1
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Gobbato T, Volpato GA, Sartorel A, Bonchio M. A breath of sunshine: oxygenic photosynthesis by functional molecular architectures. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12402-12429. [PMID: 38020375 PMCID: PMC10646967 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of light into chemical energy is the game-changer enabling technology for the energetic transition to renewable and clean solar fuels. The photochemistry of interest includes the overall reductive/oxidative splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen and alternatives based on the reductive conversion of carbon dioxide or nitrogen, as primary sources of energy-rich products. Devices capable of performing such transformations are based on the integration of three sequential core functions: light absorption, photo-induced charge separation, and the photo-activated breaking/making of molecular bonds via specific catalytic routes. The key to success does not rely simply on the individual components' performance, but on their optimized integration in terms of type, number, geometry, spacing, and linkers dictating the photosynthetic architecture. Natural photosynthesis has evolved along this concept, by integrating each functional component in one specialized "body" (from the Greek word "soma") to enable the conversion of light quanta with high efficiency. Therefore, the natural "quantasome" represents the key paradigm to inspire man-made constructs for artificial photosynthesis. The case study presented in this perspective article deals with the design of artificial photosynthetic systems for water oxidation and oxygen production, engineered as molecular architectures then rendered on electrodic surfaces. Water oxidation to oxygen is indeed the pervasive oxidative reaction used by photosynthetic organisms, as the source of reducing equivalents (electrons and protons) to be delivered for the processing of high-energy products. Considering the vast and abundant supply of water (including seawater) as a renewable source on our planet, this is also a very appealing option for photosynthetic energy devices. We will showcase the progress in the last 15 years (2009-2023) in the strategies for integrating functional building blocks as molecular photosensitizers, multi-redox water oxidation catalysts and semiconductor materials, highlighting how additional components such as redox mediators, hydrophilic/hydrophobic pendants, and protective layers can impact on the overall photosynthetic performance. Emerging directions consider the modular tuning of the multi-component device, in order to target a diversity of photocatalytic oxidations, expanding the scope of the primary electron and proton sources while enhancing the added-value of the oxidation product beyond oxygen: the selective photooxidation of organics combines the green chemistry vision with renewable energy schemes and is expected to explode in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- ITM-CNR Section of Padova, INSTM Unit of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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2
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Ansón-Casaos A, Martínez-Barón C, Angoy-Benabarre S, Hernández-Ferrer J, Benito A, Maser W, Blesa M. Stability of a pyrimidine-based dye-sensitized TiO2 photoanode in sacrificial electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Jin C, Li N, Lin E, Chen X, Wang T, Wang Y, Yang M, Liu W, Yu J, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Enzyme Immobilization in Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoenzymatic Asymmetric Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - En Lin
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wansheng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiangyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Zhu Y, Liu G, Zhao R, Gao H, Li X, Sun L, Li F. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation improved by pyridine N-oxide as a mimic of tyrosine-Z in photosystem II. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4955-4961. [PMID: 35655895 PMCID: PMC9067620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis provides a way to store solar energy in chemical bonds with water oxidation as a major challenge for creating highly efficient and robust photoanodes that mimic photosystem II. We report here an easily available pyridine N-oxide (PNO) derivative as an efficient electron transfer relay between an organic light absorber and molecular water oxidation catalyst on a nanoparticle TiO2 photoanode. Spectroscopic and kinetic studies revealed that the PNO/PNO+˙ couple closely mimics the redox behavior of the tyrosine/tyrosyl radical pair in PSII in improving light-driven charge separation via multi-step electron transfer. The integrated photoanode exhibited a 1 sun current density of 3 mA cm-2 in the presence of Na2SO3 and a highly stable photocurrent density of >0.5 mA cm-2 at 0.4 V vs. NHE over a period of 1 h for water oxidation at pH 7. The performance shown here is superior to those of previously reported organic dye-based photoanodes in terms of photocurrent and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm 10044 Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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5
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Muñoz-García AB, Benesperi I, Boschloo G, Concepcion JJ, Delcamp JH, Gibson EA, Meyer GJ, Pavone M, Pettersson H, Hagfeldt A, Freitag M. Dye-sensitized solar cells strike back. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12450-12550. [PMID: 34590638 PMCID: PMC8591630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are celebrating their 30th birthday and they are attracting a wealth of research efforts aimed at unleashing their full potential. In recent years, DSCs and dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have experienced a renaissance as the best technology for several niche applications that take advantage of DSCs' unique combination of properties: at low cost, they are composed of non-toxic materials, are colorful, transparent, and very efficient in low light conditions. This review summarizes the advancements in the field over the last decade, encompassing all aspects of the DSC technology: theoretical studies, characterization techniques, materials, applications as solar cells and as drivers for the synthesis of solar fuels, and commercialization efforts from various companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Iacopo Benesperi
