1
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Chen X, Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Maity P, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Fedin MV. Efficient Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Bodipy-Perylenebisimide Compact Dyads and Triads. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302137. [PMID: 37553294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy (BDP)-perylenebisimide (PBI) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). For BDP-PBI-3, in which BDP was attached at the imide position of PBI, higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ =85 %) was observed than the bay-substituted derivative BDP-PBI-1 (ΦΔ =30 %). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate slow Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET; 40.4 ps) and charge separation (CS; 1.55 ns) in BDP-PBI-3, while for BDP-PBI-1, CS takes 2.8 ps. For triad BDP-PBI-2, ultrafast FRET (149 fs) and CS (4.7 ps) process were observed, the subsequent charge recombination (CR) takes 5.8 ns and long-lived 3 PBI* (179.8 μs) state is populated. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of BDP-PBI-3 show that the CR gives upper triplet excited state (3 BDP*) and subsequently, via a slow intramolecular triplet energy transfer (14.5 μs), the 3 PBI* state is finally populated, indicating that upper triplet state is involved in SOCT-ISC. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that both radical pair ISC (RP ISC) and SOCT-ISC contribute to the ISC. A rare electron spin polarization of (e, e, e, e, e, e) was observed for the triplet state formed via the RP ISC mechanism, due to the S-T+1 /T0 states mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Raulerson EK, Cadena DM, Jabed MA, Wight CD, Lee I, Wagner HR, Brewster JT, Iverson BL, Kilina S, Roberts ST. Using Spectator Ligands to Enhance Nanocrystal-to-Molecule Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1416-1423. [PMID: 35119280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts. However, NCs are often functionalized with complex ligand shells that contain not only charge acceptors but also other "spectator ligands" that control NC solubility and affinity for target reactants. Here, we show that spectator ligands are not passive observers of photoinduced charge transfer but rather play an active role in this process. We find the rate of electron transfer from quantum-confined PbS NCs to perylenediimide acceptors can be varied by over a factor of 4 simply by coordinating cinnamate ligands with distinct dipole moments to NC surfaces. Theoretical calculations indicate this rate variation stems from both ligand-induced changes in the free energy for charge transfer and electrostatic interactions that alter perylenediimide electron acceptor orientation on NC surfaces. Our work shows NC-to-molecule charge transfer can be fine-tuned through ligand shell design, giving researchers an additional handle for enhancing NC photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Raulerson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Danielle M Cadena
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mohammed A Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Christopher D Wight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Holden R Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James T Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brent L Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Dynamics and Control of Materials, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Koenig JDB, Piers WE, Welch GC. Promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction through facile electronic modification of N-annulated perylene diimide rhenium bipyridine dyads. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1049-1059. [PMID: 35211271 PMCID: PMC8790914 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of CO2 conversion catalysts has become paramount in the effort to close the carbon loop. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance for a series of N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) tethered Re(bpy) supramolecular dyads [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R)], where R = –H, –Br, –CN, –NO2, –OPh, –NH2, or pyrrolidine (–NR2). The optoelectronic properties of these Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R) dyads were heavily influenced by the nature of the R-group, resulting in significant differences in photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Although some R-groups (i.e. –Br and –OPh) did not influence the performance of CO2 photocatalysis (relative to –H; TONco ∼60), the use of an electron-withdrawing –CN was found to completely deactivate the catalyst (TONco < 1) while the use of an electron-donating –NH2 improved CO2 photocatalysis four-fold (TONco = 234). Despite being the strongest EWG, the –NO2 derivative exhibited good photocatalytic CO2 reduction abilities (TONco = 137). Using a combination of CV and UV-vis-nIR SEC, it was elucidated that the –NO2 derivative undergoes an in situ transformation to –NH2 under reducing conditions, thereby generating a more active catalyst that would account for the unexpected activity. A photocatalytic CO2 mechanism was proposed for these Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R) dyads (based on molecular orbital descriptions), where it is rationalized that the photoexcitation pathway, as well as the electronic driving-force for NPDI2− to Re(bpy) electron-transfer both significantly influence photocatalytic CO2 reduction. These results help provide rational design principles for the future development of related supramolecular dyads. Seven N-annulated perylene diimide tethered rhenium (2,2′-bipyridine) supramolecular dyads are evaluated as photocatalysts for the reduction for carbon dioxide, highlighting the importance of photoexcitation pathway and electronic driving-force.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D. B. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Warren E. Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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4
