1
|
Parsons LWT, Berben LA. Metallated dihydropyridinates: prospects in hydride transfer and (electro)catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8234-8248. [PMID: 37564402 PMCID: PMC10411630 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydride transfer (HT) is a fundamental step in a wide range of reaction pathways, including those mediated by dihydropyridinates (DHP-s). Coordination of ions directly to the pyridine ring or functional groups stemming therefrom, provides a powerful approach for influencing the electronic structure and in turn HT chemistry. Much of the work in this area is inspired by the chemistry of bioinorganic systems including NADH. Coordination of metal ions to pyridines lowers the electron density in the pyridine ring and lowers the reduction potential: lower-energy reactions and enhanced selectivity are two outcomes from these modifications. Herein, we discuss approaches for the preparation of DHP-metal complexes and selected examples of their reactivity. We suggest further areas in which these metallated DHP-s could be developed and applied in synthesis and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo W T Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daumann LJ, Pol A, Op den Camp HJM, Martinez-Gomez NC. A perspective on the role of lanthanides in biology: Discovery, open questions and possible applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2022; 81:1-24. [PMID: 36167440 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of their use in high technologies like computers, smartphones and renewable energy applications, lanthanides (belonging to the group of rare earth elements) are essential for our daily lives. A range of applications in medicine and biochemical research made use of their photo-physical properties. The discovery of a biological role for lanthanides has boosted research in this new field. Several methanotrophs and methylotrophs are strictly dependent on the presence of lanthanides in the growth medium while others show a regulatory response. After the first demonstration of a lanthanide in the active site of the XoxF-type pyrroloquinoline quinone methanol dehydrogenases, follow-up studies showed the same for other pyrroloquinoline quinone-containing enzymes. In addition, research focused on the effect of lanthanides on regulation of gene expression and uptake mechanism into bacterial cells. This review briefly describes the discovery of the role of lanthanides in biology and focuses on open questions in biological lanthanide research and possible application of lanthanide-containing bacteria and enzymes in recovery of these special elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Daumann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology, RIBES, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, RIBES, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - N Cecilia Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baek J, Si T, Kim HY, Oh K. Bioinspired o-Naphthoquinone-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4982-4986. [PMID: 35796666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A biomimetic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-like oxidation protocol was developed using an ortho-naphthoquinone catalyst in the presence of a catalytic amount of base. The developed organocatalytic aerobic oxidation protocol proceeds through the intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of naphthalene alkoxide intermediates, a mechanistically distinctive feature from the previous alcohol dehydrogenase mimics that require metals in the active form of catalysts. The ADH-like aerobic oxidation protocol should provide green alternatives to the existing stoichiometric and metal-catalyzed alcohol oxidation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Baek
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Tengda Si
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A cobalt redox switch driving alcohol dehydrogenation by redox coupled molecular swing. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Bio-inspired lanthanum-ortho-quinone catalysis for aerobic alcohol oxidation: semi-quinone anionic radical as redox ligand. Nat Commun 2022; 13:428. [PMID: 35058479 PMCID: PMC8776754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation reactions are fundamental transformations in organic synthesis and chemical industry. With oxygen or air as terminal oxidant, aerobic oxidation catalysis provides the most sustainable and economic oxidation processes. Most aerobic oxidation catalysis employs redox metal as its active center. While nature provides non-redox metal strategy as in pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent methanol dehydrogenases (MDH), such an effective chemical version is unknown. Inspired by the recently discovered rare earth metal-dependent enzyme Ln-MDH, here we show that an open-shell semi-quinone anionic radical species in complexing with lanthanum could serve as a very efficient aerobic oxidation catalyst under ambient conditions. In this catalyst, the lanthanum(III) ion serves only as a Lewis acid promoter and the redox process occurs exclusively on the semiquinone ligand. The catalysis is initiated by 1e--reduction of lanthanum-activated ortho-quinone to a semiquinone-lanthanum complex La(SQ-.)2, which undergoes a coupled O-H/C-H (PCHT: proton coupled hydride transfer) dehydrogenation for aerobic oxidation of alcohols with up to 330 h−1 TOF. A decade ago the first rare-earth-metal dependent enzyme was discovered, in which a non-redox lanthanide ion is central in the active site of a methanol dehydrogenase. Inspired by this discovery, here the authors show that an open-shell semi-quinone anionic radical species, complexed with lanthanum, could serve as a very efficient aerobic oxidation catalyst under ambient conditions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Daumann LJ. A Natural Lanthanide-Binding Protein Facilitates Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1780-1782. [PMID: 34849400 PMCID: PMC8620551 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena J. Daumann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guan L, Wu F, Ren G, Wang J, Yang X, Huang X, Yu P, Lin Y, Mao L. Role of rare-earth elements in enhancing bioelectrocatalysis for biosensing with NAD +-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13434-13441. [PMID: 34777762 PMCID: PMC8528072 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenases (DHs) are widely explored bioelectrocatalysts in the development of enzymatic bioelectronics like biosensors and biofuel cells. However, the relatively low intrinsic reaction rates of DHs which mostly depend on diffusional coenzymes (e.g., NAD+) have limited their bioelectrocatalytic performance in applications such as biosensors with a high sensitivity. In