1
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Juvancz Z, Bodane-Kendrovics R, Agoston C, Czegledi B, Kaleta Z, Jicsinszky L, Riszter G. Chiral Selectivities of Permethylated α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins Containing Gas Chromatographic Stationary Phases towards Ibuprofen and Its Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7802. [PMID: 39063043 PMCID: PMC11276992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a well-known and broadly used, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller medicine. Ibuprofen is a chiral compound, and its two isomers have different biological effects, therefore, their chiral separation is necessary. Ibuprofen and its derivatives were used as model compounds to establish transportable structure chiral selectivity relationships. Chiral selectors were permethylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins containing gas chromatographic stationary phases. The chiral selectivity of ibuprofen as a free acid and its various alkyl esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and isoamyl esters) derivatives were tested at different temperatures. Every tested stationary phase was capable of the chiral separations of ibuprofen in its free acid form. The less strong included S optical isomers eluted before R optical isomers in every separate case. The results offer to draw transportable guidelines for the chiral selectivity vs. analyte structures. It was recognized that the S isomers of free ibuprofen acid showed an overloading phenomenon, but the R isomer did not. The results were supported by molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Juvancz
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Rita Bodane-Kendrovics
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Csaba Agoston
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Balazs Czegledi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Zoltan Kaleta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Laszlo Jicsinszky
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Gergo Riszter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
- Artificial Transporters Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Mazzarella D, Qi C, Vanzella M, Sartorel A, Pelosi G, Dell'Amico L. Electrochemical Asymmetric Radical Functionalization of Aldehydes Enabled by a Redox Shuttle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401361. [PMID: 38623693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Aminocatalysis is a well-established tool that enables the production of enantioenriched compounds under mild conditions. Its versatility is underscored by its seamless integration with various synthetic approaches. While the combination of aminocatalysis with metal catalysis, photochemistry, and stoichiometric oxidants has been extensively explored, its synergy with electrochemical activation remains largely unexplored. Herein, we present the successful merger of electrochemistry and aminocatalysis to perform SOMO-type transformations, expanding the toolkit for asymmetric electrochemical synthesis. The methodology harnesses electricity to drive the oxidation of catalytically generated enamines, which ultimately partake in enantioselective radical processes, leading to α-alkylated aldehydes. Crucially, mechanistic studies highlight how this electrochemical strategy is enabled by the use of a redox shuttle, 4,4'-dimethoxybiphenyl, to prevent catalyst degradation and furnishing the coveted compounds in good yield and high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mazzarella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Chun Qi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Vanzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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3
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Wu X, Fan X, Xie S, Scodeller I, Wen X, Vangestel D, Cheng J, Sels B. Zinc-indium-sulfide favors efficient C - H bond activation by concerted proton-coupled electron transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4967. [PMID: 38862582 PMCID: PMC11167015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
C - H bond activation is a ubiquitous reaction that remains a major challenge in chemistry. Although semiconductor-based photocatalysis is promising, the C - H bond activation mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we report value-added coupling products from a wide variety of biomass and fossil-derived reagents, formed via C - H bond activation over zinc-indium-sulfides (Zn-In-S). Contrary to the commonly accepted stepwise electron-proton transfer pathway (PE-ET) for semiconductors, our experimental and theoretical studies evidence a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (CPET) pathway. A pioneering microkinetic study, considering the relevant elementary steps of the surface chemistry, reveals a faster C - H activation with Zn-In-S because of circumventing formation of a charged radical, as it happens in PE-ET where it retards the catalysis due to strong site adsorption. For CPET over Zn-In-S, H abstraction, forming a neutral radical, is rate-limiting, but having lower energy barriers than that of PE-ET. The rate expressions derived from the microkinetics provide guidelines to rationally design semiconductor catalysis, e.g., for C - H activation, that is based on the CPET mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wu
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Xueting Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shunji Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ivan Scodeller
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dario Vangestel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Jun Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Bert Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium.