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Koenig JDB, Dubrawski ZS, Rao KR, Willkomm J, Gelfand BS, Risko C, Piers WE, Welch GC. Lowering Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Overpotential Using N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Rhenium Bipyridine Dyads with Variable Tether Length. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16849-16864. [PMID: 34597040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and characterization of four N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) functionalized rhenium bipyridine [Re(bpy)] supramolecular dyads. The Re(bpy) scaffold was connected to the NPDI chromophore either directly [Re(py-C0-NPDI)] or via an ethyl [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI)], butyl [Re(bpy-C4-NPDI)], or hexyl [Re(bpy-C6-NPDI)] alkyl-chain spacer. Upon electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2 and a proton source, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all exhibited significant current enhancement effects, while Re(py-C0-NPDI) did not. During controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments at Eappl = -1.8 V vs Fc+/0, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all achieved comparable activity (TONco ∼ 25) and Faradaic efficiency (FEco ∼ 94%). Under identical CPE conditions, the standard catalyst Re(dmbpy) was inactive for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction; only at Eappl = -2.1 V vs Fc+/0 could Re(dmbpy) achieve the same catalytic performance, representing a 300 mV lowering in overpotential for Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI). At higher overpotentials, Re(bpy-C4/6-NPDI) both outperformed Re(bpy-C2-NPDI), indicating the possibility of coinciding electrocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanisms that are dictated by tether-length and overpotential. Using UV-vis-nearIR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), FTIR SEC, and chemical reduction experiments, it was shown that the NPDI-moiety served as an electron-reservoir for Re(bpy), thereby allowing catalytic activity at lower overpotentials. Density functional theory studies probing the optimized geometries and frontier molecular orbitals of various catalytic intermediates revealed that the geometric configuration of NPDI relative to the Re(bpy)-moiety plays a critical role in accessing electrons from the electron-reservoir. The improved performance of Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI)dyads at lower overpotentials, relative to Re(dmbpy), highlights the utility of chromophore electron-reservoirs as a method for lowering the overpotential for CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D B Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary S Dubrawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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5
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Sarkar R, Kar M, Habib M, Zhou G, Frauenheim T, Sarkar P, Pal S, Prezhdo OV. Common Defects Accelerate Charge Separation and Reduce Recombination in CNT/Molecule Composites: Atomistic Quantum Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6649-6656. [PMID: 33896175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are appealing candidates for solar and optoelectronic applications. Traditionally used as electron sinks, CNTs can also perform as electron donors, as exemplified by coupling with perylenediimide (PDI). To achieve high efficiencies, electron transfer (ET) should be fast, while subsequent charge recombination should be slow. Typically, defects are considered detrimental to material performance because they accelerate charge and energy losses. We demonstrate that, surprisingly, common CNT defects improve rather than deteriorate the performance. CNTs and other low dimensional materials accommodate moderate defects without creating deep traps. At the same time, charge redistribution caused by CNT defects creates an additional electrostatic potential that increases the CNT work function and lowers CNT energy levels relative to those of the acceptor species. Hence, the energy gap for the ET is decreased, while the gap for the charge recombination is increased. The effect is particularly important because charge acceptors tend to bind near defects due to enhanced chemical interactions. The time-domain simulation of the excited-state dynamics provides an atomistic picture of the observed phenomenon and characterizes in detail the electronic states, vibrational motions, inelastic and elastic electron-phonon interactions, and time scales of the charge separation and recombination processes. The findings should apply generally to low-dimensional materials, because they dissipate defect strain better than bulk semiconductors. Our calculations reveal that CNT performance is robust to common defects and that moderate defects are essential rather than detrimental for CNT application in energy, electronics, and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritabrata Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Moumita Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Md Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Guoqing Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany.,Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute (CSAR), Shenzhen 518110, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pranab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Sougata Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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6
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Zhang X, Hou Y, Xiao X, Chen X, Hu M, Geng X, Wang Z, Zhao J. Recent development of the transition metal complexes showing strong absorption of visible light and long-lived triplet excited state: From molecular structure design to photophysical properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Taylor MG, Yang T, Lin S, Nandy A, Janet JP, Duan C, Kulik HJ. Seeing Is Believing: Experimental Spin States from Machine Learning Model Structure Predictions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3286-3299. [PMID: 32223165 PMCID: PMC7311053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Determination of ground-state spins
of open-shell transition-metal
complexes is critical to understanding catalytic and materials properties
but also challenging with approximate electronic structure methods.
