1
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Kushwaha P, Saxena A, von Münchow T, Dana S, Saha B, Ackermann L. Metallaelectro-catalyzed alkyne annulations via C-H activations for sustainable heterocycle syntheses. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39370984 PMCID: PMC11456994 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Alkyne annulation represents a versatile and powerful strategy for the assembly of structurally complex compounds. Recent advances successfully enabled electrocatalytic alkyne annulations, significantly expanding the potential applications of this promising technique towards sustainable synthesis. The metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation stands out as a highly efficient approach that leverages electricity, combining the benefits of electrosynthesis with the power of transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation. Particularly attractive is the pairing of the electro-oxidative C-H activation with the valuable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby addressing the growing demand for green energy solutions. Herein, we provide an overview of the evolution of electrochemical C-H annulations with alkynes for the construction of heterocycles, with a topical focus on the underlying mechanism manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kushwaha
- Amity Institute of Click chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Tristan von Münchow
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Suman Dana
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Baidya M, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of 1,2,3-Benzotriazines through an Iodide-Catalyzed Skeletal Editing of 3-Aminoindazoles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401900. [PMID: 38932565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This report describes an environmentally benign synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazines through an iodide-catalyzed electro-oxidative N-centered [1,2]-rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles. The developed method demonstrates the activation of heteroatoms via electrochemically generated reactive iodide species without using any metal catalysts and peroxides. The protocol features practical and mild reaction conditions and displays a wide substrate scope. Various mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetric studies have been instrumental in elucidating the reaction mechanism, operating via a skeletal rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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3
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von Münchow T, Liu YR, Parmar R, Peters SE, Trienes S, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation for Central and Axial Double Enantio-Induction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405423. [PMID: 38758011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, enantioselective electrocatalysis has surfaced as an increasingly-effective platform for sustainable molecular synthesis. Despite indisputable progress, strategies that allow the control of two distinct stereogenic elements with high selectivity remain elusive. In contrast, we, herein, describe electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H activations that enable the installation of chiral stereogenic centers along with a chiral axis with high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivities. The developed electrocatalysis strategy allowed for C-H/N-H activations/annulations with cyclic and non-cyclic alkenes providing expedient access to various central as well as atropo-chiral dihydroisoquinolinones paired to the valuable hydrogen evolution reaction. Studies on the atropo-stability of the obtained compounds demonstrated that the exceedingly mild conditions ensured by the electrocatalytic process were key for the achieved high stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan von Münchow
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi-Ru Liu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahul Parmar
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Erik Peters
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Trienes
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Sun Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. Atroposelective N-N Axes Synthesis via Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5063-5068. [PMID: 38864356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclosed an unprecedented cobalt electrocatalyzed atroposelective C-H activation and annulation for the efficient construction of diversely functionalized N-N axes in an undivided cell. A broad range of allene substrates and benzamides bearing different functionalities are compatible with generating axially chiral products with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% yield and 99% ee). A series of synthetic applications and control experiments were also performed, which further expanded the practicality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
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6
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Jin C, Ning C, Sui Y, Zhang B, Li X, Pan L, Liu Q, Li Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkene Amination: C(sp 2)-H/N-H Radical-Radical Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:2326-2331. [PMID: 38451219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Direct alkene C-H/N-H cross dehydrogenative coupling is an infrequent, highly challenging transformation. Herein, a photoredox radical-radical cross-coupling reaction between ketene dithioacetal as a persistent alkene radical cation and azole nitrogen center radical (NCR) was developed. This direct alkene amination proceeded through a synergistic photoredox and cobalt catalysis, with only H2 evolution. The reaction showed excellent tolerance and highly regio- and stereospecific manner, expanding the scope of C(sp2)-N construction methods and radical cross-coupling modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jin
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Cailin Ning
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yating Sui
