagihara aminoethynylation and the halogenative Friedel-Crafts benzannulation to provide the corresponding amino(halo)phenanthrenes in high yields, while electron-sufficient and -deficient substrates did slowly undergo the former and the latter to result in low yields, respectively. This protocol worked well for the syntheses of highly π-extended aminophenanthrenes and aminobenzonaphthothiophenes with different optical properties. Further application of this approach between 2,2″- and 2',5'-dibromo-p-terphenyls with phosphinyl ynamines led to the regioselective formation of 6,13-diamino-5,12-dihalo- and 5,12-diamino-6,13-dihalo-dibenz[a,h]anthracenes via dual aminoethynylation and [4 + 2] benzannulation. The obtained analogues showed different ultraviolet-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectra with different emission quantum yields in CH2Cl2 solution and the powder state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Mayo Fujimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Haruo Akashi
- Institute of Frontier Science and Technology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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24
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Buglioni L, Beslać M, Noël T. Dehydrogenative Azolation of Arenes in a Microflow Electrochemical Reactor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16195-16203. [PMID: 34455793 PMCID: PMC8609577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The electrochemical
synthesis of aryl azoles was performed for
the first time in a microflow reactor. The reaction relies on the
anodic oxidation of the arene partners making these substrates susceptible
for C–H functionalization with azoles, thus requiring no homogeneous
transition-metal-based catalysts. The synthetic protocol benefits
from the implementation of a microflow setup, leading to shorter residence
times (10 min), compared to previously reported batch systems. Various
azolated compounds (22 examples) are obtained in good to excellent
yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Beslać
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 904 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Zhou N, Zhao J, Sun C, Lai Y, Ruan Z, Feng P. Electro-Oxidative C-N Bond Formation through Azolation of Indole Derivatives: An Access to 3-Substituent-2-(Azol-1-yl)indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16059-16067. [PMID: 34520191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical protocol to synthesize 3-substituent-2-(azol-1-yl)indole derivatives has been developed via an electrochemical oxidative cross coupling process under mild conditions. This electro-oxidative C-N bond formation strategy tolerates a range of functional groups and is amenable to gram scale synthesis. Moreover, this method was applied to the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junhao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengbo Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuqin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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26
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AKKURT B. On the Biological Importance, Preparation, and Uses of Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-Based Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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27
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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28
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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29
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El Akkaoui A, Koubachi J, Guillaumet G, El Kazzouli S. Synthesis and Functionalization of Imidazo[1,2‐
b
]Pyridazine by Means of Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Akkaoui
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry (LCAM) Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi Cadi Ayyad University, Sidi Bouzid, B.P. 4162 46000 Safi Morocco
| | - Jamal Koubachi
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry (LACAPE) Faculty of Sciences Ibn Zohr University of Agadir, B.P 271 83000 Taroudant Morocco
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
- Euromed Research Centre School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed Research Centre School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
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30
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CNRS CPE-Lyon INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée LHFA UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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31
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19526-19549. [PMID: 33881207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic photocatalysts has revolutionized the field of photoredox catalysis, as it allows access to reactivities that were traditionally restricted to transition-metal photocatalysts. This Minireview reports recent developments in the use of acridinium ions and cyanoarene derivatives in organic synthesis. The activation of inert chemical bonds as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules are discussed, with a special focus on their mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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32
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Bui TT, Kim HK. Recent Advances in Photo-mediated Radiofluorination. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2155-2167. [PMID: 34189852 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fluorine bond formations have received a lot of attention because organofluorine compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials science applications. In particular, the incorporation of fluorine-18, which is a commonly used radioisotope for radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging tool for the visualization of biochemical events, human metabolism processes, and the measurement and diagnosis of diseases in humans, plays a crucial role in clinical and preclinical studies. Several synthetic methodologies for carbon-fluorine-18 bond formation have been developed. However, conventional fluorination methods have some remaining drawbacks such as the high temperature and basic environment. Photo-induced catalysis is an emerging technique that allow chemists to achieve the synthesis of target molecular architectures under mild conditions. Moreover, several radiofluorination strategies have been developed via photocatalysis. In this review, we focused on describing recent advances in the field of light-mediated radiofluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Tan Bui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, 54907, Korea