this study, we find that rare-earth elements (REEs) can enhance the activity of NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) toward highly sensitive electrochemical biosensing of glutamate in vivo. Electrochemical studies show that the sensitivity of the GDH-based glutamate biosensor is remarkably enhanced in the presence of REE cations (i.e., Yb3+, La3+ or Eu3+) in solution, of which Yb3+ yields the highest sensitivity increase (ca. 95%). With the potential effect of REE cations on NAD+ electrochemistry being ruled out, homogeneous kinetic assays by steady-state and stopped-flow spectroscopy reveal a two-fold enhancement in the intrinsic reaction rate of GDH by introducing Yb3+, mainly through accelerating the rate-determining NADH releasing step during the catalytic cycle. In-depth structural investigations using small angle X-ray scattering and infrared spectroscopy indicate that Yb3+ induces the backbone compaction of GDH and subtle β-sheet transitions in the active site, which may reduce the energetic barrier to NADH dissociation from the binding pocket as further suggested by molecular dynamics simulation. This study not only unmasks the mechanism of REE-promoted GDH kinetics but also paves a new way to highly sensitive biosensing of glutamate in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guoyuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xiaoti Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Life-On-Hold: Lanthanoids Rapidly Induce a Reversible Ametabolic State in Mammalian Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070607. [PMID: 34209345 PMCID: PMC8301128 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We found that incubation with a solution containing ~50 mM neodymium (one of the rare-earth elements, REE) induces a rapid of active metabolism in mammalian cells. We have named this state REEbernation and found that the process involves a rapid replacement of calcium with neodymium in membranes and organelles of a cell, allowing it to maintain its shape and membrane integrity under extreme conditions, including vacuum. Furthermore, phosphate exchange is blocked because of non-dissolvable neodymium salts formation, which “discharged” the cell. We also showed that REEbernation is characterized by instant shutting down RNA transcriptional activity in the cells, providing an intriguing opportunity to study a snapshot of gene expression at a given time point. Finally, we found that the REEbernation state is reversible, and we could restore the metabolism and proliferation capacity of the cells. The REEbernation provides a new method to reversibly place a cell into “on-hold” mode, opening opportunities to develop protocols for biological samples fixation with a minimum effect on the omics profile for biomedical needs. Abstract Until now, the ability to reversibly halt cellular processes has been limited to cryopreservation and several forms of anabiosis observed in living organisms. In this paper we show that incubation of living cells with a solution containing ~50 mM neodymium induces a rapid shutdown of intracellular organelle movement and all other evidence of active metabolism. We have named this state REEbernation (derived from the terms REE (rare earth elements) and hibernation) and found that the process involves a rapid replacement of calcium with neodymium in membranes and organelles of a cell, allowing it to maintain its shape and membrane integrity under extreme conditions, such as low pressure. Furthermore, phosphate exchange is blocked as a result of non-dissolvable neodymium salts formation, which “discharged” the cell. We further showed that REEbernation is characterized by an immediate cessation of transcriptional activity in observed cells, providing an intriguing opportunity to study a snapshot of gene expression at a given time point. Finally, we found that the REEbernation state is reversible, and we could restore the metabolism and proliferation capacity of the cells. The REEbernation, in addition to being an attractive model to further investigate the basic mechanisms of cell metabolism control, also provides a new method to reversibly place a cell into “on-hold” mode, opening opportunities to develop protocols for biological samples fixation with a minimum effect on the omics profile for biomedical needs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Knasin AL, Schelter EJ. Synthetic modeling of the structure and function of the rare-earth dependent methanol dehydrogenase cofactor. Methods Enzymol 2021; 650:19-55. [PMID: 33867022 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Historically, rare-earth ions have been considered irrelevant to biology. Recently, the active sites of certain methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes have been shown to contain a redox-inactive, rare-earth (RE) cation coordinated by the redox-active pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) cofactor. Importantly, it was demonstrated that rare earths were essential for the growth of certain methylotrophs that incorporated the XoxF-MDH. In this chapter, we summarize the optimized synthesis of a previously published rare-earth complex that serves as a model of the active site of this RE-containing MDH enzyme. The structure and reactivity of the metalated complex, [La(LQQ)(NO3)3] are also discussed. [La(LQQ)(NO3)3] catalytically oxidizes the test alcohol substrate, p-methylbenzyl alcohol, 4MeBnOH, to p-methylbenzaldehyde, 4MePhCHO, in the presence of a base (2,6-lutidine) and a terminal oxidant (ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate) with ~17 turnovers. By studying this synthetic model, we have developed a body of evidence about both the reactivity and the mechanism of dehydrogenation of alcohols as a molecular analogue to a native, rare-earth dependent enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Knasin