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Bingxin Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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7
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Li B, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Li X, Li Z, Gu L, Ma W, Mei R. Transition-Metal-Free Electrochemical Selenylative Cyclization of Alkynyl Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15414-15427. [PMID: 37871259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented regioselective electrochemical tandem selenation/cyclization of alkynyl phosphonates with diselenide is described here. These obtained selenoether products can be chemo-selectively converted into halogen-functionalized cyclic enol phosphonates under our electrochemical conditions. These protocols provide straightforward access to valuable cyclic enol phosphonate or phosphaisocoumarins under the electrochemical and transition-metal-free conditions. The robustness of these transformations was illustrated by their compatibility with various complex natural products and bioactive molecules. The selenoether and halogen functional groups allow the further diversification of the phosphorus heterocycles thus obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zheyu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
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8
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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9
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Wang X, Si XJ, Sun Y, Wei Z, Xu M, Yang D, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. C-N Axially Chiral Heterobiaryl Isoquinolinone Skeletons Construction via Cobalt-Catalyzed Atroposelective C-H Activation/Annulation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6240-6245. [PMID: 37595028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the atroposelective construction of isoquinolinones bearing a C-N chiral axis has been successfully developed via a Co-catalyzed C-H bond activation and annulation process. This conversion can be effectively carried out in an environmentally friendly oxygen atmosphere to generate the target C-N axially chiral frameworks with excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) in the absence of any additives. Additionally, the current protocol has proved to be an alternative approach for the C-N axial architectures fabrication under electrochemical conditions for cobalt/Salox catalysis, and this strategy allowed the efficient and atom-economical synthesis of various axially chiral isoquinolinones under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ju Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhisen Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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10
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Ware SD, Zhang W, Charboneau DJ, Klein CK, Reisman SE, See KA. Electrochemical Preparation of Sm(II) Reagent Facilitated by Weakly Coordinating Anions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301045. [PMID: 37309269 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Samarium diiodide (SmI2 ) is widely used as a strong one-electron reducing agent and is often employed to form C-C bonds in complex systems. Despite their utility, SmI2 and related salts suffer from several drawbacks that render the use of Sm reducing agents in large-scale synthesis impractical. Here, we report factors influencing the electrochemical reduction of Sm(III) to Sm(II), towards the goal of electrocatalytic Sm(III) reduction. We probe the effect of supporting electrolyte, electrode material, and Sm precursor on Sm(II)/(III) redox and on the reducing power of the Sm species. We find that the coordination strength of the counteranion of the Sm salt affects the reversibility and redox potential of the Sm(II)/(III) couple and establish that the counteranion primarily determines the reducibility of Sm(III). Electrochemically generated SmI2 performs similarly to commercial SmI2 solutions in a proof-of-concept reaction. The results will provide fundamental insight to facilitate the development of Sm-electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - David J Charboneau
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Channing K Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
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11
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Baidya M, De Sarkar S. Synthesis of Quinoxalines through Cu-electrocatalytic Azidation/Annulation Cascade at Low Catalyst Loading. Org Lett 2023; 25:5896-5901. [PMID: 37515784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
A Cu-electrocatalytic azidation of N-aryl enamines and subsequent denitrogenative annulation for the construction of quinoxaline frameworks is reported. Only 0.5 mol % of copper(II) chloride was employed for this cascade transformation displaying excellent functional-group compatibility even with complex bioactive scaffolds. The efficient electro-oxidative protocol enables the use of NaN3 as the cheapest azide source. Detailed mechanistic experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and spectroscopic studies provided strong evidence for a dual role of the Cu catalyst in azidyl and iminyl radical generation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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12