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- University Management and Management Council, Vice Chancellor, Uppsala University, Segerstedthuset, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Freitag
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Shen L, Zhang S, Ding H, Niu F, Chu Y, Wu W, Hu Y, Hu K, Hua J. Pure organic quinacridone dyes as dual sensitizers in tandem photoelectrochemical cells for unassisted total water splitting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5634-5637. [PMID: 33977952 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure organic dye QAP-C8 based on quinacridone (QA) with octyl side chains as the donor and pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) as the acceptor was first used in both the photoanode and the photocathode of photoelectrochemical cells. A tandem device with QAP-C8 as the photosensitizer realized overall water splitting and showed a STH of 0.11% under neutral pH conditions without an external bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luze Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Shicong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Haoran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yanmeng Chu
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1056 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1056 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jianli Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
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7
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Curiac C, Rodrigues RR, Watson J, Hunt LA, Devdass A, Jurss JW, Hammer NI, Fortenberry RC, Delcamp JH. Iron Redox Shuttles with Wide Optical Gap Dyes for High-Voltage Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3084-3096. [PMID: 34019740 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of iron polypyridyl redox shuttles were synthesized in the 2+ and 3+ oxidation states and paired with a series of wide optical gap organic dyes with weak aryl ether electron-donating groups. High voltage dye-sensitized solar cell (HV-DSC) devices were obtained through controlling the redox shuttle energetics and dye donor structure. The use of aryl ether donor groups, in place of commonly used aryl amines, allowed for the lowering of the dye ground-state oxidation potential which enabled challenging to oxidize redox shuttles based on Fe2+ polypyridyl structures to be used in functional devices. By carefully designing a dye series that varies the number of alkyl chains for TiO2 surface protection, the recombination of electrons in TiO2 to the oxidized redox shuttle could be controlled, leading to HV-DSC devices of up to 1.4 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Curiac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Roberta R Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Jonathon Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Leigh Anna Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Anthony Devdass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Jonah W Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
| | - Jared H Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS 38655, USA
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8
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Sherman BD, McMillan NK, Willinger D, Leem G. Sustainable hydrogen production from water using tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:7. [PMID: 33650039 PMCID: PMC7921270 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
If generated from water using renewable energy, hydrogen could serve as a carbon-zero, environmentally benign fuel to meet the needs of modern society. Photoelectrochemical cells integrate the absorption and conversion of solar energy and chemical catalysis for the generation of high value products. Tandem photoelectrochemical devices have demonstrated impressive solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies but have not become economically relevant due to high production cost. Dye-sensitized solar cells, those based on a monolayer of molecular dye adsorbed to a high surface area, optically transparent semiconductor electrode, offer a possible route to realizing tandem photochemical systems for H2 production by water photolysis with lower overall material and processing costs. This review addresses the design and materials important to the development of tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for solar H2 production and highlights current published reports detailing systems capable of spontaneous H2 formation from water using only dye-sensitized interfaces for light capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Nelli Klinova McMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Debora Willinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Campus Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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9