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Renaissance of Homogeneous Cerium Catalysts with Unique Ce(IV/III) Couple: Redox-Mediated Organic Transformations Involving Homolysis of Ce(IV)-Ligand Covalent Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7879-7890. [PMID: 33904711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the catalytic application of cerium complexes were achieved through controlling the Ce(IV/III) redox couple. Although Ce(IV) complexes have been extensively investigated as stoichiometric oxidants in organic synthesis on the basis of their highly positive redox potentials, these complexes can be used as catalysts, not only by introducing supporting ligands around the coordination sphere of cerium, but also by taking advantage of the photoresponsive properties of Ce(IV) and Ce(III) species. Cerium is highly abundant, comparable to that of some first-row transition metals such as copper, nickel, and zinc. Cerium complexes are new and promising homogeneous catalyst candidates for a variety of organic transformations under mild reaction conditions. They are typically used to activate dioxygen to oxidize organic compounds and applied for organic radical generation using the photoresponsive character of Ce(IV) carboxylates and alkoxides as well as electronic transition of Ce(III), in which homolysis of Ce(IV)-ligand covalent bonds is an important step for the overall catalytic cycle. In this Perspective, we first review the early discovery of Ce(OAc)4-mediated oxidative transformations to emphasize the importance of Ce(IV)-OAc bond homolysis in various C-C bond-forming reactions and its relation to recent developments. We then focus on the fundamental importance of Ce(IV) reactivity involving thermal and photoassisted homolysis of the Ce(IV)-ligand covalent bond and the developments regarding Ce(IV/III) redox changes in catalytic reactions together with our recent findings on cerium-based catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vetsova VA, Fisher KR, Lumpe H, Schäfer A, Schneider EK, Weis P, Daumann LJ. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Aza-Crown Ether Complexes as Biomimetics for Lanthanide and Calcium Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenases*. Chemistry 2021; 27:10087-10098. [PMID: 33872420 PMCID: PMC8361747 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of metal ions in biology can lead to the development of new catalysts for several industrially important transformations. Lanthanides are the most recent group of metal ions that have been shown to be important in biology, that is, in quinone‐dependent methanol dehydrogenases (MDH). Here we evaluate a literature‐known pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and 1‐aza‐15‐crown‐5 based ligand platform as scaffold for Ca2+, Ba2+, La3+ and Lu3+ biomimetics of MDH and we evaluate the importance of ligand design, charge, size, counterions and base for the alcohol oxidation reaction using NMR spectroscopy. In addition, we report a new straightforward synthetic route (3 steps instead of 11 and 33 % instead of 0.6 % yield) for biomimetic ligands based on PQQ. We show that when studying biomimetics for MDH, larger metal ions and those with lower charge in this case promote the dehydrogenation reaction more effectively and that this is likely an effect of the ligand design which must be considered when studying biomimetics. To gain more information on the structures and impact of counterions of the complexes, we performed collision induced dissociation (CID) experiments and observe that the nitrates are more tightly bound than the triflates. To resolve the structure of the complexes in the gas phase we combined DFT‐calculations and ion mobility measurements (IMS). Furthermore, we characterized the obtained complexes and reaction mixtures using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and show the presence of a small amount of quinone‐based radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta A Vetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Katherine R Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Lumpe
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik K Schneider
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena J Daumann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vu HN, Subuyuj GA, Crisostomo RV, Skovran E. Transposon mutagenesis for methylotrophic bacteria using Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 as a model system. Methods Enzymol 2021; 650:159-184. [PMID: 33867020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transposon mutagenesis utilizes transposable genetic elements that integrate into a recipient genome to generate random insertion mutations which are easily identified. This forward genetic approach has proven powerful in elucidating complex processes, such as various pathways in methylotrophy. In the past decade, many methylotrophic bacteria have been shown to possess alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that use lanthanides (Lns) as cofactors. Using Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 as a model organism, we discuss the experimental designs, protocols, and results of three transposon mutagenesis studies to identify genes involved in different aspects of Ln-dependent methanol oxidation. These studies include a selection for transposon insertions that prevent toxic intracellular formaldehyde accumulation, a fluorescence-imaging screen to identify regulatory processes for a primary Ln-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, and a phenotypic screen for genes necessary for function of a Ln-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase. We anticipate that the methods described in this chapter can be applied to understand other metabolic systems in diverse bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong N Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel A Subuyuj
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Skovran
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mattocks JA, Tirsch JL, Cotruvo JA. Determination of affinities of lanthanide-binding proteins using chelator-buffered titrations. Methods Enzymol 2021; 651:23-61. [PMID: 33888205 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent discoveries of the first proteins that bind lanthanides as part of their biological function not only are relevant to the emerging field of lanthanide-dependent biology, but also hold promise to revolutionize the technologically critical rare earths industry. Although protocols to assess the thermodynamics of metal-protein interactions are well established for "traditional" metal ions in biology, the characterization of lanthanide-binding proteins presents a challenge to biochemists due to the lanthanides' Lewis acidity, propensity for hydrolysis, and high-affinity complexes with biological ligands. These properties necessitate the preparation of metal stock solutions with very low buffered "free" metal concentrations (e.g., femtomolar to nanomolar) for such determinations. Herein we describe several protocols to overcome these challenges. First, we present standardization methods for the preparation of chelator-buffered solutions of lanthanide ions with easily calculated free metal concentrations. We also describe how these solutions can be used in concert with analytical methods including UV-visible spectrophotometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and sensitized terbium luminescence, in order to accurately determine dissociation constants (Kds) of lanthanide-protein complexes. Finally, we highlight how application of these methods to lanthanide-binding proteins, such as lanmodulin, has yielded insights into selective recognition of lanthanides in biology. We anticipate that these protocols will facilitate discovery and characterization of additional native lanthanide-binding proteins, will motivate the understanding of their biological context, and will prompt their applications in biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan L Tirsch