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Syntheses of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300760. [PMID: 36965124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have surfaced as increasingly viable components in optoelectronics and material sciences. The development of highly efficient and atom-economic tools to prepare PAHs under exceedingly mild conditions constitutes a long-term goal. Traditional syntheses of PAHs have largely relied on multistep approaches or the conventional Scholl reaction. However, Scholl reactions are largely inefficient with electron-deficient substrates, require stoichiometric chemical oxidants, and typically occur in the presence of strong acid. In sharp contrast, electrochemistry has gained considerable momentum during the past decade as an alternative for the facile and straightforward PAHs assembly, generally via electro-oxidative dehydrogenative annulation, releasing molecular hydrogen as the sole stoichiometric byproduct by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review provides an overview on the recent and significant advances in the field of electrochemical syntheses of various PAHs until January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Yao QJ, Huang FR, Chen JH, Zhong MY, Shi BF. Enantio- and Regioselective Electrooxidative Cobalt-Catalyzed C-H/N-H Annulation with Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218533. [PMID: 36658097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the merging of electrosynthesis with 3d metal catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a sustainable and powerful technique in organic synthesis. Despite the impressive advantages, the development of an enantioselective version remains elusive and poses a daunting challenge. Herein, we report the first electrooxidative cobalt-catalyzed enantio- and regioselective C-H/N-H annulation with olefins using an undivided cell at room temperature (up to 99 % ee). t Bu-Salox, a rationally designed Salox ligand bearing a bulky tert-butyl group at the ortho-position of phenol, was found to be crucial for this asymmetric annulation reaction. A strong cooperative effect between t Bu-Salox and 3,4,5-trichloropyridine enabled the highly enantio- and regioselective C-H annulation with the more challenging α-olefins without secondary bond interactions (up to 96 % ee and 97 : 3 rr). Cyclovoltametric studies, and the preparation, characterization, and transformation of cobaltacycle intermediates shed light on the mechanism of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Yao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fan-Rui Huang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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14
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Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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15
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Guo Q, Lu D, Mao Y, Lu Z. Visible-light promoted intramolecular carboamination of alkynes for the synthesis of oxazolidinone-fused isoquinolinones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1979-1982. [PMID: 36722997 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of isoquinolinone derivatives via photopromoted carboamination of alkynes is developed. Starting from the readily available propargyl alcohol derivatives, the polycyclic isoquinolinone derivatives could be obtained with good aryl and heterocycle tolerance. Both terminal and alkyl substituted alkynes could be employed. This protocol is operationally easy, and easily conducted on a gram-scale. A possible mechanism involving radical addition and cyclization following aromatization was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Guo
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Dongpo Lu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yihui Mao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhan Lu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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16
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Jothi Murugan S, Jeganmohan M. Cp*Co(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective [4 + 2]-Annulation of N-Chlorobenzamides with Vinyl Acetate/Vinyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1578-1589. [PMID: 36680527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and straightforward strategy for the synthesis of isoquinolones through [4 + 2]-annulation of N-chlorobenzamides with vinyl acetate in the presence of CoCp*(III) catalyst in a regioselective manner is described. Furthermore, the annulation reaction was diversified by using vinyl ketones. By utilizing this strategy, biologically valuable isoquinolone derivatives were prepared in good yields. Subsequently, isoquinolone derivatives were further transformed into 1-chloroisoquinolines in the presence of POCl3. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations such as deuterium labeling study and competition experiment were performed to support the proposed reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
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17
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Bora J, Dutta M, Chetia B. Cobalt catalyzed alkenylation/annulation reactions of alkynes via C–H activation: A review. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Fan W, Zhao X, Deng Y, Chen P, Wang F, Liu G. Electrophotocatalytic Decoupled Radical Relay Enables Highly Efficient and Enantioselective Benzylic C–H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21674-21682. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunshun Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Design, development and applications of copper-catalyzed regioselective (4 + 2) annulations between diaryliodonium salts and alkynes. Commun Chem 2022; 5:145. [PMID: 36697744 PMCID: PMC9814649 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaryliodonium salts have been extensively applied in organic synthesis as aryl cation equivalents. However, in the electrophilic reactions with alkenes or alkynes, only the electrophilic carbon of the diaryliodonium salts was involved while the other part of the aryl ring was not utilized. Herein, a reaction pattern of diaryliodonium was reported as oxa-1,4-dipoles to undergo (4 + 2) cycloaddition reactions with alkynes. Broad spectrum of the two reaction partners could be utilized in this protocol, enabling an operationally simple, high yielding, and regioselective synthetic approach to isocoumarins. Particularly, good to excellent regioselectivities were achieved for the sterically unbiased unsymmetrical diaryl acetylenes, which was challenging for other transition metal-catalyzed processes. The reaction could be scaled up with the ideal 1:1 stoichiometry and the isocoumarin type natural products Oospolactone and Thunberginol A could be obtained in one or three steps through this methodology.