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Banin U, Waiskopf N, Hammarström L, Boschloo G, Freitag M, Johansson EMJ, Sá J, Tian H, Johnston MB, Herz LM, Milot RL, Kanatzidis MG, Ke W, Spanopoulos I, Kohlstedt KL, Schatz GC, Lewis N, Meyer T, Nozik AJ, Beard MC, Armstrong F, Megarity CF, Schmuttenmaer CA, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:042003. [PMID: 33155576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbce8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This roadmap on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion focuses on the application of nanotechnology in addressing the current challenges of energy conversion: 'high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing' to quote from the contributed article by Nathan Lewis. This roadmap focuses on solar-to-fuel conversion, solar water splitting, solar photovoltaics and bio-catalysis. It includes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells, and organic photovoltaics. Smart engineering of colloidal quantum materials and nanostructured electrodes will improve solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, as described in the articles by Waiskopf and Banin and Meyer. Semiconductor nanoparticles will also improve solar energy conversion efficiency, as discussed by Boschloo et al in their article on DSSCs. Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly in recent years, including new ideas on 2D and 3D hybrid halide perovskites, as described by Spanopoulos et al 'Next generation' solar cells using multiple exciton generation (MEG) from hot carriers, described in the article by Nozik and Beard, could lead to remarkable improvement in photovoltaic efficiency by using quantization effects in semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots, wires or wells). These challenges will not be met without simultaneous improvement in nanoscale characterization methods. Terahertz spectroscopy, discussed in the article by Milot et al is one example of a method that is overcoming the difficulties associated with nanoscale materials characterization by avoiding electrical contacts to nanoparticles, allowing characterization during device operation, and enabling characterization of a single nanoparticle. Besides experimental advances, computational science is also meeting the challenges of nanomaterials synthesis. The article by Kohlstedt and Schatz discusses the computational frameworks being used to predict structure-property relationships in materials and devices, including machine learning methods, with an emphasis on organic photovoltaics. The contribution by Megarity and Armstrong presents the 'electrochemical leaf' for improvements in electrochemistry and beyond. In addition, biohybrid approaches can take advantage of efficient and specific enzyme catalysts. These articles present the nanoscience and technology at the forefront of renewable energy development that will have significant benefits to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - N Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - L Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Freitag
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E M J Johansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - W Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - I Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - K L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - G C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - N Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Beckman Institute, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - T Meyer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - A J Nozik
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Department of Chemistry, 80309, United States of America
| | - M C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - F Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - V S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - G W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
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10
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Luo T, Huang J, Liu J. Application of Novel Calix[4]arene Metal-free Sensitizers in Dye-sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells for Water Splitting. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Singh Z, Donnarumma PR, Majewski MB. Molecular Copper(I)-Copper(II) Photosensitizer-Catalyst Photoelectrode for Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12994-12999. [PMID: 32909755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II)-based electrocatalysts for water oxidation in aqueous solution have been studied previously, but photodriving these systems still remains a challenge. In this work, a bis(diimine)copper(I)-based donor-chromophore-acceptor system is synthesized and applied as the light-harvesting component of a photoanode. This molecular assembly was integrated onto a zinc oxide nanowire surface, and upon photoexcitation, chronoamperometric studies reveal that the integrated triad can inject electrons directly into the conduction band of zinc oxide, generating oxidizing equivalents that are then transferred to a copper(II) water oxidation catalyst in aqueous solution, yielding O2 from water with a Faradaic efficiency of 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - P Rafael Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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12
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Zhu Y, Wang D, Huang Q, Du J, Sun L, Li F, Meyer TJ. Stabilization of a molecular water oxidation catalyst on a dye-sensitized photoanode by a pyridyl anchor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4610. [PMID: 32929088 PMCID: PMC7490713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the properties of water-splitting assemblies in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells is a key to the exploitation of their properties. We demonstrate here that, following surface loading of a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) chromophore on nanoparticle electrodes, addition of the molecular catalysts, Ru(bda)(L)2 (bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate) with phosphonate or pyridyl sites for water oxidation, gives surfaces with a 5:1 chromophore to catalyst ratio. Addition of the surface-bound phosphonate derivatives with L = 4-pyridyl phosphonic acid or diethyl 3-(pyridin-4-yloxy)decyl-phosphonic acid, leads to well-defined surfaces but, following oxidation to Ru(III), they undergo facile, on-surface dimerization to give surface-bound, oxo-bridged dimers. The dimers have a diminished reactivity toward water oxidation compared to related monomers in solution. By contrast, immobilization of the Ru-bda catalyst on TiO2 with the 4,4′-dipyridyl anchoring ligand can maintain the monomeric structure of catalyst and gives relatively stable photoanodes with photocurrents that reach to 1.7 mA cm−2 with an optimized, applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.5%. Understanding the properties of water-splitting assemblies in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells is a key challenge in artificial photosynthesis. Here, the authors report the importance of anchoring groups on a water oxidation catalyst in determining active species on metal oxide surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Degao Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
| | - Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden.,Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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13
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Decavoli C, Boldrini CL, Manfredi N, Abbotto A. Molecular Organic Sensitizers for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Decavoli
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Liliana Boldrini
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and INSTM Unit University of Milano‐Bicocca Via R. Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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14
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Badgurjar D, Shan B, Nayak A, Wu L, Chitta R, Meyer TJ. Electron-Withdrawing Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes As Visible Light Absorber/Sensitizers on Semiconductor Oxide Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7768-7776. [PMID: 31961645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical and photophysical properties of the phosphonate-derivatized carbazole (CBZ) and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophores in the dyes, BODIPY(CBZ)2PO3H2 (8) and BODIPY(Tol)2PO3H2 (7), are described. The oxide-bound dyes have been explored as light absorbers in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) applications. The BODIPY-CBZ phosphonate ester (6) features a broad, intense UV-visible absorption spectrum with absorptions at 297 and 650 nm that arise from mixed transitions at the CBZ and BODIPY units. Electrochemical measurements on BODIPY(CBZ)2Br (4) in 0.1 M [nBu4N][PF6] in dichloromethane, vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), reveal reversible oxidations at 1.19 and 1.41 V and a reversible reduction at -0.59 V. On indium tin oxide (ITO) and TiO2, a reversible one-electron oxidation appears for 7 at 0.86 and 0.90 V vs NHE in dichloromethane, respectively, which demonstrates the redox stability on metal oxide surfaces. The results of nanosecond transient absorption measurements on SnO2/TiO2 electrodes provide direct evidence for excited-state electron injection into the conduction band of TiO2 following 590 nm excitation. A longer lifetime for 8+ compared to 7+ is consistent with extensive intramolecular charge separation between the CBZ and BODIPY units on the surface. Photoelectrochemical studies on 8 on a SnO2/TiO2 photoanode resulted in sustained photocurrents with current maxima of ∼200 μA/cm2 with hydroquinone added as a reductant under 1 sun (AM1.5 100 mW·cm-2) illumination at pH 4.5 in 0.1 M acetate buffer and 0.4 M LiClO4. On mixed SnO2/TiO2 electrode surfaces, with the added catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy)((4,4'-(OH)2PO-CH2)2bpy)(OH2)]2+ and chromophores 7 and 8, addition of 0.1 M benzyl alcohol resulted in sustained photocurrents of 12 and 35 μA/cm2, consistent with oxidation to benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Badgurjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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15
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Zhang S, Ye H, Ding H, Yu F, Hua J. Photo-driven water splitting photoelectrochemical cells by tandem organic dye sensitized solar cells with I−/I3− as redox mediator. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Brady MD, Troian-Gautier L, Motley TC, Turlington MD, Meyer GJ. An Insulating Al 2O 3 Overlayer Prevents Lateral Hole Hopping Across Dye-Sensitized TiO 2 Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27453-27463. [PMID: 31260245 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three chromophores of the general form [Ru(bpy')2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2-2,2'-bipyridine)]2+, where bpy' is 4,4'-(C(CH3)3)2-2,2'-bipyridine (Ru(dtb)2P); 4,4'-(CH3O)2-2,2'-bipyridine (Ru(OMe)2P), and 2,2'-bipyridine (RuP) were anchored to mesoporous thin films of TiO2 nanocrystallites at saturation surface coverages to investigate lateral self-exchange RuIII/II intermolecular hole hopping in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN electrolytes. Hole hopping was initiated by a potential step 500 mV positive of the E1/2 (RuIII/II) potential or by pulsed laser (532 nm, 8 ns fwhm) excitation and monitored by visible absorption chronoabsorptometry and time-resolved absorption anisotropy measurements, respectively. The hole hopping rate constant kR extracted from the potential step data revealed self-exchange rate constants that followed the trend: TiO2|Ru(OMe)2P (ket = 1.4 × 106 s-1) > TiO2|RuP (7.1 × 105 s-1) > TiO2|Ru(dtb)2P (6.5 × 104 s-1). Analysis of the anisotropy data with Monte Carlo simulations provided hole hopping rate constants for TiO2|RuP and TiO2|Ru(dtb)2P that were within experimental error the same as that measured with the potential step. The hole hopping rate constants were found to trend with the TiO2(e-)|RuIII → TiO2|RuII charge recombination rate constants. The atomic layer deposition of an ∼10 Å layer of Al2O3 on top of the dye-sensitized films was found to prevent hole hopping by both initiation methods even though the chromophore surface coverage exceeded the percolation threshold and excited-state injection was efficient. The dramatic hole hopping turnoff was attributed to a larger outer-sphere reorganization energy for self-exchange due to the restricted access of electrolyte to the redox active chromophores. The implications of these findings for solar energy conversion applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Brady