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vaughn BA, Koller AJ, Boros E. Aqueous chemistry of the smallest rare earth: Comprehensive characterization of radioactive and non-radioactive scandium complexes for biological applications. Methods Enzymol 2021; 651:343-371. [PMID: 33888209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous chemistry of scandium(III) is of emerging interest for biological applications, specifically in nuclear medicine, as radioactive isotopes of scandium are becoming more readily accessible. In contrast to other rare earths, Sc3+ has no d or f electrons, limiting characterization of corresponding coordination complexes to spectroscopic techniques that do not rely on the characteristic electronic transitions of f-elements or transition metal ions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on characterization techniques suitable to elucidate the solution behavior of small and macromolecular complexes of the smallest rare earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao X, Wengryniuk SE. Recent Advances in the Selective Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols to o-Quinones and o-Quinols with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Synlett 2021; 32:752-762. [PMID: 34334960 PMCID: PMC8323659 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ortho-Quinones are valuable molecular frameworks with diverse applications across biology, materials, organic synthesis, catalysis, and coordination chemistry. Despite their broad utility, their synthesis remains challenging, in particular via the direct oxidation of readily accessible phenols, due to the need to affect regioselective ortho oxidation coupled with the sensitivity of the resulting o-quinone products. The perspective looks at the emergence of I(V) hypervalent iodine reagents as an effective class of oxidants for regioselective o-quinone synthesis. The application of these reagents in regioselective phenol oxidation to both o-quinones and o-quinols will be discussed, including a recent report from our laboratory on the first method for the oxidation of electron-deficient phenols using a novel nitrogen-ligated I(V) reagent. Also included are select examples of total syntheses utilizing this methodology as well as recent advancements in chiral I(V) reagent design for asymmetric phenol dearomatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. of China
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Effects of the Metal Ion Substitution into the Active Site of Metalloenzymes: A Theoretical Insight on Some Selected Cases. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of enzymes need a metal ion to express their catalytic activity. Among the different roles that metal ions can play in the catalytic event, the most common are their ability to orient the substrate correctly for the reaction, to exchange electrons in redox reactions, to stabilize negative charges. In many reactions catalyzed by metal ions, they behave like the proton, essentially as Lewis acids but are often more effective than the proton because they can be present at high concentrations at neutral pH. In an attempt to adapt to drastic environmental conditions, enzymes can take advantage of the presence of many metal species in addition to those defined as native and still be active. In fact, today we know enzymes that contain essential bulk, trace, and ultra-trace elements. In this work, we report theoretical results obtained for three different enzymes each of which contains different metal ions, trying to highlight any differences in their working mechanism as a function of the replacement of the metal center at the active site.
Collapse
|
17
|
Roszczenko-Jasińska P, Vu HN, Subuyuj GA, Crisostomo RV, Cai J, Lien NF, Clippard EJ, Ayala EM, Ngo RT, Yarza F, Wingett JP, Raghuraman C, Hoeber CA, Martinez-Gomez NC, Skovran E. Gene products and processes contributing to lanthanide homeostasis and methanol metabolism in Methylorubrum extorquens AM1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12663. [PMID: 32728125 PMCID: PMC7391723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide elements have been recently recognized as "new life metals" yet much remains unknown regarding lanthanide acquisition and homeostasis. In Methylorubrum extorquens AM1, the periplasmic lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase XoxF1 produces formaldehyde, which is lethal if allowed to accumulate. This property enabled a transposon mutagenesis study and growth studies to confirm novel gene products required for XoxF1 function. The identified genes encode an MxaD homolog, an ABC-type transporter, an aminopeptidase, a putative homospermidine synthase, and two genes of unknown function annotated as orf6 and orf7. Lanthanide transport and trafficking genes were also identified. Growth and lanthanide uptake were measured using strains lacking individual lanthanide transport cluster genes, and transmission electron microscopy was used to visualize lanthanide localization. We corroborated previous reports that a TonB-ABC transport system is required for lanthanide incorporation to the cytoplasm. However, cells were able to acclimate over time and bypass the requirement for the TonB outer membrane transporter to allow expression of xoxF1 and growth. Transcriptional reporter fusions show that excess lanthanides repress the gene encoding the TonB-receptor. Using growth studies along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that lanthanides are stored as cytoplasmic inclusions that resemble polyphosphate granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Roszczenko-Jasińska
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Huong N Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Subuyuj
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California At Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Valentine Crisostomo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California At Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas F Lien
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Erik J Clippard
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Elena M Ayala
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Fauna Yarza
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin P Wingett
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | | | - Caitlin A Hoeber
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA
| | - Norma C Martinez-Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Skovran