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20
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Kumar S, Singh AK. Micro-photo-flow reactor system for fused N-heteroaryl scaffold synthesis and late-stage functionalization of pyrazolopyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11268-11271. [PMID: 36112131 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) of active pharmaceutical ingredients can provide a straightforward approach to efficient de novo design and synthesis of drug molecules for structural activity relationship studies (SARS). Herein, we have developed a visible-light-driven modular micro-flow reactor consisting of an integrated post-synthetic work-up that was designed and developed to synthesize a fused N-heteroaryl scaffold and late-stage functionalization of pyrazolopyridines without using any expensive oxidant or additional photo-catalyst (PC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay K Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Lukasevics L, Cizikovs A, Grigorjeva L. Cobalt-catalyzed C(sp 2)-H bond imination of phenylalanine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9754-9757. [PMID: 35959660 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the cobalt-catalyzed, picolinamide-directed C-H bond imination protocol of phenylalanine derivatives using isocyanides and a Co(dpm)2 catalyst. A wide range of functional groups were tolerated under the reaction conditions, yielding imines in high yields. The obtained imine products can easily be transformed to 1-aminoisoquinoline derivatives under reductive conditions, providing an attractive alternative to already existing methodologies. The control experiments indicated that C-H activation might occur via an electrophilic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukass Lukasevics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia. .,Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Street 3, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Aleksandrs Cizikovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.
| | - Liene Grigorjeva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.
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22
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
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23
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Li B, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Xiong F, Gu L, Ma W, Mei R. Electrochemical selenium-π-acid promoted hydration of alkynyl phosphonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7566-7569. [PMID: 35708585 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented electrochemical selenium-π-acid promoted hydration of internal alkynes bearing a phosphonate auxiliary was described. Thus, valuable (hetero)aryl and alkyl ketones could be accessed under mild, metal- and external oxidant-free conditions. This protocol features high atom-economy, good chemo- and regio-selectivity, excellent functional group tolerance and easily transformable products. Control experiments demonstrate that phosphonate assistance is essential for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.,Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China.,Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
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24
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Zhu C, Yue H, Rueping M. Nickel catalyzed multicomponent stereodivergent synthesis of olefins enabled by electrochemistry, photocatalysis and photo-electrochemistry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3240. [PMID: 35688818 PMCID: PMC9187637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisubstituted alkenes are important organic synthons and have broad applications in the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and materials. The stereoselective synthesis of such compounds has long been a research focus for organic researchers. Herein, we report a three-component, reductive cascade, cross-coupling reaction for the arylalkylation of alkynes. A wide range of trisubstituted alkenes are obtained in good to high yields with excellent chemo- and stereoselectivity by switching between electrochemistry and photocatalysis. The E isomer of the product is obtained exclusively when the reaction is conducted with electricity and nickel, while the Z isomer is generated with high stereoselectivity when photo- and nickel dual catalysts are used. Moreover, photo-assisted electrochemically enabled nickel catalyzed protocol is demonstrated to selectively deliver Z-trisubstituted alkenes without the addition of photocatalysts. The construction of trisubstituted alkenes with high stereoselectivity is challenging. Here, the authors realize the stereodivergent synthesis of such compounds via switching between electrochemistry, photochemistry and photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. .,RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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25
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Bajya KR, Sermadurai S. Dual Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis Enabled Transformations. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvakumar Sermadurai
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore Chemistry Khandwa road Simrol 453552 Indore INDIA
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26
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Liu W, Hao L, Zhang J, Zhu T. Progress in the Electrochemical Reactions of Sulfonyl Compounds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102557. [PMID: 35174969 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis has recently attracted more and more attention due to its great potential to replace chemical oxidants or reductants in molecule-electrode electron transfer. Sulfonyl compounds such as sulfonyl hydrazides, sulfinic acids (and their salts), sulfonyl halides have been discovered as practical precursors of several radicals. As electrochemical redox reactions can provide green and efficient pathways for the activation of sulfonyl compounds, studies for electrosynthesis have rapidly increased. Several types of radicals can be generated from anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction of sulfonyl compounds and can initiate fluoroalkylation, benzenesulfonylation, cyclization or rearrangement. In this Review, we summarize the electrosynthesis developments involving sulfonyl compounds mainly in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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27