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4
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Tan Z, Liu Y, Feng X. Photoredox-catalyzed C( sp3)─H radical functionalization to enable asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral alkyl phosphine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn9738. [PMID: 38838147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn9738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
α-Chiral alkyl phosphines are privileged structural motifs with a wide application in organic and medical synthesis. It is highly desirable to develop stereoselective methods to prepare these enantioenriched molecules. The incorporation of C(sp3)─H functionalization and chiral phosphine chemistry is much less explored, probably because of the weak reactivity of C(sp3)─H bonds and/or the challenging site- and stereoselectivity issues. Herein, we disclose a synergistic catalysis system to enable an enantioselective radical addition process of α-substituted vinylphosphine oxides. An array of diverse α-chiral alkyl phosphors compounds is smoothly accessed by using the readily available chemicals as the inert C(sp3)─H bond reagent, such as sulfides, amines, alkenes, and toluene derivatives, exerting remarkable chemo-, site-, and enantioselectivity. On the basis of the mechanistic studies, both the C(sp3)─H bond activation and the stereochemistry-determining step are proposed to involve a single-electron transfer/proton transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Tan
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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5
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Ge L, Wang H, Liu Y, Feng X. Asymmetric Three-Component Radical Alkene Carboazidation by Direct Activation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13347-13355. [PMID: 38710023 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Azide compounds are widely present in natural products and drug molecules, and their easy-to-transform characteristics make them widely used in the field of organic synthesis. The merging of transition-metal catalysis with radical chemistry offers a versatile platform for radical carboazidation of alkenes, allowing the rapid assembly of highly functionalized organic azides. However, the direct use of readily available hydrocarbon feedstocks as sp3-hybridized carbon radical precursors to participate in catalytic enantioselective carboazidation of alkenes remains a significant challenge that has yet to be addressed. Herein, we describe an iron-catalyzed asymmetric three-component radical carboazidation of electron-deficient alkenes by direct activation of aliphatic C-H bonds. This approach involves intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer between a hydrocarbon and an alkoxy/aryl carboxyl radical, leading to the formation of a carbon-centered radical. The resulting radical then reacts with electron-deficient alkenes to generate a new radical species that undergoes chiral iron-complex-mediated C-N3 bond coupling. An array of valuable chiral azides bearing a quaternary stereocenter were directly accessed from widely available chemical feedstocks, and their synthetic potential is further demonstrated through more facile transformations to give other valuable enantioenriched building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P. R. China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P. R. China
| | - Yangbin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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6
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Cuesta-Galisteo S, Schörgenhumer J, Hervieu C, Nevado C. Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Carbamoylation of Benzylic C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313717. [PMID: 38214382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Radical-mediated Hydrogen Atom Abstraction of Csp3 -H bonds has become a powerful tool for the asymmetric functionalization of organic feedstocks. Here, we present an asymmetric synthesis of α-aryl amides via carbamoylation of alkylarenes with isocyanates as electrophiles. The synergistic combination of a photoredox and a chiral nickel-catalyst, enables the use of readily available and neutral reagents under mild reaction conditions and provides straightforward access to pharmacologically relevant motifs in enantiomerically pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cuesta-Galisteo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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8
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Zhang Z, Sui A, Zhang X, Wang X, He X, Zhang B, Wu H. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Addition of Electron-Deficient Aryl Alkane Nucleophiles to Enals. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38015566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a protocol for an organocatalyzed asymmetric vinylogous Michael addition of aryl alkane nucleophiles with enals under base- and additive-free conditions. A series of allylic building blocks were obtained in 60%-93% yield and 88-99% ee with 20 mol % diphenylprolinol silyl ether as catalyst. This protocol has advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity, good tolerance of functionalities, and simple reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Zhang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Ao Sui
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xinyi He
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Bingzhu Zhang
- Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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9
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Su F, Lu F, Tang K, Lv X, Luo Z, Che F, Long H, Wu X, Chi YR. Organocatalytic C-H Functionalization of Simple Alkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310072. [PMID: 37731165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds to form carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds offers vast potential for chemical synthesis and therefore receives increasing attention. At present, most successes come from strategies using metal catalysts/reagents or photo/electrochemical processes. The use of organocatalysis for this purpose remains scarce, especially when dealing with challenging C-H bonds such as those from simple alkanes. Here we disclose the first organocatalytic direct functionalization/acylation of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds of completely unfunctionalized alkanes. Our approach involves N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst-mediated carbonyl radical intermediate generation and coupling with simple alkanes (through the corresponding alkyl radical intermediates generated via a hydrogen atom transfer process). Unreactive C-H bonds are widely present in fossil fuel feedstocks, commercially important organic polymers, and complex molecules such as natural products. Our present study shall inspire a new avenue for quick functionalization of these molecules under the light- and metal-free catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Su
