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Krysiak S, Burda K. The Effect of Removal of External Proteins PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ on Flash-Induced Molecular Oxygen Evolution and Its Biphasicity in Tobacco PSII. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7187-7218. [PMID: 39057069 PMCID: PMC11276211 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oxygen evolution within photosystem II (PSII) is one of the most enigmatic processes occurring in nature. It is suggested that external proteins surrounding the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) not only stabilize it and provide an appropriate ionic environment but also create water channels, which could be involved in triggering the ingress of water and the removal of O2 and protons outside the system. To investigate the influence of these proteins on the rate of oxygen release and the efficiency of OEC function, we developed a measurement protocol for the direct measurement of the kinetics of oxygen release from PSII using a Joliot-type electrode. PSII-enriched tobacco thylakoids were used in the experiments. The results revealed the existence of slow and fast modes of oxygen evolution. This observation is model-independent and requires no specific assumptions about the initial distribution of the OEC states. The gradual removal of exogenous proteins resulted in a slowdown of the rapid phase (~ms) of O2 release and its gradual disappearance while the slow phase (~tens of ms) accelerated. The role of external proteins in regulating the biphasicity and efficiency of oxygen release is discussed based on observed phenomena and current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kvetoslava Burda
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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2
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Dumont R, Dowdell J, Song J, Li J, Wang S, Kang W, Li B. Control of charge transport in electronically active systems towards integrated biomolecular circuits (IbC). J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8302-8314. [PMID: 37464922 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of traditional silicon-based electronics will soon reach its limitation as quantum tunneling and heat become serious problems at the several-nanometer scale. Crafting integrated circuits via self-assembly of electronically active molecules using a "bottom-up" paradigm provides a potential solution to these technological challenges. In particular, integrated biomolecular circuits (IbC) offer promising advantages to achieve this goal, as nature offers countless examples of functionalities entailed by self-assembly and examples of controlling charge transport at the molecular level within the self-assembled structures. To this end, the review summarizes the progress in understanding how charge transport is regulated in biosystems and the key redox-active amino acids that enable the charge transport. In addition, charge transport mechanisms at different length scales are also reviewed, offering key insights for controlling charge transport in IbC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dumont
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA.
| | - Juwaan Dowdell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA.
| | - Jisoo Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA.
| | - Jiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Suwan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA.
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3
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Sirohiwal A, Pantazis DA. Functional Water Networks in Fully Hydrated Photosystem II. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22035-22050. [PMID: 36413491 PMCID: PMC9732884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water channels and networks within photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthesis are critical for enzyme structure and function. They control substrate delivery to the oxygen-evolving center and mediate proton transfer at both the oxidative and reductive endpoints. Current views on PSII hydration are derived from protein crystallography, but structural information may be compromised by sample dehydration and technical limitations. Here, we simulate the physiological hydration structure of a cyanobacterial PSII model following a thorough hydration procedure and large-scale unconstrained all-atom molecular dynamics enabled by massively parallel simulations. We show that crystallographic models of PSII are moderately to severely dehydrated and that this problem is particularly acute for models derived from X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) serial femtosecond crystallography. We present a fully hydrated representation of cyanobacterial PSII and map all water channels, both static and dynamic, associated with the electron donor and acceptor sides. Among them, we describe a series of transient channels and the attendant conformational gating role of protein components. On the acceptor side, we characterize a channel system that is absent from existing crystallographic models but is likely functionally important for the reduction of the terminal electron acceptor plastoquinone QB. The results of the present work build a foundation for properly (re)evaluating crystallographic models and for eliciting new insights into PSII structure and function.