As an alternative approach, we demonstrate how structure alone can
be used to guide assignment of ground-state spin from experimentally
determined crystal structures of transition-metal complexes. We first
identify the limits of distance-based heuristics from distributions
of metal–ligand bond lengths of over 2000 unique mononuclear
Fe(II)/Fe(III) transition-metal complexes. To overcome these limits,
we employ artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict spin-state-dependent
metal–ligand bond lengths and classify experimental ground-state
spins based on agreement of experimental structures with the ANN predictions.
Although the ANN is trained on hybrid density functional theory data,
we exploit the method-insensitivity of geometric properties to enable
assignment of ground states for the majority (ca. 80–90%) of
structures. We demonstrate the utility of the ANN by data-mining the
literature for spin-crossover (SCO) complexes, which have experimentally
observed temperature-dependent geometric structure changes, by correctly
assigning almost all (>95%) spin states in the 46 Fe(II) SCO complex
set. This approach represents a promising complement to more conventional
energy-based spin-state assignment from electronic structure theory
at the low cost of a machine learning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Taylor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tzuhsiung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sean Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jon Paul Janet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Nandy A, Chu DBK, Harper DR, Duan C, Arunachalam N, Cytter Y, Kulik HJ. Large-scale comparison of 3d and 4d transition metal complexes illuminates the reduced effect of exchange on second-row spin-state energetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19326-19341. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The origin of distinct 3d vs. 4d transition metal complex sensitivity to exchange is explored over a large data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Daniel B. K. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Daniel R. Harper
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Naveen Arunachalam
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Yael Cytter
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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9
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Shan B, Brennaman MK, Troian-Gautier L, Liu Y, Nayak A, Klug CM, Li TT, Bullock RM, Meyer TJ. A Silicon-Based Heterojunction Integrated with a Molecular Excited State in a Water-Splitting Tandem Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10390-10398. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yanming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christina M. Klug
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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10
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Roy I, Samanta A, Stoddart JF, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Choosing sides: unusual ultrafast charge transfer pathways in an asymmetric electron-accepting cyclophane that binds an electron donor. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4282-4292. [PMID: 31057755 PMCID: PMC6471873 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05514a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-driven electron transfer is faster from an electron donor guest to the harder to reduce acceptor in an asymmetric cyclophane host.