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fengfei Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kun Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaokang Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhongfu Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fengrui Che
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongyan Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of chemistry, chemical engineering, and biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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10
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Hosseini S, Beeler JA, Sanford MS, White HS. Electroorganic synthesis in aqueous solution via generation of strongly oxidizing and reducing intermediates. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:195-208. [PMID: 37492982 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is the ideal green solvent for organic electrosynthesis. However, a majority of electroorganic processes require potentials that lie beyond the electrochemical window for water. In general, water oxidation and reduction lead to poor synthetic yields and selectivity or altogether prohibit carrying out a desired reaction. Herein, we report several electroorganic reactions in water using synthetic strategies referred to as reductive oxidation and oxidative reduction. Reductive oxidation involves the homogeneous reduction of peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) via electrogenerated Ru(NH3)62+ at potential of -0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3.5 M KCl) to form the highly oxidizing sulfate radical anion (E0' (SO4˙-/SO42-) = 2.21 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which is capable of oxidizing species beyond the water oxidation potential. Electrochemically generated SO4˙- then efficiently abstracts a hydrogen atom from a variety of organic compounds such as benzyl alcohol and toluene to yield product in water. The reverse analogue of reductive oxidation is oxidative reduction. In this case, the homogeneous oxidation of oxalate (C2O42-) by electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+ produces the strongly reducing carbon dioxide radical anion (E0' (CO2˙-/CO2) = -2.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which can reduce species at potential beyond the water or proton reduction potential. In preliminary studies, the CO2˙- has been used to homogeneously reduce the C-Br moiety belonging to benzyl bromide at an oxidizing potential in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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11
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Jin Y, Fan LF, Ng EWH, Yu L, Hirao H, Gong LZ. Atom Transfer Radical Coupling Enables Highly Enantioselective Carbo-Oxygenation of Alkenes with Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22031-22040. [PMID: 37774121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds has emerged as a transformative approach for streamlining synthetic routes, offering remarkable efficiency in the preparation and modification of complex organic molecules. However, the direct enantioselective transformation of hydrocarbons to medicinally valuable chiral molecules remains a significant challenge that has yet to be addressed. In this study, we adopt an atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) strategy to achieve the asymmetric functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds in hydrocarbons. This approach involves intermolecular H atom transfer (HAT) between a hydrocarbon and an alkoxy radical, leading to the formation of a carbon-centered radical. The resulting radical adds to alkenes, generating a new radical species that is intercepted by a chiral copper-mediated C-O bond coupling. By employing this method, we can directly access valuable chiral lactones bearing a quaternary stereocenter with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity. Importantly, ATRC exhibits great potential as a versatile platform for achieving stereoselective transformations of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lian-Feng Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Elvis Wang Hei Ng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Lu Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
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12
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Bauer T, Hakim YZ, Morawska P. Recent Advances in the Enantioselective Radical Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:6252. [PMID: 37687085 PMCID: PMC10489153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The review covers research published since 2017 and is focused on enantioselective synthesis using radical reactions. It describes recent approaches to the asymmetric synthesis of chiral molecules based on the application of the metal catalysis, dual metal and organocatalysis and finally, pure organocatalysis including enzyme catalysis. This review focuses on the synthetic aspects of the methodology and tries to show which compounds can be obtained in enantiomerically enriched forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bauer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, L Pasteura 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (Y.Z.H.); (P.M.)
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13
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Shigeno M, Kajima A, Toyama E, Korenaga T, Yamakoshi H, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. LiHMDS-Mediated Deprotonative Coupling of Toluenes with Ketones. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203549. [PMID: 36479733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) acts as an effective base for deprotonative coupling reactions of toluenes with ketones to afford stilbenes. Various functionalities (halogen, OCF3 , amide, Me, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, SMe, and SPh) are allowed on the toluenes. Notably, this system proved successful with low-reactive toluenes bearing a large pKa value compared to that of the conjugate acid of LiHMDS (hexamethyldisilazane, 25.8, THF), as demonstrated by 4-phenyltoluene (38.57, THF) and toluene itself (∼43, DMSO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kajima
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eito Toyama
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan.,Soft-Path Science and Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakoshi
- Central Analytical Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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14
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Ji AY, Thirupathi A, Hwang JY, Kim Y, Han G, Ahn KH, Kang K, Kang EJ. Iron Catalysis of C(sp 3)-H Azidation Using a Heteroarene Radical Cation Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:1541-1546. [PMID: 36856660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The FeIII(phen)3 catalysis of the benzylic C(sp3)-H azidation of indoles has been investigated. The Fe(III) complex can selectively oxidize indoles to form arene radical cations, which are transformed into benzylic C(sp3) radical intermediates. This strategy exhibits a difference in reactivity between N-heteroarenes and benzene, which is difficult to achieve via direct hydrogen abstraction approaches. Various biorelevant azide precursors were constructed, highlighting the utility of this mild first-row transition-metal catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Ji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Annaram Thirupathi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Joon Young Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Gyuri Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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15