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4
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Tadokoro M, Itoh M, Nishimura R, Sekiguchi K, Hoshino N, Kamebuchi H, Miyazaki J, Kobayashi F, Mizuno M, Akutagawa T. Proton Conduction at High Temperature in High-Symmetry Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Crystals of Ru III Complexes with Six Imidazole-Imidazolate Ligands. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201397. [PMID: 35760750 PMCID: PMC9545294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new H-bonded crystal [RuIII (Him)3 (Im)3 ] with three imidazole (Him) and three imidazolate (Im- ) groups was prepared to obtain a higher-temperature proton conductor than a Nafion membrane with water driving. The crystal is constructed by complementary N-H⋅⋅⋅N H-bonds between the RuIII complexes and has a rare Icy-c* cubic network topology with a twofold interpenetration without crystal anisotropy. The crystals show a proton conductivity of 3.08×10-5 S cm-1 at 450 K and a faster conductivity than those formed by only HIms. The high proton conductivity is attributed to not only molecular rotations and hopping motions of HIm frameworks that are activated at ∼113 K, but also isotropic whole-molecule rotation of [RuIII (Him)3 (Im)3 ] at temperatures greater than 420 K. The latter rotation was confirmed by solid-state 2 H NMR spectroscopy; probable proton conduction routes were predicted and theoretically considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tadokoro
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka 1–3Shinjuku-kuTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Masaki Itoh
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka 1–3Shinjuku-kuTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Ryota Nishimura
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka 1–3Shinjuku-kuTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Kensuke Sekiguchi
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka 1–3Shinjuku-kuTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)Tohoku UniversityKatahira, 2–1-1, Aoba-kuSendai980-8577Japan
| | - Hajime Kamebuchi
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Humanities and SciencesNihon UniversitySakurajyosui 3–25-40Setagaya-kuTokyo156-8550Japan
| | - Jun Miyazaki
- Department of Natural SciencesSchool of EngineeringTokyo Denki UniversitySenjuasahi-cho 5Adachi-kuTokyo120-8551Japan
| | - Fumiya Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka 1–3Shinjuku-kuTokyo162-8601Japan
| | - Motohiro Mizuno
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM)Tohoku UniversityKatahira, 2–1-1, Aoba-kuSendai980-8577Japan
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5
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Electronic Structure of Tyrosyl D Radical of Photosystem II, as Revealed by 2D-Hyperfine Sublevel Correlation Spectroscopy. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7090131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological water oxidation takes place in Photosystem II (PSII), a multi-subunit protein located in thylakoid membranes of higher plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. The catalytic site of PSII is a Mn4Ca cluster and is known as the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of PSII. Two tyrosine residues D1-Tyr161 (YZ) and D2-Tyr160 (YD) are symmetrically placed in the two core subunits D1 and D2 and participate in proton coupled electron transfer reactions. YZ of PSII is near the OEC and mediates electron coupled proton transfer from Mn4Ca to the photooxidizable chlorophyll species P680+. YD does not directly interact with OEC, but is crucial for modulating the various S oxidation states of the OEC. In PSII from higher plants the environment of YD• radical has been extensively characterized only in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Mn-depleted non functional PSII membranes. Here, we present a 2D-HYSCORE investigation in functional PSII of spinach to determine the electronic structure of YD• radical. The hyperfine couplings of the protons that interact with the YD• radical are determined and the relevant assignment is provided. A discussion on the similarities and differences between the present results and the results from studies performed in non functional PSII membranes from higher plants and PSII preparations from other organisms is given.
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6
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Hecker F, Stubbe J, Bennati M. Detection of Water Molecules on the Radical Transfer Pathway of Ribonucleotide Reductase by 17O Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7237-7241. [PMID: 33957040 PMCID: PMC8154519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of water in biological proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is emerging as a key for understanding mechanistic details at atomic resolution. Here we demonstrate 17O high-frequency electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) in conjunction with H217O-labeled protein buffer to establish the presence of ordered water molecules at three radical intermediates in an active enzyme complex, the α2β2 E. coli ribonucleotide reductase. Our data give unambiguous evidence that all three, individually trapped, intermediates are hyperfine coupled to one water molecule with Tyr-O···17O distances in the range 2.8-3.1 Å. The availability of this structural information will allow for quantitative models of PCET in this prototype enzyme. The results also provide a spectroscopic signature for water H-bonded to a tyrosyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hecker
- Max
Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 20139, United States
| | - Marina Bennati
- Max
Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Orio M, Pantazis DA. Successes, challenges, and opportunities for quantum chemistry in understanding metalloenzymes for solar fuels research. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3952-3974. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Overview of the rich and diverse contributions of quantum chemistry to understanding the structure and function of the biological archetypes for solar fuel research, photosystem II and hydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Orio
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- iSm2
- Marseille
- France
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
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8