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prejanò M, Russo N, Marino T. How Lanthanide Ions Affect the Addition–Elimination Step of Methanol Dehydrogenases. Chemistry 2020; 26:11334-11339. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
At least two types of pincer complexes are known to exist in biology. A metal-pyrroloquinolone quinone (PQQ) cofactor was first identified in bacterial methanol dehydrogenase, and later also found in selected short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases of other microorganisms. The PQQ-associated metal can be calcium, magnesium, or a rare earth element depending on the enzyme sequence. Synthesis of this organic ligand requires a series of accessory proteins acting on a small peptide, PqqA. Binding of metal to PQQ yields an ONO-type pincer complex. More recently, a nickel-pincer nucleotide (NPN) cofactor was discovered in lactate racemase, LarA. This cofactor derives from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide via action of a carboxylase/hydrolase, sulfur transferase, and nickel insertase, resulting in an SCS-type pincer complex. The NPN cofactor likely occurs in selected other racemases and epimerases of bacteria, archaea, and a few eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Nevarez
- Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA)
| | - Aiko Turmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA)
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA).,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA)
| | - Robert P Hausinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 603 Wilson Road, Room 212, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA).,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 567 Wilson Road, 2215 Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Watt FA, Krishna A, Golovanov G, Ott H, Schoch R, Wölper C, Neuba AG, Hohloch S. Monoanionic Anilidophosphine Ligand in Lanthanide Chemistry: Scope, Reactivity, and Electrochemistry. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2719-2732. [PMID: 31961137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a series of new lanthanide(III) complexes supported by a monoanionic bidentate anilidophosphine ligand (N-(2-(diisopropylphosphanyl)-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylanilide, short PN-). The work comprises the characterization of a variety of heteroleptic complexes containing either one or two PN ligands as well as a study on further functionalization possibilities. The new heteroleptic complexes cover selected examples over the whole lanthanide(III) series including lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, and lutetium. In case of the two diamagnetic metal cations lanthanum(III) and lutetium(III), we have furthermore studied the influence of the lanthanide ion (early vs. late) on the reactivity of these complexes. Thereby we found that the radius of the lanthanide ion has a major influence on the reactivity. Using sterically demanding, multidentate ligand systems, e.g., cyclopentadienide (Cp-), we found that the lanthanum complex La(PN)2Cl (1-La) reacts well to the corresponding cyclopentadienide complex, while for Lu(PN)2Cl (1-Lu) no reaction was observed under any conditions tested. On the contrary, employing monodentate ligands such as mesitolate, thiomesitolate, 2,4,6-trimethylanilide or 2,4,6-trimethylphenylphosphide, results in the clean formation of the desired complexes for both lanthanum and lutetium. All complexes have been studied by various techniques, including multi nuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. 31P NMR spectroscopy was furthermore used to evaluate the presence of open coordination sites on the complexes using coordinating and noncoordinating solvents, and as a probe for estimating the Ce-P distance in the corresponding complexes. Additionally, we present cyclic voltammetry (CV) data for Ce(PN)2Cl (1-Ce), La(PN)2Cl (1-La), Ce(PN)(HMDS)2 (8-Ce) and La(PN)(HMDS)2 (8-La) (with HMDS = hexamethyldisilazide, (Me3Si)2N-) exploring the potential of the anilidophosphane ligand framework to stabilize a potential Ce(IV) ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Watt
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Athul Krishna
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Grigoriy Golovanov
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Holger Ott
- Training Center, Bruker AXS GmbH, Östliche Rheinbrückenstraße 49, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Essen-Duisburg, Universitätsstraße 5-7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Adam G Neuba
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xiao X, Greenwood NS, Wengryniuk SE. Dearomatization of Electron-Deficient Phenols to ortho-Quinones: Bidentate Nitrogen-Ligated Iodine(V) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16181-16187. [PMID: 31430009 PMCID: PMC6814494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their broad utility, the synthesis of ortho-quinones remains a significant challenge, in particular, access to electron-deficient derivatives remains an unsolved problem. Reported here is the first general method for the synthesis of electron-deficient ortho-quinones by direct oxidation of phenols. The reaction is enabled by a novel bidentate nitrogen-ligated iodine(V) reagent, a previously unexplored class of compounds which we have termed Bi(N)-HVIs. The reaction is extremely general and proceeds with excellent regioselectivity for the ortho over para isomer. Functionalization of the ortho-quinone products was examined, resulting in a facile one-pot synthesis of catechols, as well as the incorporation of a variety of heteroatom nucleophiles. This method represents the first synthetic application of Bi(N)-HVIs and demonstrates their potential as a platform for the further development of highly reactive, but also highly tunable, I(V) reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Nathaniel S Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cotruvo JA. The Chemistry of Lanthanides in Biology: Recent Discoveries, Emerging Principles, and Technological Applications. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1496-1506. [PMID: 31572776 PMCID: PMC6764073 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The essential biological role of rare earth elements lay hidden until the discovery in 2011 that lanthanides are specifically incorporated into a bacterial methanol dehydrogenase. Only recently has this observation gone from a curiosity to a major research area, with the appreciation for the widespread nature of lanthanide-utilizing organisms in the environment and the discovery of other lanthanide-binding proteins and systems for selective uptake. While seemingly exotic at first glance, biological utilization of lanthanides is very logical from a chemical perspective. The early lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) primarily used by biology are abundant in the environment, perform similar chemistry to other biologically useful metals and do so more efficiently due to higher Lewis acidity, and possess sufficiently distinct coordination chemistry to allow for selective uptake, trafficking, and incorporation into enzymes. Indeed, recent advances in the field illustrate clear analogies with the biological coordination chemistry of other metals, particularly CaII and FeIII, but with unique twists-including cooperative metal binding to magnify the effects of small ionic radius differences-enabling selectivity. This Outlook summarizes the recent developments in this young but rapidly expanding field and looks forward to potential future discoveries, emphasizing continuity with principles of bioinorganic chemistry established by studies of other metals. We also highlight how a more thorough understanding of the central chemical question-selective lanthanide recognition in biology-may impact the challenging problems of sensing, capture, recycling, and separations of rare earths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiao X, Greenwood NS, Wengryniuk SE. Dearomatization of Electron‐Deficient Phenols to
ortho
‐Quinones: Bidentate Nitrogen‐Ligated Iodine(V) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of ChemistryTemple University 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Greenwood
- Department of ChemistryTemple University 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
- Present address: Department of ChemistryYale University 225 Prospect St. New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Sarah E. Wengryniuk
- Department of ChemistryTemple University 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Daumann LJ. Essential and Ubiquitous: The Emergence of Lanthanide Metallobiochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12795-12802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena J. Daumann
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lena J. Daumann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Multifunctionality in Two Families of Dinuclear Lanthanide(III) Complexes with a Tridentate Schiff-Base Ligand. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9581-9585. [PMID: 31328505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The employment of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)salicylideneimine in 4f metal chemistry has led to two families of dinuclear complexes depending on the lanthanide(III) used. Representative members exhibit interesting magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties.
Collapse
|
27
|
Brewster JT, Zafar H, Root HD, Thiabaud GD, Sessler JL. Porphyrinoid f-Element Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:32-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Harrison D. Root
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gregory D. Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lumpe H, Daumann LJ. Studies of Redox Cofactor Pyrroloquinoline Quinone and Its Interaction with Lanthanides(III) and Calcium(II). Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8432-8441. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lumpe
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kalimuthu P, Daumann LJ, Pol A, Op den Camp HJM, Bernhardt PV. Electrocatalysis of a Europium‐Dependent Bacterial Methanol Dehydrogenase with Its Physiological Electron‐Acceptor Cytochrome
c
GJ. Chemistry 2019; 25:8760-8768. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Kalimuthu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13, Haus D 81377 München Germany
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology Institute of Wetland and Water Research Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology Institute of Wetland and Water Research Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lancaster KM. Editorial overview: Emergent lessons from the elements of life. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 49:A4-A5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Wongnate T, Surawatanawong P, Chuaboon L, Lawan N, Chaiyen P. The Mechanism of Sugar C−H Bond Oxidation by a Flavoprotein Oxidase Occurs by a Hydride Transfer Before Proton Abstraction. Chemistry 2019; 25:4460-4471. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence, for Innovation in ChemistryMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence, in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Narin Lawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science & EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley Rayong 21210 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ochsner AM, Hemmerle L, Vonderach T, Nüssli R, Bortfeld-Miller M, Hattendorf B, Vorholt JA. Use of rare-earth elements in the phyllosphere colonizer Methylobacterium extorquens PA1. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1152-1166. [PMID: 30653750 PMCID: PMC6850437 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, rare‐earth elements (REEs) had been thought to be biologically inactive. This view changed with the discovery of the methanol dehydrogenase XoxF that strictly relies on REEs for its activity. Some methylotrophs only contain xoxF, while others, including the model phyllosphere colonizer Methylobacterium extorquens PA1, harbor this gene in addition to mxaFI encoding a Ca2+‐dependent enzyme. Here we found that REEs induce the expression of xoxF in M. extorquens PA1, while repressing mxaFI, suggesting that XoxF is the preferred methanol dehydrogenase in the presence of sufficient amounts of REE. Using reporter assays and a suppressor screen, we found that lanthanum (La3+) is sensed both in a XoxF‐dependent and independent manner. Furthermore, we investigated the role of REEs during Arabidopsisthaliana colonization. Element analysis of the phyllosphere revealed the presence of several REEs at concentrations up to 10 μg per g dry weight. Complementary proteome analyses of M. extorquens PA1 identified XoxF as a top induced protein in planta and a core set of La3+‐regulated proteins under defined artificial media conditions. Among these was a REE‐binding protein that is encoded next to a gene for a TonB‐dependent transporter. The latter was essential for REE‐dependent growth on methanol indicating chelator‐assisted uptake of REEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Ochsner
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Hemmerle
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Vonderach
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Nüssli
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Bortfeld-Miller
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Hattendorf
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mattocks JA, Ho JV, Cotruvo JA. A Selective, Protein-Based Fluorescent Sensor with Picomolar Affinity for Rare Earth Elements. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2857-2861. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Mattocks