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Tyler C Motley
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Michael D Turlington
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
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17
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Zhang B, Sun L. Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2216-2264. [PMID: 30895997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. This review summarizes the development history of molecular-catalyst-based AP, including the fundamentals of AP, molecular catalysts for water oxidation, proton reduction and CO2 reduction, and molecular-catalyst-based AP devices, and it provides an analysis of the advantages, challenges, and stability of molecular catalysts. With this review, we aim to highlight the following points: (i) an investigation on molecular catalysis is one of the most promising ways to obtain atom-efficient catalysts with outstanding intrinsic activities; (ii) effective heterogenization of molecular catalysts is currently the primary challenge for the application of molecular catalysis in AP devices; (iii) development of molecular catalysts is a promising way to solve the problems of catalysis involved in practical solar fuel production. In molecular-catalysis-based AP, much has been attained, but more challenges remain with regard to long-term stability and heterogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Recent advances in photoinduced catalysis for water splitting and environmental applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Zhang B, Sun L. Ru-bda: Unique Molecular Water-Oxidation Catalysts with Distortion Induced Open Site and Negatively Charged Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5565-5580. [PMID: 30889353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A water-oxidation catalyst with high intrinsic activity is the foundation for developing any type of water-splitting device. To celebrate its 10 years anniversary, in this Perspective we focus on the state-of-the-art molecular water-oxidation catalysts (MWOCs), the Ru-bda series (bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate), to offer strategies for the design and synthesis of more advanced MWOCs. The O-O bond formation mechanisms, derivatives, applications, and reasons behind the outstanding catalytic activities of Ru-bda catalysts are summarized and discussed. The excellent performance of the Ru-bda catalyst is owing to its unique structural features: the distortion induced 7-coordination and the carboxylate ligands with coordination flexibility, proton-transfer function as well as small steric hindrance. Inspired by the Ru-bda catalysts, we emphasize that the introduction of negatively charged groups, such as the carboxylate group, into ligands is an effective strategy to lower the onset potential of MWOCs. Moreover, distortion of the regular configuration of a transition metal complex by ligand design to generate a wide open site as the catalytic site for binding the substrate as an extra-coordination is proposed as a new concept for the design of efficient molecular catalysts. These inspirations can be expected to play a great role in not only water-oxidation catalysis but also other small molecule activation and conversion reactions involving artificial photosynthesis, such as CO2 reduction and N2 fixation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT) , 116024 Dalian , China
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20
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Wu L, Brennaman MK, Nayak A, Eberhart M, Miller AJM, Meyer TJ. Stabilization of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Chromophores on Mesoporous TiO 2 Electrodes: Surface Reductive Electropolymerization and Silane Chemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:506-514. [PMID: 30937378 PMCID: PMC6439529 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization is a critical issue in the long term operation of dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) for water splitting or CO2 reduction. The cells require a stable binding of the robust molecular chromophores, catalysts, and chromophore/catalyst assemblies on metal oxide semiconductor electrodes under the corresponding (photoelectro)chemical conditions. Here, an efficient stabilization strategy is presented based on functionalization of FTO|nanoTiO2 (mesoporous, nanostructured TiO2 deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass) electrodes with a vinylsilane followed by surface reductive electropolymerization of a vinyl-derivatized Ru(II) polypyridyl chromophore. The surface electropolymerization was dominated by a grafting-through mechanism, and rapidly completed within minutes. Chromophore surface coverages were controlled up to three equivalent monolayers by the number of electropolymerization cycles. The silane immobilization and cross-linked polymer network produced highly (photo)stabilized chromophore-grafted FTO|nanoTiO2 electrodes. The electrodes showed significant improvements over structures based on atomic layer deposition and polymer dip-coating stabilization methods in a wide pH range from pH ≈ 1 to pH ≈ 12.5 under both dark and light conditions. Under illumination, with hydroquinone added as a sacrificial electron transfer donor, a photoresponse for sustained electron transfer mediation occurred for at least ∼20 h in a pH ≈ 7.5 phosphate buffer (0.1 M NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4, with 0.5 M NaClO4). The overall procedure provides an efficient way to fabricate highly stabilized molecular assemblies on electrode surfaces with potential applications for DSPECs in solar fuels.