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Xu S, Ping Y, Li W, Guo H, Su Y, Li Z, Wang M, Kong W. Enantioselective C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of Oxacycles via Photo-HAT/Nickel Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5231-5241. [PMID: 36812098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of ubiquitous but inert C-H bonds is highly appealing in synthetic chemistry, but the direct transformation of hydrocarbons lacking directing groups into high-value chiral molecules remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we develop an enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization of undirected oxacycles via photo-HAT/nickel dual catalysis. This protocol provides a practical platform for the rapid construction of high-value and enantiomerically enriched oxacycles directly from simple and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the late-stage functionalization of natural products and the synthesis of many pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Experimental and density functional theory calculation studies provide detailed insights into the mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity for the asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haoyun Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yinyan Su
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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16
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Stini NA, Poursaitidis ET, Nikitas NF, Kartsinis M, Spiliopoulou N, Ananida-Dasenaki P, Kokotos CG. Light-accelerated "on-water" hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1284-1293. [PMID: 36645430 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates has received a lot of attention lately due to the great importance of acyl hydrazides in organic chemistry. Herein, we report an inexpensive and green photochemical approach, where light irradiation (390 nm) significantly accelerates the reaction between dialkyl azodicarboxylates and aldehydes, while water is employed as the solvent. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were converted into their corresponding acyl hydrazides in good to excellent yields in really short reaction times (15-210 min) and the reaction mechanism was also studied. Applications of this reaction in the syntheses of Vorinostat and Moclobemide were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naya A Stini
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Efthymios T Poursaitidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michail Kartsinis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Phoebe Ananida-Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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18
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Gao MY, Bai H, Cui X, Liu S, Ling S, Kong T, Bai B, Hu C, Dai Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Xiong Y. Precisely Tailoring Heterometallic Polyoxotitanium Clusters for the Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202215540. [PMID: 36314983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising yet challenging approach for the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to valuable oxygenated chemicals with O2 under mild conditions. In this work, we report an atomically precise material model to address this challenge. The key to our solution is the rational incorporation of Fe species into polyoxotitanium cluster to form a heterometallic Ti4 Fe1 cocrystal. This newly designed cocrystal cluster, which well governs the energy and charge transfer as evidenced by spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations, enables the synergistic process involving C(sp3 )-H bond activation by photogenerated holes and further reactions by singlet oxygen (1 O2 ). Remarkably, the cocrystal Ti4 Fe1 cluster achieves efficient and selective oxidation of hydrocarbons (C5 to C16 ) into aldehydes and ketones with a conversion rate up to 12 860 μmol g-1 h-1 , 5 times higher than that of Fe-doped Ti3 Fe1 cluster. This work provides insights into photocatalyst design at atomic level enabling synergistic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Hui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric-Magnetic Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric-Magnetic Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Shan Ling
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Kong
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Canyu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Dai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yingguo Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric-Magnetic Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246011, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
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19
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Kynman AE, Elghanayan LK, Desnoyer AN, Yang Y, Sévery L, Di Giuseppe A, Tilley TD, Maron L, Arnold PL. Controlled monodefluorination and alkylation of C(sp 3)-F bonds by lanthanide photocatalysts: importance of metal-ligand cooperativity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14090-14100. [PMID: 36540817 PMCID: PMC9728647 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of a single fluorine in a CF3 group is difficult and rare. Photochemical C-F bond functionalization of the sp3-C-H bond in trifluorotoluene, PhCF3, is achieved using catalysts made from earth-abundant lanthanides, (CpMe4)2Ln(2-O-3,5- t Bu2-C6H2)(1-C{N(CH)2N(iPr)}) (Ln = La, Ce, Nd and Sm, CpMe4 = C5Me4H). The Ce complex is the most effective at mediating hydrodefluorination and defluoroalkylative coupling of PhCF3 with alkenes; addition of magnesium dialkyls enables catalytic C-F bond cleavage and C-C bond formation by all the complexes. Mechanistic experiments confirm the essential role of the Lewis acidic metal and support an inner-sphere mechanism of C-F activation. Computational studies agree that coordination of the C-F substrate is essential for C-F bond cleavage. The unexpected catalytic activity for all members is made possible by the light-absorbing ability of the redox non-innocent ligands. The results described herein underscore the importance of metal-ligand cooperativity, specifically the synergy between the metal and ligand in both light absorption and redox reactivity, in organometallic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Luca K Elghanayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Yan Yang
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Sévery
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Andrea Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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20