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jackson V. Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joseph A. Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li B, Wendlandt AE, Stahl SS. Replacement of Stoichiometric DDQ with a Low Potential o-Quinone Catalyst Enabling Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Tertiary Indolines in Pharmaceutical Intermediates. Org Lett 2019; 21:1176-1181. [PMID: 30702297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal/quinone complex, [Ru(phd)3]2+ (phd = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), is shown to be effective for aerobic dehydrogenation of 3° indolines to the corresponding indoles. The results show how low potential quinones may be tailored to provide a catalytic alternative to stoichiometric DDQ, due to their ability to mediate efficient substrate dehydrogenation while also being compatible with facile reoxidation by O2. The utility of the method is demonstrated in the synthesis of key intermediates to pharmaceutically important molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The rare earths (REs) are a family of 17 elements that exhibit pronounced chemical similarities as a group, while individually expressing distinctive and varied electronic properties. These atomistic electronic properties are extraordinarily useful and motivate the application of REs in many technologies and devices. From their discovery to the present day, a major challenge faced by chemists has been the separation of RE elements, which has evolved from tedious crystallization to highly engineered solvent extraction schemes. The increasing incorporation and dependence of REs in technology have raised concerns about their sustainability and motivated recent studies for improved separations to achieve a circular RE economy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Marino T, Prejanò M, Russo N. How Metal Coordination in the Ca-, Ce-, and Eu-Containing Methanol Dehydrogenase Enzymes Can Influence the Catalysis: A Theoretical Point of View. TRANSITION METALS IN COORDINATION ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11714-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
37
|
Maniaki D, Mylonas-Margaritis I, Mayans J, Savvidou A, Raptopoulou CP, Bekiari V, Psycharis V, Escuer A, Perlepes SP. Slow magnetic relaxation and luminescence properties in lanthanide(iii)/anil complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11859-11872. [PMID: 29785431 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial use of anils, i.e. bidentate Schiff bases derived from the condensation of anilines with salicylaldehyde or its derivatives, in 4f-metal chemistry is described. The 1 : 1 reactions between Ln(NO3)3·xH2O (Ln = lanthanide) or Y(NO3)3·6H2O and N-(5-bromosalicylidene)aniline (5BrsalanH) in MeCN has provided access to complexes [Ln(NO3)3(5BrsalanH)2(H2O)]·MeCN (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb) and [Y(NO3)3(5BrsalanH)2(H2O)]·MeCN, respectively, in good yields. The structures of the isomorphous complexes with Ln = Pr(1·MeCN), Sm(3·MeCN), Gd(5·MeCN), Dy(7·MeCN) and Er(9·MeCN) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The other complexes were proven to be isostructural with the fully structurally characterized compounds based on elemental analyses, IR spectra, unit cell determinations and powder X-ray patterns. The 9-coordinate LnIII centre in the [Ln(NO3)3(5BrsalanH)2(H2O)] molecules is bound to six oxygen atoms from the three bidentate chelating nitrato groups, two oxygen atoms that belong to the organic ligands and one oxygen atom from the aquo ligand. The 5BrsalanH molecules behave as monodentate O-donors; the acidic H atom is clearly located on the imino N atom and thus the formally neutral ligands adopt an extremely rare coordination mode participating in the zwitterionic form. The coordination polyhedra defined by the nine donor atoms around the LnIII centres are best described as spherical capped square antiprisms. Various intermolecular interactions build the crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analysis was applied to evaluate the magnitude of interactions between the molecules. Solid-state IR and UV/VIS data are discussed in terms of structural features. 1H NMR data prove that the diamagnetic [Y(NO3)3(5BrsalanH)2(H2O)] complex decomposes in DMSO. Combined dc and ac magnetic susceptibility, as well as magnetization data for 7 suggest that this complex shows field-induced slow magnetic relaxation. Two magnetization relaxation processes are evident. The fit to the Arrhenius law has been performed using the 6.5-8.5 K ac data, affording an effective barrier for the magnetization reversal of 27 cm-1. Cole-Cole plot analysis in the temperature range in which the Orbach relaxation process is assumed, reveals a narrow distribution of relaxation times. The solid Dy(iii) complex 7 emits green light at 338 nm, the emission being ligand-centered. The perspectives of the present, first results in the lanthanide(iii)-anil chemistry are critically discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lanthanides: Schiff base complexes, applications in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and antibacterial activity. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
39
|
Lumpe H, Pol A, Op den Camp HJM, Daumann LJ. Impact of the lanthanide contraction on the activity of a lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase - a kinetic and DFT study. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:10463-10472. [PMID: 30020281 PMCID: PMC6085770 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the bioinorganic chemistry of lanthanides is growing rapidly as more and more lanthanide-dependent bacteria are being discovered. Especially the earlier lanthanides have been shown to be preferentially utilized by bacteria that need these Lewis acids as cofactors in their alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes. Here, we investigate the impact of the lanthanide ions lanthanum(iii) to lutetium(iii) (excluding Pm) on the catalytic parameters (vmax, KM, kcat/KM) of a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) isolated from Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV. Kinetic experiments and DFT calculations were used to discuss why only the earlier lanthanides (La-Gd) promote high MDH activity. Impact of Lewis acidity, coordination number preferences, stability constants and other properties that are a direct result of the lanthanide contraction are discussed in light of the two proposed mechanisms for MDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Lumpe
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
, Department Chemie
,
Butenandtstr. 5-13
, 81377 München
, Germany
.