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33
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Kumar Hota S, Jinan D, Prakash Panda S, Pan R, Sahoo B, Murarka S. Organophotoredox‐Catalyzed Late‐Stage Functionalization of Heterocycles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur 342037 Karwar Rajasthan India
| | - Dilsha Jinan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Satya Prakash Panda
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur 342037 Karwar Rajasthan India
| | - Rittwika Pan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur 342037 Karwar Rajasthan India
| | - Basudev Sahoo
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur 342037 Karwar Rajasthan India
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34
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C-H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11163-11167. [PMID: 33661562 PMCID: PMC8099024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrophotocatalytic heterofunctionalization of arenes is described. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ) under a mild electrochemical potential with visible-light irradiation, arenes undergo oxidant-free hydroxylation, alkoxylation, and amination with high chemoselectivity. In addition to batch reactions, an electrophotocatalytic recirculating flow process is demonstrated, enabling the conversion of benzene to phenol on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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35
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Liu X, Wang J, Wu Z, Li F, Gao K, Peng F, Wang J, Shen R, Zhou Y, Liu L. An organophotoredox-catalyzed C(sp 2)-N cross coupling reaction of cyclic aldimines with cyclic aliphatic amines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3595-3600. [PMID: 33908576 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An organophotocatalyzed C(sp2)-H/N-H cross-dehydrogenative coupling of cyclic aldimines with aliphatic amines has been developed, which represents the first example of visible-light-induced C-H amination of N-sulfonylated imines. This methodology enables the streamline assembly of amine derivatives via radical mediated C-N bond formation. The current protocol features transition-metal-free, mild conditions, good functional group tolerance and good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Ziyan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Kexin Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Fanyang Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Junjie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Renzeng Shen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
| | - Yao Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China.
| | - Lantao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China. and Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China.
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36
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Abstract
![]()
Practical, efficient,
and general methods for the diversification
of N-heterocycles have been a recurrent goal in chemical
synthesis due to the ubiquitous influence of these motifs within bioactive
frameworks. Here, we describe a direct, catalytic, and selective functionalization
of azines via silylium activation. Our catalyst design enables mild
conditions and a remarkable functional group tolerance in a one-pot
setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Obradors
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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37
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C−H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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38
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Tanimoto K, Okai H, Oka M, Ohkado R, Iida H. Aerobic Oxidative C-H Azolation of Indoles and One-Pot Synthesis of Azolyl Thioindoles by Flavin-Iodine-Coupled Organocatalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:2084-2088. [PMID: 33656903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic oxidative cross-coupling of indoles with azoles driven by flavin-iodine-coupled organocatalysis has been developed for the green synthesis of 2-(azol-1-yl)indoles. The coupled organocatalytic system enabled the one-pot three-component synthesis of 2-azolyl-3-thioindoles from indoles, azoles, and thiols in an atom-economical manner by utilizing molecular oxygen as the only sacrificial reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Tanimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hayaki Okai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Marina Oka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Ryoma Ohkado
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
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39
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Li P, Zhang T, Mushtaq MA, Wu S, Xiang X, Yan D. Research Progress in Organic Synthesis by Means of Photoelectrocatalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:841-857. [PMID: 33656241 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of radical chemistry has spurred several innovative strategies for organic synthesis. The novel approaches for organic synthesis play a critical role in promoting and regulating the single-electron redox activity. Among them, photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) has attained considerable attention as the most promising strategy to convert organic compounds into fine chemicals. This review highlights the current progress in organic synthesis through PEC, including various catalytic reactions, catalyst systems and practical applications. The numerous catalytic reactions suffer the high overpotential and poor conversion efficiency, depending on the design of electrolyzers and the reaction mechanisms. We also considered the recent developments with special emphasis on scientific problems and efficient solutions, which enhance accessibility to utilize and further develop the photoelectrocatalytic technology for the specific chemical bonds formation and the fabrication of numerous catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Asim Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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40
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Venkateswarlu K, Rao KU. Cu(OAc)
2
‐porphyrins as an efficient catalytic system for base‐free, nature mimicking Chan–Lam coupling in water. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katta Venkateswarlu
- Laboratory for Synthetic & Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa India
| | - Kanusu Umamaheswara Rao
- Laboratory for Synthetic & Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa India