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Malapit CA, Prater MB, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Li M, Pham TD, McFadden TP, Blank S, Minteer SD. Advances on the Merger of Electrochemistry and Transition Metal Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3180-3218. [PMID: 34797053 PMCID: PMC9714963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic organic electrosynthesis has grown in the past few decades by achieving many valuable transformations for synthetic chemists. Although electrocatalysis has been popular for improving selectivity and efficiency in a wide variety of energy-related applications, in the last two decades, there has been much interest in electrocatalysis to develop conceptually novel transformations, selective functionalization, and sustainable reactions. This review discusses recent advances in the combination of electrochemistry and homogeneous transition-metal catalysis for organic synthesis. The enabling transformations, synthetic applications, and mechanistic studies are presented alongside advantages as well as future directions to address the challenges of metal-catalyzed electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew B Prater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jaime R Cabrera-Pardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tammy D Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Timothy Patrick McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Skylar Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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28
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Xu X, Zhou G, Ju G, Wang D, Li B, Zhao Y. Rhodium(III)-catalyzed benzo[c]azepine-1,3(2H)-dione synthesis via tandem C–H alkylation and intermolecular amination of N-methoxylbenzamide with 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Tahara K, Takezaki S, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Synthesis of an Organometallic Alkyl-Co(III) Complex with Amidoquinoline Directing Groups via C(sp3)-H Activation and its UV-vis/NMR Spectroscopic, Crystallographic, DFT, and Electrochemical Studies. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Shun Takezaki
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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30
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Yao Y, Su S, Wu N, Wu W, Jiang H. The cobalt( ii)-catalyzed acyloxylation of picolinamides with bifunctional silver carboxylate via C–H bond activation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cobalt(ii)-catalyzed C–H bond acyloxylation of picolinamides with bifunctional silver carboxylate has been developed. The mild and practical esterification provides an atom-economic route to access to polysubstituted naphthalene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoting Su
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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31
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Li X, Tao P, Cheng Y, Hu Q, Huang W, Li Y, Luo Z, Huang G. Recent Progress on the Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Alkenes/Alkynes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Xie W, Chen X, Li Y, Lin J, Chen W, Shi J. Electrooxidative Annulation of Unsaturated Molecules via Directed C—H Activation. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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34
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Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Li Z, Hu K, Zha Z, Wang Z. Iodine-mediated electrochemical C(sp 3)-H cyclization: the synthesis of quinazolinone-fused N-heterocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:411-414. [PMID: 34897313 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient iodine-mediated electrochemical C(sp3)-H cyclization was developed under mild conditions. A variety of functionalized quinazolinone-fused N-heterocycles can be obtained with good to excellent yields by virtue of this method. The reaction features a broad substrate scope and scalability, and is metal-free and chemical oxidant-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenghong Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhibin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Kangfei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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35
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Xu X, Zheng X, Xu X. Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines by Scandium-Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation of Anilines with Allenes and Dienes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xizhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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36
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Saraswat A, Sharma A. Mini-review on the functionalization of C–H bond to C-X linkage via metalla-electrocatalyzed tool. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Liang K, Lu L, Liu X, Yang D, Wang S, Gao Y, Alhumade H, Yi H, Lei A. Electrochemical Cobalt-catalyzed Cyclotrimerization of Alkynes to 1,2,4-Substituted Arenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Liang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Yiming Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Ststems, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Abdulaziz University. Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Malviya BK, Verma VP, Sharma S. Electrochemical metal- and oxidant-free synthesis of S-thiocarbamates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9491-9500. [PMID: 34709281 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An expeditious synthetic strategy to access functionalized S-thiocarbamates was developed in good to excellent yields and with high current efficiencies. Readily available isocyanides and thiols were used as the starting materials under simple metal- and oxidant-free reaction conditions avoiding an inert atmosphere. The practical application of the present methodology was achieved by electrochemical synthesis of the herbicides prosulfocarb and pebulate. Furthermore, continuous electrochemical flow conditions using a graphite/Pt flow cell were used to obtain S-thiocarbamate compounds on a gram scale within a residence time of 35 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali, 304022, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