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Xu YY, Dai L, Gao ZH, Ye S. ε-Benzylation via Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14970-14974. [PMID: 36264188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ε-benzylation of γ-alkenyl-γ-oxidized enals via dual photoredox and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis has been developed, affording the corresponding ε-benzyl-α,β-γ,δ-bisunsaturated esters in moderate to good yields with exclusive regioselectivities. The reaction is proposed via the generation of benzyl radical under photocatalysis, followed by its addition to an NHC-bound trienolate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208329. [PMID: 35920713 PMCID: PMC9826208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While 2-alk-ω-enyloxy-sustituted benzaldehydes do not display any photochemical reactivity at the arene core, the respective iminium perchlorates were found to undergo efficient reactions either upon direct irradiation (λ=366 nm) or under sensitizing conditions (λ=420 nm, 2.5 mol% thioxanthen-9-one). Three pathways were found: (a) Most commonly, the reaction led to benzoxacyclic products in which the olefin in the tether underwent a formal, yet unprecedented carboformylation (13 examples, 44-99 % yield). The cascade process occurred with high diastereoselectivity and was found to be stereoconvergent. (b) If a substituent resides in the 3-position of the benzene ring, a meta photocycloaddition was observed which produced tetracyclic skeletons with five stereogenic centers in excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity (2 examples, 58-79 % yield). (c) If the tether was internally substituted at the alkene, an arene photocycloaddition was avoided and an azetidine was formed in an aza Paternò-Büchi reaction (2 examples, 95-98 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)School of Natural SciencesTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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22
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Del Vecchio A, Sinibaldi A, Nori V, Giorgianni G, Di Carmine G, Pesciaioli F. Synergistic Strategies in Aminocatalysis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200818. [PMID: 35666172 PMCID: PMC9539941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic catalysis offers the unique possibility of simultaneous activation of both the nucleophile and the electrophile in a reaction. A requirement for this strategy is the stability of the active species towards the reaction conditions and the two concerted catalytic cycles. Since the beginning of the century, aminocatalysis has been established as a platform for the stereoselective activation of carbonyl compounds through HOMO-raising or LUMO-lowering. The burgeoning era of aminocatalysis has been driven by a deep understanding of these activation and stereoinduction modes, thanks to the introduction of versatile and privileged chiral amines. The aim of this review is to cover recent developments in synergistic strategies involving aminocatalysis in combination with organo-, metal-, photo-, and electro-catalysis, focusing on the evolution of privileged aminocatalysts architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Vecchio
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studidell'Aquilavia Vetoio67100L'AquilaItaly
| | - Arianna Sinibaldi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studidell'Aquilavia Vetoio67100L'AquilaItaly
| | - Valeria Nori
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studidell'Aquilavia Vetoio67100L'AquilaItaly
| | - Giuliana Giorgianni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studidell'Aquilavia Vetoio67100L'AquilaItaly
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences Università degli Studi di FerraraVia Fossato di Mortara 1744121FerraraItaly
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studidell'Aquilavia Vetoio67100L'AquilaItaly
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23
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Proessdorf J, Jandl C, Pickl T, Bach T. Arene Activation through Iminium Ions: Product Diversity from Intramolecular Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Proessdorf
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Technische Universität München: Technische Universitat Munchen Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching GERMANY
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24
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Song X, Zhang J, Wu YX, Ouyang Q, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric Formal Nucleophilic o-Cresolylation with Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates of 2-Cyclohexenones via Palladium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9564-9569. [PMID: 35623059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report an asymmetric formal nucleophilic o-cresolylation reaction with the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates from 2-cyclohexanones and diverse aldehydes under palladium catalysis, by in situ generation of electron-neutral and HOMO-raised η2-Pd(0)-dienone complexes via an oxidative insertion/π-σ-isomerization/β-H elimination activation sequence. The subsequent umpolung vinylogous addition to a variety of imines is realized upon Pd(0)-mediated π-Lewis base catalysis, finally furnishing o-cresolylated products followed by another cascade of a π-σ-isomerization/β-H elimination/aromatization process. Moderate to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity are achieved for substantial substrate assemblies by employing a newly designed bulky chiral phosphonamidite ligand, and the resultant multifunctional products can be facilely elaborated to access diverse enantioenriched architectures. In addition, the catalytic reaction pathway is finely illuminated by control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
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25
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Roy S, Paul H, Chatterjee I. Light‐Mediated Aminocatalysis: The Dual‐Catalytic Ability Enabling New Enantioselective Route. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Roy
- IIT Ropar: Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Chemistry INDIA
| | - Hrishikesh Paul
- IIT Ropar: Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Chemistry INDIA
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar Chemistry Nangal Road 140001 Rupnagar INDIA
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26
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Guo F, Wang H, Ye X, Tan CH. Advanced Synthesis Using Photocatalysis Involved Dual Catalytic System. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Guo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Hong Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science CHINA
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science 18 Chaowang Road 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences SINGAPORE
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27
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Yu H, Zhan T, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu X, Feng X. Visible-Light-Activated Asymmetric Addition of Hydrocarbons to Pyridine-Based Ketones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Tangyu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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28