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21
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Roy I, Samanta A, Stoddart JF, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Choosing sides: unusual ultrafast charge transfer pathways in an asymmetric electron-accepting cyclophane that binds an electron donor. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4282-4292. [PMID: 31057755 PMCID: PMC6471873 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-driven electron transfer is faster from an electron donor guest to the harder to reduce acceptor in an asymmetric cyclophane host.
Constructing functional molecular systems for solar energy conversion and quantum information science requires a fundamental understanding of electron transfer in donor–bridge–acceptor (D–B–A) systems as well as competitive reaction pathways in acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) and acceptor–donor–acceptor′ (A–D–A′) systems. Herein we present a supramolecular complex comprising a tetracationic cyclophane having both phenyl-extended viologen (ExV2+) and dipyridylthiazolothiazole (TTz2+) electron acceptors doubly-linked by means of two p-xylylene linkers (TTzExVBox4+), which readily incorporates a perylene (Per) guest in its cavity (Per ⊂ TTzExVBox4+) to establish an A–D–A′ system, in which the ExV2+ and TTz2+ units serve as competing electron acceptors with different reduction potentials. Photoexcitation of the Per guest yields both TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ and TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ in <1 ps, while back electron transfer in TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ proceeds via the unusual sequence TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ → TTz2+–Per–ExV2+. In addition, selective chemical reduction of TTz2+ gives Per ⊂ TTzExVBox3+˙, turning the complex into a D–B–A system in which photoexcitation of TTz+˙ results in the reaction sequence 2*TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+ → TTz2+–Per–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+. Both reactions TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ and TTz2+–Per–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+ occur with a (16 ± 1 ps)–1 rate constant irrespective of whether the bridge molecule is Per+˙ or Per. These results are explained using the superexchange mechanism in which the ionic states of the perylene guest serve as virtual states in each case and demonstrate a novel supramolecular platform for studying the effects of bridge energetics within D–B–A systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ;
| | - Avik Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ;
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China.,School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
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22
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Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Wang J. A Full-Spectrum Metal-Free Porphyrin Supramolecular Photocatalyst for Dual Functions of Highly Efficient Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806626. [PMID: 30589130 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A full-spectrum (300-700 nm) responsive porphyrin supramolecular photocatalyst with a theoretical solar spectrum efficiency of 44.4% is successfully constructed. For the first time, hydrogen and oxygen evolution (40.8 and 36.1 µmol g-1 h-1 ) is demonstrated by a porphyrin photocatalyst without the addition of any cocatalysts. The strong oxidizing performance also presents an efficient photodegradation activity that is more than ten times higher than that of g-C3 N4 for the photodegradation of phenol. The high photocatalytic reduction and oxidation activity arises from a strong built-in electric field due to molecular dipoles of electron-trapping groups and the nanocrystalline structure of the supramolecular photocatalyst. The appropriate band structure of the supramolecular photocatalyst adjusted via the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of the porphyrin gives rise to thermodynamic driving potential for H2 and O2 evolution under visible light irradiation. Controlling the energy band structure of photocatalysts via the ordered assembly of structure-designed organic molecules could provide a novel approach for the design of organic photocatalysts in energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yongfa Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Anhui Provincical Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Xianjie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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23
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Wu L, Eberhart M, Shan B, Nayak A, Brennaman MK, Miller AJM, Shao J, Meyer TJ. Stable Molecular Surface Modification of Nanostructured, Mesoporous Metal Oxide Photoanodes by Silane and Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4560-4567. [PMID: 30608131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Binding functional molecules to nanostructured mesoporous metal oxide surfaces provides a way to derivatize metal oxide semiconductors for applications in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). The commonly used anchoring groups, phosphonates and carboxylates, are unstable as surface links to oxide surfaces at neutral and high pH, leading to rapid desorption of appended molecules. A synthetically versatile molecular attachment strategy based on initial surface modification with a silyl azide