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39
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Zhai H, Liu M, Wang C, Qiu S, Wei J, Yang H, Wu Y. Cobalt-Catalyzed 2-(1-Methylhydrazinyl)pyridine-Assisted C-H Alkylation/Annulation: Mechanistic Insights and Rapid Access to Cyclopenta[ c]isoquinolinone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14915-14927. [PMID: 34570982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed cobalt-catalyzed, bidentate 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine (MHP)-directed C(sp2)-H alkylation/annulation of benzoic hydrazides with various alkenes. Notably, diverse cyclopenta[c]isoquinolinones and dihydroisoquinolinones were obtained via this functional group-tolerant protocol. The reaction can be performed on a gram scale while maintaining an excellent yield, and the directing group can be removed efficiently under mild conditions. Furthermore, density-functional theory (DFT) calculations provide an incisive understanding of the observed regioselectivities for different olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Miao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuxian Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Jian Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yundong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics and Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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40
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Lukasevics L, Cizikovs A, Grigorjeva L. C-H bond functionalization by high-valent cobalt catalysis: current progress, challenges and future perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10827-10841. [PMID: 34570134 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04382j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, high-valent cobalt catalysis has earned a place in the spotlight as a valuable tool for C-H activation and functionalization. Since the discovery of its unique reactivity, more and more attention has been directed towards the utilization of cobalt as an alternative to noble metal catalysts. In particular, Cp*Co(III) complexes, as well as simple Co(II) and Co(III) salts in combination with bidentate chelation assistance, have been extensively used for the development of novel transformations. In this review, we have demonstrated the existing trends in the C-H functionalization methodology using high-valent cobalt catalysis and highlighted the main challenges to overcome, as well as perspective directions, which need to be further developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukass Lukasevics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Aleksandrs Cizikovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Liene Grigorjeva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.
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41
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Thadathil DA, Varghese A, Radhakrishnan KV. The Renaissance of Electro‐Organic Synthesis for the Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes: A Sustainable Approach. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ditto Abraham Thadathil
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Kokkuvayil Vasu Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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42
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Massignan L, Zhu C, Hou X, Oliveira JCA, Salamé A, Ackermann L. Manganaelectro-Catalyzed Azine C–H Arylations and C–H Alkylations by Assistance of Weakly Coordinating Amides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Massignan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Aude Salamé
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen37077, Germany
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43
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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44
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Liu A, Guo T, Zhang S, Yang H, Zhang Q, Chai Y, Zhang S. Structurally Diverse Synthesis of Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Benzosultams through Electrochemical Cyclization. Org Lett 2021; 23:6326-6331. [PMID: 34342457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a metal- and oxidant-free approach to structurally diverse synthesis of benzosultams from aryl sulfonamides through an electrochemical cyclization. Upon variation of the ortho substituent on aryl sulfonamides, five-, six-, and seven-membered benzosultams were efficiently assembled in an atom- and resource-economic manner. The generality of the process is demonstrated by the formation of five- to seven-membered cyclic products from 42 substrates bearing substituents with different electronic effects and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yonghai Chai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
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45
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Zhu C, Kale AP, Yue H, Rueping M. Redox-Neutral Cross-Coupling Amination with Weak N-Nucleophiles: Arylation of Anilines, Sulfonamides, Sulfoximines, Carbamates, and Imines via Nickelaelectrocatalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:1057-1065. [PMID: 34467349 PMCID: PMC8395614 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling amination with weak nitrogen nucleophiles is described. Aryl halides as well as aryl tosylates can be efficiently coupled with a series of weak N-nucleophiles, including anilines, sulfonamides, sulfoximines, carbamates, and imines via concerted paired electrolysis. Notably, electron-deficient anilines and sulfonamides are also suitable substrates. Interestingly, when benzophenone imine is applied in the arylation, the product selectivity toward the formation of amine and imine product can be addressed by a base switch. In addition, the alternating current mode can be successfully applied. DFT calculations support a facilitated reductive elimination pathway.