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Wong THF, Ma D, Di Sanza R, Melchiorre P. Photoredox Organocatalysis for the Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,7-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2022; 24:1695-1699. [PMID: 35199526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe an asymmetric organocatalytic method to synthesize 1,7-dicarbonyl compounds containing a β-stereocenter. The chemistry relies on the formation of γ-keto radicals, generated upon oxidative ring opening of cyclobutanols mastered by an organic photoredox catalyst. These nonstabilized primary radicals are stereoselectively intercepted by an iminium ion intermediate, formed upon activation of aliphatic and aromatic enals by a chiral secondary amine catalyst. This organocatalytic photoredox method served to prepare scaffolds found in natural products and drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hin-Fung Wong
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dengke Ma
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Di Sanza
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA - Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Meng XH, Xu XC, Wang Z, Liang YX, Zhao YL. NaN(SiMe3)2/CsTFA Copromoted Aminobenzylation/Cyclization of 2-Isocyanobenzaldehydes with Toluene Derivatives or Benzyl Compounds: One-Pot Access to Dihydroquinazolines and Quinazolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3156-3166. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-He Meng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue-Cen Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yong-Xin Liang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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30
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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31
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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32
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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33
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Yao W, Bergamino EAB, Ngai MY. Asymmetric Photocatalysis Enabled by Chiral Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202101292. [PMID: 36204304 PMCID: PMC9531867 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has advanced as a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, attaining precise stereocontrol in photocatalytic reactions has been a longstanding challenge due to undesired photochemical background reactions and the involvement of highly reactive radicals or radical ion intermediates generated under photocatalytic conditions. To address this problem and expand the synthetic utility of photocatalytic reactions, a number of innovative strategies, including mono- and dual-catalytic approaches, have recently emerged. Of these, exploiting chiral organocatalysis, such as enamine catalysis, iminium-ion catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, to induce chirality transfer of photocatalytic reactions has been widely explored. This Review aims to provide a current, comprehensive overview of asymmetric photocatalytic reactions enabled by chiral organocatalysts published through June 2021. The substrate scope, advantages, limitations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of each reaction are discussed. This review should serve as a reference for the development of visible-light-induced asymmetric photocatalysis and promote the improvement of the chemical reactivity and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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34
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Lu C, Jing D, Shen Y, Luo J, Zheng K. Redox-neutral access to 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles via radical coupling reactions. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient radical protocol was developed for the assembly of valuable functional oxindoles in the absence of metals, photocatalysts, and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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35
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Aitsuki K, Fukushima D, Nakahara H, Yo K, Kodera M, Okunaka S, Tokudome H, Koitaya T, Hitomi Y. In situ decomposition of bromine-substituted catechol to increase the activity of titanium dioxide catalyst for visible-light-induced aerobic conversion of toluene to benzaldehyde. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface-modified TiO2 generated by the photolysis of tetrabromocatechol showed higher activity than bare TiO2 in visible-light-induced photocatalytic toluene oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Aitsuki
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Daiki Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kazumune Yo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masahito Kodera
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Sayuri Okunaka
- Global Zero Emission Research Center (GZR), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tokudome
- Research Institute, TOTO Ltd., 2-8-1 Honson, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-8577, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- PRESTO/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hitomi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
- PRESTO/JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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36
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Berger M, Carboni D, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Regio- and Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Allyl Groups to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26373-26377. [PMID: 34695283 PMCID: PMC9298816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the first catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of allyl groups to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The chemistry exploits the visible‐light‐excitation of chiral iminium ions to activate allyl silanes towards the formation of allylic radicals, which are then intercepted stereoselectively. The underlying radical mechanism of this process overcomes the poor regio‐ and chemoselectivity that traditionally affects the conjugate allylation of enals proceeding via polar pathways. We also demonstrate how this organocatalytic strategy could selectively install a valuable prenyl fragment at the β‐carbon of enals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berger
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Davide Carboni
- ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICREA-Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.,ICIQ-Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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37
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Berger M, Carboni D, Melchiorre P. Photochemical Organocatalytic Regio‐ and Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Allyl Groups to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berger