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41
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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42
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Ganley JM, Murray PRD, Knowles RR. Photocatalytic Generation of Aminium Radical Cations for C─N Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11712-11738. [PMID: 33163257 PMCID: PMC7644096 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminium radical cations have been extensively studied as electrophilic aminating species that readily participate in C─N bond forming processes with alkenes and arenes. However, their utility in synthesis has been limited, as their generation required unstable, reactive starting materials and harsh reaction conditions. Visible-light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a platform for the mild production of aminium radical cations from either unfunctionalized or N-functionalized amines. This Perspective covers recent synthetic methods that rely on the photocatalytic generation of aminium radical cations for C─N bond formation, specifically in the context of alkene hydroamination, arene C─H bond amination, and the mesolytic bond cleavage of alkoxyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Philip R D Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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43
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Wang L, White AR, Chen W, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. Direct Radiofluorination of Arene C-H Bonds via Photoredox Catalysis Using a Peroxide as the Terminal Oxidant. Org Lett 2020; 22:7971-7975. [PMID: 33000949 PMCID: PMC7774802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an organic photoredox system for direct arene C-H radiofluorination, using a peroxide oxidizing agent and LEDs as the light source. In conjunction with an optimized photocatalyst and a microtubing reactor, this system is applicable to a range of electron-rich aromatics and heteroaromatics. We also demonstrate the feasibility of C-H radiofluorination without an azeotropic drying step, which greatly simplifies the workflow of the labeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexander R. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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44
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Shi W, Zhang J, Zhao F, Wei W, Liang F, Zhang Y, Zhou S. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Unactivated Aryl Fluorides with Primary Aliphatic Amines by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:14823-14827. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Fengqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Fang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Shaolin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of, Pesticide and Green Synthesis Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials China Three Gorges University Yichang Hubei 443002 China
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45
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Pistritto VA, Schutzbach-Horton ME, Nicewicz DA. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Unactivated Fluoroarenes Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17187-17194. [PMID: 32986412 PMCID: PMC7720250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is a classical reaction with well-known reactivity toward electron-poor fluoroarenes. However, electron-neutral and electron-rich fluoro(hetero)arenes are considerably underrepresented. Herein, we present a method for the nucleophilic defluorination of unactivated fluoroarenes enabled by cation radical-accelerated nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The use of organic photoredox catalysis renders this method operationally simple under mild conditions and is amenable to various nucleophile classes, including azoles, amines, and carboxylic acids. Select fluorinated heterocycles can be functionalized using this method. In addition, the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals is also presented. Computational studies demonstrate that the site selectivity of the reaction is dictated by arene electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A Pistritto
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Megan E Schutzbach-Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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46
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Wang J, Li JH, Guo Y, Dong H, Liu Q, Yu XQ. TEMPO-Mediated C-H Amination of Benzoxazoles with N-Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12797-12803. [PMID: 32878444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The direct amination of benzoxazoles at C2 using N-heterocycles as nitrogen sources has been developed for the first time. Several kinds of inexpensive oxidants and also electricity were effective for this transformation in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl. This metal-free and operationally simple reaction can afford a variety of important C,N'-linked bis-heteocycles in moderate to good yields under very mild reaction conditions. The in situ generated oxoammonium salt was proved to be important for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Li
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yidong Guo
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Hongbo Dong
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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47
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Sun M, Wang L, Zhao L, Wang Z, Li P. Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalyzed C−N Coupling of Quinoxaline‐2(1
H
)‐ones with Azoles without External Photosensitizer. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Huaibei Normal University Huaibei Anhui 235000 P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Huaibei Normal University Huaibei Anhui 235000 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Huaibei Normal University Huaibei Anhui 235000 P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou Zhejiang 318000 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry Huaibei Normal University Huaibei Anhui 235000 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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48
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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49
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site‐Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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Ghosh S, Mondal S, Hajra A. Direct Catalytic Functionalization of Indazole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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