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46
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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47
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Xiong F, Li B, Yang C, Zou L, Ma W, Gu L, Mei R, Ackermann L. Copper-mediated oxidative C-H/N-H activations with alkynes by removable hydrazides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1591-1599. [PMID: 34290838 PMCID: PMC8275871 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient copper-mediated oxidative C-H alkynylation of benzhydrazides was accomplished with terminal alkynes. Thus, a heteroaromatic removable N-2-pyridylhydrazide allowed for domino C-H/N-H functionalization. The approach featured remarkable functional group compatibility and ample substrate scope. Thereby, highly functionalized aromatic and heteroaromatic isoindolin-1-ones were accessed with high efficacy with rate-limiting C-H cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P.R. China
| | - Chenrui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P.R. China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P.R. China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China.,Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P.R. China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and 4Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Samanta RC, Ackermann L. Evolution of Earth-Abundant 3 d-Metallaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation: From Chelation-Assistance to C-H Functionalization without Directing Groups. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2430-2441. [PMID: 34028175 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalyzed C-H functionalizations have emerged as a transformative platform for molecular syntheses. Despite of indisputable advances, oxidative C-H activations have been largely restricted to precious transition metals and stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants. In contrast, we herein discuss the potential of earth-abundant, environmentally-benign 3d transition metals for C-H activation, which has recently gained major momentum. Thus, a strategy for full resource economy has been established in our group, with green electricity as a renewable redox agent, giving valuable hydrogen as the sole byproduct under redox mediator-free conditions. In this account, we detail our accomplishments in 3d metallaelectrocatalysis towards green syntheses until March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Weng Y, Chen H, Li N, Yang L, Ackermann L. Electrooxidative Metal‐Free Cyclization of 4‐Arylaminocoumarins with DMF as C1‐Source. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yang
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universitaet Gottingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
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50
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Singh B, Sharma V, Gaikwad RP, Fornasiero P, Zbořil R, Gawande MB. Single-Atom Catalysts: A Sustainable Pathway for the Advanced Catalytic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006473. [PMID: 33624397 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous catalyst is a backbone of modern sustainable green industries; and understanding the relationship between its structure and properties is the key for its advancement. Recently, many upscaling synthesis strategies for the development of a variety of respectable control atomically precise heterogeneous catalysts are reported and explored for various important applications in catalysis for energy and environmental remediation. Precise atomic-scale control of catalysts has allowed to significantly increase activity, selectivity, and in some cases stability. This approach has proved to be relevant in various energy and environmental related technologies such as fuel cell, chemical reactors for organic synthesis, and environmental remediation. Therefore, this review aims to critically analyze the recent progress on single-atom catalysts (SACs) application in oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and chemical and/or electrochemical organic transformations. Finally, opportunities that may open up in the future are summarized, along with suggesting new applications for possible exploitation of SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljeet Singh
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Centre for Converging Technologies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, India
| | - Rahul P Gaikwad
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431213, India
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM Trieste Research Unit and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, I-34127, Italy
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Manoj B Gawande
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431213, India
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