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology
, Institute of Wetland and Water Research
, Radboud University Nijmegen
,
The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology
, Institute of Wetland and Water Research
, Radboud University Nijmegen
,
The Netherlands
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
, Department Chemie
,
Butenandtstr. 5-13
, 81377 München
, Germany
.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry
, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Patrice FT, Qiu K, Zhao LJ, Kouadio Fodjo E, Li DW, Long YT. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine at Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Modified Carbon Nanotube through Single Nanoparticle Collision. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6059-6063. [PMID: 29701064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the addition-elimination catalytic mechanism of natural pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) containing proteins, PQQ-modified hybrid nanomaterials have been increasingly developed recently as biomimetic heterogeneous electrocatalysts. However, up until now, no existing electrochemical approach was able to assess the intrinsic catalytic activity of PQQ sites, impeding the design of efficient PQQ-based electrocatalysts. Herein, in this work, we introduced a new method to calculate the turnover frequency (TOF) of any individual PQQ functional group for electrocatalytic oxidation of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), through the study of single PQQ-decorated carbon nanotube (CNT) collisions at a carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode by chronoamperometry. The core advantage of this approach is being able to resolve the number of PQQ catalytic sites grafted on each individual CNT, so that the charge of any CNT collision event can be accurately translated into the intrinsic activity of the respective PQQ functional groups. The resulting collision-induced current responses clearly showed that the functionalization of CNTs with PQQ could indeed enhance its catalytic performance by 3 times, reaching a TOF value of 133 s-1 at 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl. Such a single CNT collision technique, which is proposed for the first time in this work, can open up a new avenue for studying the intrinsic (electro)catalytic performance at a molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fato Tano Patrice
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Kaipei Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Li-Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Essy Kouadio Fodjo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jahn B, Pol A, Lumpe H, Barends TRM, Dietl A, Hogendoorn C, Op den Camp HJM, Daumann LJ. Similar but Not the Same: First Kinetic and Structural Analyses of a Methanol Dehydrogenase Containing a Europium Ion in the Active Site. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1147-1153. [PMID: 29524328 PMCID: PMC6100108 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the biological relevance of rare earth elements (REEs) for numerous different bacteria, questions concerning the advantages of REEs in the active sites of methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) over calcium(II) and of why bacteria prefer light REEs have been a subject of debate. Here we report the cultivation and purification of the strictly REE-dependent methanotrophic bacterium Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV with europium(III), as well as structural and kinetic analyses of the first methanol dehydrogenase incorporating Eu in the active site. Crystal structure determination of the Eu-MDH demonstrated that overall no major structural changes were induced by conversion to this REE. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements were used to determine optimal conditions for kinetic assays, whereas inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed 70 % incorporation of Eu in the enzyme. Our studies explain why bacterial growth of SolV in the presence of Eu3+ is significantly slower than in the presence of La3+ /Ce3+ /Pr3+ : Eu-MDH possesses a decreased catalytic efficiency. Although REEs have similar properties, the differences in ionic radii and coordination numbers across the series significantly impact MDH efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Jahn
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment ChemieButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Arjan Pol
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Wetland and Water ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Henning Lumpe
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment ChemieButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Department of Biomolecular MechanismsMax-Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dietl
- Department of Biomolecular MechanismsMax-Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstrasse 2969120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Carmen Hogendoorn
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Wetland and Water ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Wetland and Water ResearchRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment ChemieButenandtstr. 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lammer AD, Thiabaud G, Brewster JT, Alaniz J, Bender JA, Sessler JL. Lanthanide Texaphyrins as Photocatalysts. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3458-3464. [PMID: 29498834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Lammer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Grégory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - James T. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Julie Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jon A. Bender
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| |
Collapse
|