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Determining the Electronic Structure of Paramagnetic Intermediates in membrane proteins: A high-resolution 2D 1H hyperfine sublevel correlation study of the redox-active tyrosines of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Méndez-Hernández DD, Baldansuren A, Kalendra V, Charles P, Mark B, Marshall W, Molnar B, Moore TA, Lakshmi KV, Moore AL. HYSCORE and DFT Studies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in a Bioinspired Artificial Photosynthetic Reaction Center. iScience 2020; 23:101366. [PMID: 32738611 PMCID: PMC7394912 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic water-oxidation reaction is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (PSII) that comprises the Mn4CaO5 cluster, with participation of the redox-active tyrosine residue (YZ) and a hydrogen-bonded network of amino acids and water molecules. It has been proposed that the strong hydrogen bond between YZ and D1-His190 likely renders YZ kinetically and thermodynamically competent leading to highly efficient water oxidation. However, a detailed understanding of the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) at YZ remains elusive owing to the transient nature of its intermediate states involving YZ⋅. Herein, we employ a combination of high-resolution two-dimensional 14N hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy and density functional theory methods to investigate a bioinspired artificial photosynthetic reaction center that mimics the PCET process involving the YZ residue of PSII. Our results underscore the importance of proximal water molecules and charge delocalization on the electronic structure of the artificial reaction center. Structural factors are critical in the design of artificial photosynthetic systems Correlation between hyperfine couplings of the N atoms and electron spin density Spin density distribution affected by charge delocalization and explicit waters Spin density modulation by electronic coupling as observed with P680 and YZ in PSII
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amgalanbaatar Baldansuren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Vidmantas Kalendra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Philip Charles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Brian Mark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - William Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Brian Molnar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Thomas A Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - K V Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Ana L Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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10
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Nakamura S, Capone M, Narzi D, Guidoni L. Pivotal role of the redox-active tyrosine in driving the water splitting catalyzed by photosystem II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:273-285. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TyrZ oxidation state triggers hydrogen bond modification in the water oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nakamura
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”
- University of Rome “Sapienza”
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Matteo Capone
- Department of Information Engineering, Computational Science, and Mathematics
- Università dell’Aquila
- L’Aquila
- Italy
| | - Daniele Narzi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Av. F.-A. Forel 2
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Guidoni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Science
- Università dell’Aquila
- L’Aquila
- Italy
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11
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Gu C, Nie X, Jiang J, Chen Z, Dong Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Yu Z, Zhu Z, Liu J, Liu X, Shao Y. Mechanistic Study of Oxygen Reduction at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces by Hybrid Ultramicroelectrodes and Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13212-13221. [PMID: 31353892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions at various interfaces (liquid/membrane, solid/electrolyte, liquid/liquid) lie at the heart of many processes in biology and chemistry. Mechanistic study can provide profound understanding of PCET and rational design of new systems. However, most mechanisms of PCET reactions at a liquid/liquid interface have been proposed based on electrochemical and spectroscopic data, which lack direct evidence for possible intermediates. Moreover, a liquid/liquid interface as one type of soft interface is dynamic, making the investigation of interfacial reactions very challenging. Herein a novel electrochemistry method coupled to mass spectrometry (EC-MS) was introduced for in situ study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by ferrocene (Fc) under catalysis from cobalt tetraphenylporphine (CoTPP) at liquid/liquid interfaces. The key units are two types of gel hybrid ultramicroelectrodes (agar-gel/organic hybrid ultramicroelectrodes and water/PVC-gel hybrid ultramicroelectrodes), which were made based on dual micro- or nanopipettes. A solidified liquid/liquid interface can be formed at the tip of these pipettes, and it serves as both an electrochemical cell and a nanospray emitter for mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that the solidified L/L interfaces were very similar to typical L/L interfaces. Key CoTPP intermediates of the ORR at the liquid/liquid interfaces were identified for the first time, and the four-electron oxygen reduction pathway predominated, which provides valuable insights into the mechanism of the ORR. Theoretical simulation has further supported the possibility of formation of intermediates. This type of platform is promising for in situ tracking and identifying intermediates to study complicated reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces or other soft interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xin Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jiezhang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zifei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yifan Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhengyou Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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12
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Chai J, Zheng Z, Pan H, Zhang S, Lakshmi KV, Sun YY. Significance of hydrogen bonding networks in the proton-coupled electron transfer reactions of photosystem II from a quantum-mechanics perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8721-8728. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All quantum-mechanical calculations provide insights into the effect of the hydrogen bonding network on the proton-coupled electron transfer at YZ and YD in photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201899
- China
| | - Zhaoyang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Hui Pan
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
- University of Macau
- Taipa
- China
| | - Shengbai Zhang
- Department of Physics
- Applied Physics, and Astronomy
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - K. V. Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch ’60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Yi-Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201899
- China
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