Constructing functional molecular systems for solar energy conversion and quantum information science requires a fundamental understanding of electron transfer in donor–bridge–acceptor (D–B–A) systems as well as competitive reaction pathways in acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) and acceptor–donor–acceptor′ (A–D–A′) systems. Herein we present a supramolecular complex comprising a tetracationic cyclophane having both phenyl-extended viologen (ExV2+) and dipyridylthiazolothiazole (TTz2+) electron acceptors doubly-linked by means of two p-xylylene linkers (TTzExVBox4+), which readily incorporates a perylene (Per) guest in its cavity (Per ⊂ TTzExVBox4+) to establish an A–D–A′ system, in which the ExV2+ and TTz2+ units serve as competing electron acceptors with different reduction potentials. Photoexcitation of the Per guest yields both TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ and TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ in <1 ps, while back electron transfer in TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ proceeds via the unusual sequence TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ → TTz2+–Per–ExV2+. In addition, selective chemical reduction of TTz2+ gives Per ⊂ TTzExVBox3+˙, turning the complex into a D–B–A system in which photoexcitation of TTz+˙ results in the reaction sequence 2*TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+ → TTz2+–Per–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+. Both reactions TTz2+–Per+˙–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per+˙–ExV2+ and TTz2+–Per–ExV+˙ → TTz+˙–Per–ExV2+ occur with a (16 ± 1 ps)–1 rate constant irrespective of whether the bridge molecule is Per+˙ or Per. These results are explained using the superexchange mechanism in which the ionic states of the perylene guest serve as virtual states in each case and demonstrate a novel supramolecular platform for studying the effects of bridge energetics within D–B–A systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ;
| | - Avik Samanta
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ;
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China.,School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA . ; .,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , USA
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11
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Martinez JF, La Porte NT, Wasielewski MR. Electron transfer from photoexcited naphthalene-1,4:5,8-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion to Mn(bpy)(CO)3X and Re(bpy)(CO)3X CO2 reduction catalysts linked via a saturated methylene bridge. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Chen P, Blaney L, Cagnetta G, Huang J, Wang B, Wang Y, Deng S, Yu G. Degradation of Ofloxacin by Perylene Diimide Supramolecular Nanofiber Sunlight-Driven Photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1564-1575. [PMID: 30604606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a promising sunlight-driven photocatalyst for the treatment of ofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antibiotics in water and wastewater. Perylene diimide (PDI) supramolecular nanofibers, which absorb a broad spectrum of sunlight, were prepared via a facile acidification polymerization protocol. Under natural sunlight, the PDI photocatalysts achieved rapid treatment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. The fastest degradation was observed for ofloxacin, which had a half-life of 2.08 min for the investigated conditions. Various light sources emitting in the UV-vis spectrum were tested, and blue light was found to exhibit the fastest ofloxacin transformation kinetics due to the strong absorption by the PDI catalyst. Reactive species, namely, h+, 1O2, and O2•-, comprised the primary photocatalytic mechanisms for ofloxacin degradation. Frontier electron density calculations and mass spectrometry were used to verify the major degradation pathways of ofloxacin by the PDI-sunlight photocatalytic system and identify the transformation products of ofloxacin, respectively. Degradation mainly occurred through demethylation at the piperazine ring, ketone formation at the morpholine moiety, and aldehyde reaction at the piperazinyl group. An overall mechanism was proposed for ofloxacin degradation in the PDI-sunlight photocatalytic system, and the effects of water quality constituents were examined to determine performance in real water/wastewater systems. Ultimately, the aggregate results from this study highlight the suitability of the PDI-sunlight photocatalytic system to treat antibiotics in real water and wastewater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lee Blaney
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314 , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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Christensen JA, Phelan BT, Chaudhuri S, Acharya A, Batista VS, Wasielewski MR. Phenothiazine Radical Cation Excited States as Super-oxidants for Energy-Demanding Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5290-5299. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Atanu Acharya
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Gong HX, Cao Z, Li MH, Liao SH, Lin MJ. Photoexcited perylene diimide radical anions for the reduction of aryl halides: a bay-substituent effect. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcited perylene diimide radical anions exhibit remarkable substituent-dependent photocatalytic activities towards the reduction of aryl halides, which are mainly controlled by their excited-state reduction potentials and SOMO−1 energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Zhu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Sai-Hu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
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