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Davide Carboni
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICREA—Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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38
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CNRS CPE-Lyon INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée LHFA UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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39
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19526-19549. [PMID: 33881207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic photocatalysts has revolutionized the field of photoredox catalysis, as it allows access to reactivities that were traditionally restricted to transition-metal photocatalysts. This Minireview reports recent developments in the use of acridinium ions and cyanoarene derivatives in organic synthesis. The activation of inert chemical bonds as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules are discussed, with a special focus on their mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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40
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Xiong T, Zhang Q. Recent advances in the direct construction of enantioenriched stereocenters through addition of radicals to internal alkenes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8857-8873. [PMID: 34279014 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of new synthetic methods involving radical intermediates to control the absolute configuration of newly formed stereocenters has seen unprecedented growth in the past few decades. Despite significant advances in this topic, catalytic asymmetric direct construction of stereocenters through addition of radicals to internal alkenes is of special interest due to its potential to simultaneously build (more than) two consecutive stereogenic centers. Methodologies such as chiral Lewis acid catalysis, organocatalysis, and transition metal catalysis have been successfully leveraged to exert enantiocontrol in this challenging domain. This tutorial review highlights the recent significant progress in the realm of rapidly and conveniently building enantioenriched stereocenters via addition of radicals to internal alkenes, with an emphasis on mechanistic scenarios governing the absolute stereochemistry and unmet challenges in this emerging and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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41
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Cheng X, Li T, Liu Y, Lu Z. Stereo- and Enantioselective Benzylic C–H Alkenylation via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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42
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Qi R, Wang C, Huo Y, Chai H, Wang H, Ma Z, Liu L, Wang R, Xu Z. Visible Light Induced Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric C(sp 3)-H Alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12777-12783. [PMID: 34351761 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric functionalization of C-H is one of the most attractive strategies in asymmetric synthesis. In the past decades, catalytic enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization has been intensively studied and successfully applied in various asymmetric bond formations, whereas asymmetric C(sp3)-H alkylation was not well developed. Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as an efficient way to synthesize organic compounds under mild conditions. Despite many photoinduced stereoselective reactions that have been achieved, the related enantioselective C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling is challenging, especially of the photocatalytic asymmetric C(sp3)-H radical alkylation. Here, we report a visible light induced Cu catalyzed asymmetric sp3 C-H alkylation, which is effective for coupling with unbiased primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl fragments in high enantioselectivities. This reaction would provide a new approach for the synthesis of important molecules such as unnatural α-amino acids and late-stage functionalization of bioactive compounds, and will be useful for modern peptide synthesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupeng Qi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Chai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Ma
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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43
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Großkopf J, Kratz T, Rigotti T, Bach T. Enantioselective Photochemical Reactions Enabled by Triplet Energy Transfer. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1626-1653. [PMID: 34227803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For molecules with a singlet ground state, the population of triplet states is mainly possible (a) by direct excitation and subsequent intersystem crossing or (b) by energy transfer from an appropriate sensitizer. The latter scenario enables a catalytic photochemical reaction in which the sensitizer adopts the role of a catalyst undergoing several cycles of photon absorption and subsequent energy transfer to the substrate. If the product molecule of a triplet-sensitized process is chiral, this process can proceed enantioselectively upon judicious choice of a chiral triplet sensitizer. An enantioselective reaction can also occur in a dual catalytic approach in which, apart from an achiral sensitizer, a second chiral catalyst activates the substrate toward sensitization. Although the idea of enantioselective photochemical reactions via triplet intermediates has been pursued for more than 50 years, notable selectivities exceeding 90% enantiomeric excess (ee) have only been realized in the past decade. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive survey on the various photochemical reactions which were rendered enantioselective by triplet sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo Kratz
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Li J, Jiao J, Chang J, Li M, Han Q. Visible-Light-Driven C-N Bond Formation by a Hexanickel Cluster Substituted Polyoxometalate-Based Photocatalyst. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10022-10029. [PMID: 34133163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A powerful and attractive route to develop novel photocatalysts for C-N bond formation involves the use of pyrrolidine as the substrate and cocatalyst simultaneously. Herein, a new polyoxometalate (POM)-based metal-organic framework, namely, [Ni6(OH)3(H2O)9(DPNDIH)(SiW9O34)]2·2H2O (SiW9Ni6-DPNDI) (DPNDI = N,N'-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide), was prepared by incorporating a Ni6 cluster-substituted POM anion and a photosensitizer (DPNDI) into a framework. The anion···π interactions and covalent bonds between SiW9Ni6 and DPNDI are beneficial for the consecutive electron separation and transfer. Under visible-light irradiation, DPNDI can be easily excited to generate radical species DPNDI* that could be further excited in the presence of the electron donor pyrrolidine for the inert O2 activation. SiW9Ni6-DPNDI showed a high efficiency in the photocatalysis of C-N bond formation under a mild condition by the synergy of DPNDI and SiW9Ni6. The results of the reaction were confirmed by gas chromatography and 1H NMR. In addition, SiW9Ni6-DPNDI exhibited a high sustainability without an obvious change in yields after five cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalates, Institute of Molecular and Crystal Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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Pecho F, Sempere Y, Gramüller J, Hörmann FM, Gschwind RM, Bach T. Enantioselective [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition via Iminium Ions: Catalysis by a Sensitizing Chiral Brønsted Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9350-9354. [PMID: 34156845 PMCID: PMC8251699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N,O-Acetals derived from α,β-unsaturated β-aryl substituted aldehydes and (1-aminocyclohexyl)methanol were found to undergo a catalytic enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition to a variety of olefins (19 examples, 54-96% yield, 84-98% ee). The reaction was performed by visible light irradiation (λ = 459 nm). A chiral phosphoric acid (10 mol %) with an (R)-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (binol) backbone served as the catalyst. The acid displays two thioxanthone groups attached to position 3 and 3' of the binol core via a meta-substituted phenyl linker. NMR studies confirmed the formation of an iminium ion which is attached to the acid counterion in a hydrogen-bond assisted ion pair. The catalytic activity of the acid rests on the presence of the thioxanthone moieties which enable a facile triplet energy transfer and an efficient enantioface differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Pecho
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yeshua Sempere
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian M Hörmann
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Asymmetric C(sp 3)-H functionalization of unactivated alkylarenes such as toluene enabled by chiral Brønsted base catalysts. Commun Chem 2021; 4:36. [PMID: 36697525 PMCID: PMC9814754 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzylic functionalisation of unactivated alkylarenes remains as a significant challenge in asymmetric catalysis due to their less reactive nature. Here, we show development of catalytic asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization of unactivated alkylarenes such as toluene with imines. The reactions proceeded smoothly under proton-transfer conditions using a chiral, strong Brønsted base catalyst system. A chiral Brønsted base prepared from an alkylpotassium and a chiral amine ligand was found to effectively form a promising asymmetric environment around a benzyl anion. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed that the use of the alkaline metal amide, potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS), as an additive was most effective, and enantioselective and atom economical carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions at the benzylic positions of unactivated alkylarenes was achieved without using any transition-metal catalyst.
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Sohtome Y, Kanomata K, Sodeoka M. Cross-Coupling Reactions of Persistent Tertiary Carbon Radicals. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sohtome
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kanomata
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Le Saux E, Ma D, Bonilla P, Holden CM, Lustosa D, Melchiorre P. A General Organocatalytic System for Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Additions to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5357-5362. [PMID: 33283919 PMCID: PMC7986922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a general iminium ion-based catalytic method for the enantioselective conjugate addition of carbon-centered radicals to aliphatic and aromatic enals. The process uses an organic photoredox catalyst, which absorbs blue light to generate radicals from stable precursors, in combination with a chiral amine catalyst, which secures a consistently high level of stereoselectivity. The generality of this catalytic platform is demonstrated by the stereoselective interception of a wide variety of radicals, including non-stabilized primary ones which are generally difficult to engage in asymmetric processes. The system also served to develop organocatalytic cascade reactions that combine an iminium-ion-based radical trap with an enamine-mediated step, affording stereochemically dense chiral products in one-step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Dengke Ma
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Pablo Bonilla
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Catherine M. Holden
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Danilo Lustosa
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICREA-Passeig Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAvenida Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
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Kim W, Koo J, Lee HG. Benzylic C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) cross-coupling of indoles enabled by oxidative radical generation and nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4119-4125. [PMID: 34163683 PMCID: PMC8179435 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistically unique functionalization strategy for a benzylic C(sp3)-H bond has been developed based on the facile oxidation event of indole substrates. This novel pathway was initiated by efficient radical generation at the benzylic position of the substrate, with subsequent transition metal catalysis to complete the overall transformation. Ultimately, an aryl or an acyl group could be effectively delivered from an aryl (pseudo)halide or an acid anhydride coupling partner, respectively. The developed method utilizes mild conditions and exhibits a wide substrate scope for both substituted indoles and C(sp2)-based reaction counterparts. Mechanistic studies have shown that competitive hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes, which are frequently encountered in conventional methods, are not involved in the product formation process of the developed strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Jangwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Seoul 08826 South Korea
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50
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Le Saux E, Ma D, Bonilla P, Holden CM, Lustosa D, Melchiorre P. A General Organocatalytic System for Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Additions to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Le Saux
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Dengke Ma
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pablo Bonilla
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Catherine M. Holden
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Danilo Lustosa
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICREA- Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- ICIQ—Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avenida Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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