followed by click chemistry is described here. It has been used for the stable installation of surface-bound metal complexes. The resulting surfaces are highly stabilized toward complex loss with excellent thermal, photochemical, and electrochemical stabilities. The procedure involves binding 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) to nanostructured mesoporous TiO2 or tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes by silane attachment followed by azide-terminated, Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with an alkyne-derivatized ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex. The chromophore-modified electrodes display enhanced photochemical and electrochemical stabilities compared to phosphonate surface binding with extended photoelectrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone for more than ∼6 h with no significant decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518000 , China
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Michael Eberhart
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - M Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Jing Shao
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518000 , China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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24
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Katsoukis G, Frei H. Ultrathin oxide layers for nanoscale integration of molecular light absorbers, catalysts, and complete artificial photosystems. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5052453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Katsoukis
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heinz Frei
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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25
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Liu Q, Wang D, Shan B, Sherman BD, Marquard SL, Eberhart MS, Liu M, Li C, Meyer TJ. Light-driven water oxidation by a dye-sensitized photoanode with a chromophore/catalyst assembly on a mesoporous double-shell electrode. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041727. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5048780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Degao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Seth L. Marquard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Michael S. Eberhart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Meichuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzou University, Henan 4500001, China
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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26
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Wu L, Eberhart M, Nayak A, Brennaman MK, Shan B, Meyer TJ. A Molecular Silane-Derivatized Ru(II) Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15062-15069. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael Eberhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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27
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Cho I, Koshika M, Wagner P, Koumura N, Innis PC, Mori S, Mozer AJ. Exploiting Intermolecular Interactions between Alkyl-Functionalized Redox-Active Molecule Pairs to Enhance Interfacial Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13935-13944. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Cho
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Mizuho Koshika
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology and Centre for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 203-8565, Japan
| | - Peter C. Innis
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shogo Mori
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology and Centre for Energy and Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Attila J. Mozer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Matias TA, Parussulo AL, Benavides PA, Guimarães RR, Dourado AH, Nakamura M, de Torresi SIC, Bertotti M, Araki K. Polymeric binuclear ruthenium complex as efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Interfacial design of new generation of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for water oxidation. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stabilized photoanodes for water oxidation by integration of organic dyes, water oxidation catalysts, and electron-transfer mediators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8523-8528. [PMID: 30082396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802903115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilized photoanodes for light-driven water oxidation have been prepared on nanoparticle core/shell electrodes with surface-stabilized donor-acceptor chromophores, a water oxidation catalyst, and an electron-transfer mediator. For the electrode, fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO|SnO2/TiO2|-Org1-|1.1 nm Al2O3|-RuP2+-WOC (water oxidation catalyst) with Org1 (1-cyano-2-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)vinyl)phosphonic acid), the mediator RuP2+ ([Ru(4,4-(PO3H2)2-2,2-bipyridine)(2,2-bipyridine)2]2+), and the WOC, Ru(bda)(py(CH2)(3or10)P(O3H)2)2 (bda is 2,2-bipyridine-6,6-dicarboxylate with x = 3 or 10), solar excitation resulted in photocurrents of ∼500 µA/cm2 and quantitative O2 evolution at pH 4.65. Related results were obtained for other Ru(II) polypyridyl mediators. For the organic dye PP (5-(4-(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl)-10,15,20-Tris(mesityl)porphyrin), solar water oxidation occurred with a driving force near 0 V.
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Eberhart MS, Bowers LMR, Shan B, Troian-Gautier L, Brennaman MK, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Completing a Charge Transport Chain for Artificial Photosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9823-9826. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Eberhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leah M. Rader Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Kaeffer N, Windle CD, Brisse R, Gablin C, Leonard D, Jousselme B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M, Artero V. Insights into the mechanism and aging of a noble-metal free H 2-evolving dye-sensitized photocathode. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6721-6738. [PMID: 30310606 PMCID: PMC6115630 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00899j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-grafting of a cobalt diimine–dioxime catalyst and push–pull organic dye on NiO yields a photocathode evolving hydrogen from aqueous solution under sunlight, with equivalent performances compared to a dyad-based architecture using similar components.
Dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells (DS-PECs) form an emerging technology for the large-scale storage of solar energy in the form of (solar) fuels because of the low cost and ease of processing of their constitutive photoelectrode materials. Preparing such molecular photocathodes requires a well-controlled co-immobilization of molecular dyes and catalysts onto transparent semiconducting materials. Here we used a series of surface analysis techniques to describe the molecular assembly of a push–pull organic dye and a cobalt diimine–dioxime catalyst co-grafted on a p-type NiO electrode substrate. (Photo)electrochemical measurements allowed characterization of electron transfer processes within such an assembly and to demonstrate for the first time that a CoI species is formed as the entry into the light-driven H2 evolution mechanism of a dye-sensitized photocathode. This co-grafted noble-metal free H2-evolving photocathode architecture displays similar performances to its covalent dye–catalyst counterpart based on the same catalytic moiety. Post-operando time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of these photoelectrodes after extensive photoelectrochemical operation suggested decomposition pathways of the dye and triazole linkage used to graft the catalyst onto NiO, providing grounds for the design of optimized molecular DS-PEC components with increased robustness upon turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kaeffer
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS UMR 5249, CEA , 17 rue des Martyrs , F-38054 Grenoble , Cedex , France . ; http://www.solhycat.com
| | - Christopher D Windle
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS UMR 5249, CEA , 17 rue des Martyrs , F-38054 Grenoble , Cedex , France . ; http://www.solhycat.com
| | - Romain Brisse
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN) , NIMBE , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , Cedex , France
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon , CNRS , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , ENS de Lyon , Institut des Sciences Analytiques , UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua , F-69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Didier Leonard
- Univ Lyon , CNRS , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , ENS de Lyon , Institut des Sciences Analytiques , UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua , F-69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN) , NIMBE , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , Cedex , France
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS UMR 5249, CEA , 17 rue des Martyrs , F-38054 Grenoble , Cedex , France . ; http://www.solhycat.com
| | - Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS UMR 5249, CEA , 17 rue des Martyrs , F-38054 Grenoble , Cedex , France . ; http://www.solhycat.com
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Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical water oxidation through a buried junction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6946-6951. [PMID: 29915092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804728115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water oxidation has long been a challenge in artificial photosynthetic devices that convert solar energy into fuels. Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs) provide a modular approach for integrating light-harvesting molecules with water-oxidation catalysts on metal-oxide electrodes. Despite recent progress in improving the efficiency of these devices by introducing good molecular water-oxidation catalysts, WS-DSPECs have poor stability, owing to the oxidation of molecular components at very positive electrode potentials. Here we demonstrate that a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (ss-DSSC) can be used as a buried junction for stable photoelectrochemical water splitting. A thin protecting layer of TiO2 grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) stabilizes the operation of the photoanode in aqueous solution, although as a solar cell there is a performance loss due to increased series resistance after the coating. With an electrodeposited iridium oxide layer, a photocurrent density of 1.43 mA cm-2 was observed in 0.1 M pH 6.7 phosphate solution at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, with good stability over 1 h. We measured an incident photon-to-current efficiency of 22% at 540 nm and a Faradaic efficiency of 43% for oxygen evolution. While the potential profile of the catalyst layer suggested otherwise, we confirmed the formation of a buried junction in the as-prepared photoelectrode. The buried junction design of ss-DSSs adds to our understanding of semiconductor-electrocatalyst junction behaviors in the presence of a poor semiconducting material.
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Troian-Gautier L, DiMarco BN, Sampaio RN, Marquard SL, Meyer GJ. Evidence that ΔS‡ Controls Interfacial Electron Transfer Dynamics from Anatase TiO2 to Molecular Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3019-3029. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian N. DiMarco
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Seth L. Marquard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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