1
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Ghosh A, Zhao Y. Nanoparticles that Distinguish Chemical and Supramolecular Contexts of Lysine for Single-Site Functionalization of Protein. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38976835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Lysine is one of the most abundant residues on the surface of proteins and its site-selective functionalization is extremely challenging. The existing methods of functionalization rely on differential reactivities of lysine on a protein, making it impossible to label less reactive lysines selectively. We here report polymeric nanoparticles that mimic enzymes involved in the posttranslational modifications of proteins that distinguish the chemical and supramolecular contexts of a lysine and deliver the labeling reagent precisely to its ε amino group. The nanoparticles are prepared through molecular imprinting of cross-linkable surfactant micelles, plus an in situ, on-micelle derivatization of the peptide template prior to the imprinting. The procedures encode the polymeric nanoparticles with all the supramolecular information needed for sequence identification and precise labeling, allowing single-site functionalization of a predetermined lysine on the target protein in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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2
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Chatterjee J, Bandyopadhyay A, Pattabiraman M, Sarkar R. Discovery and development of tyrosine-click (Y-click) reaction for the site-selective labelling of proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38913168 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01997k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
With the versatile utility of bio-conjugated peptides and proteins in the fields of agriculture, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, the design of smart protocols to conjugate and modulate biomolecules becomes highly desirable. During this process, the most important consideration for biochemists is the retention of configurational integrity of the biomolecules. Moreover, this type of bioconjugation of peptide and protein becomes frivolous if the reaction is not performed with precise amino acid residues. Hence, chemo-selective, as well as site-selective reactions, that are biocompatible and possess an appropriate level of reactivity are necessary. Based on click chemistry, there are so many tyrosine (Y) conjugation strategies, such as sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx), sulfur-triazole exchange (SuTEx), coupling with π-allyl palladium complexes, diazonium salts, diazodicarboxyamide-based reagents etc. Among these techniques, diazodicarboxyamide-based Y-conjugation, which is commonly known as the "tyrosine-click (Y-click) reaction", has met the expectations of synthetic and biochemists for the tyrosine-specific functionalization of biomolecules. Over the past one and a half decades, significant progress has been made in the classical organic synthesis approach, as well as its biochemical, photochemical, and electrochemical variants. Despite such progress and increasing importance, the Y-click reaction has not been reviewed to document variations in its methodology, applications, and broad utility. The present article aims to provide a summary of the approaches for the modulation of biomolecules at the hotspot of tyrosine residue by employing the Y-click reaction. The article also highlights its application for the mapping of proteins, imaging of living cells, and in the fields of analytical and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Chapra Government College, Nadia-741123, West Bengal, India
- Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Rajib Sarkar
- Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India
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3
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Mori T, Sumida S, Sakata K, Shirakawa S. Efficient synthetic methods for α,β-dehydroamino acids as useful and environmentally benign building blocks in biological and materials science. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4625-4636. [PMID: 38804977 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Both natural and unnatural amino acids, peptides, and proteins are widely recognized as green and sustainable organic chemicals, not only in the field of biological sciences but also in materials science. It has been discovered that artificially designed unnatural peptides and proteins exhibit advanced properties in medical and materials science. In this context, the development of precise chemical modification methods for amino acids and peptides is acknowledged as an important research project in the field of organic synthesis. While a wide variety of modification methods for amino acid residues have been developed to artificially modify peptides and proteins, the representative methods for modifying amino acid residues have traditionally relied on the nucleophilic properties of the functionalities on the residues. In this context, the development of different modification methods using an umpolung-like approach by utilizing the electrophilic nature of amino acid derivatives appears to be very attractive. One of the promising electrophilic amino acid compounds for realizing important modification methods of amino acid derivatives is α,β-dehydroamino acids, which possess an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure. This review article summarizes methods for the preparation of α,β-dehydroamino acids derived from natural and unnatural amino acid derivatives. The utilities of α,β-dehydroamino acid derivatives, including peptides and proteins containing dehydroalanine units, in bioconjugations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Sao Sumida
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sakata
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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4
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Liu XY, Mykhailenko O, Faraone A, Waser J. Hypervalent Iodine Amino Acid Building Blocks for Bioorthogonal Peptide Macrocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404747. [PMID: 38807563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Ethynylbenziodoxol(on)es (EB(X)xs) reagents have emerged as useful reagents for peptide/protein modification due to their versatile reactivity and high selectivity. Herein, we report the successful introduction of ethynylbenziodoxoles (EBxs) on different amino acid building blocks (Lys/Orn/Dap), and show their compatibility with both solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and solution phase peptide synthesis (SPS). The selective incorporation of the EBx core into peptide sequences enable efficient macrocyclizations under mild conditions for the synthesis of topologically unique cyclic and bicyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis (LCSO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis (LCSO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Faraone
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis (LCSO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis (LCSO), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Guo M, Lei Y, Zhao K, Guo L, Dang B. A single backbone amide modification method to achieve single site-specific chemical protein conjugation. Methods Enzymol 2024; 698:57-88. [PMID: 38886040 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and precise chemical protein modification methods are highly sought after in biotechnology. However, chemically distinguishing a single site within a large protein is challenging. This study introduces a Copper Assisted Sequence-specific Conjugation Tag (CAST) method, enabling rapid (second order rate 8.1 M-1s-1) and site-specific chemical modification of the protein backbone with pinpoint accuracy. The versatility of this method is demonstrated through the preparation of antibody-drug conjugates, showcasing high plasma stability and potent efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Thus, CAST emerges as an efficient and quantitative approach for attaching payloads to large, native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhun Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Lei
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Bobo Dang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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6
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Saletti M, Paolino M, Venditti J, Bonechi C, Giuliani G, Lamponi S, Tassone G, Boccia A, Botta C, Blancafort L, Poggialini F, Vagaggini C, Cappelli A. A Facile Access to Green Fluorescent Albumin Derivatives. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300862. [PMID: 38369609 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adduct (MBHA) derivative bearing a triphenylamine moiety was found to react with human serum albumin (HSA) shifting its emission from the blue to the green-yellow thus leading to green fluorescent albumin (GFA) derivatives and enlarging the platform of probes for aggregation-induced fluorescent-based detection techniques. A possible interaction of MBHA derivative 7 with a lipophilic pocket within the HSA structure was suggested by docking studies. DLS experiments showed that the reaction with HSA induce a conformational change of the protein contributing to the aggregation process of GFA derivatives. The results of investigations on the biological properties suggested that GFA retained the ability of binding drug molecules such as warfarin and diazepam. Finally, cytotoxicity evaluation studies suggested that, although the MBHA derivative 7 at 0.1 μg/mL affected the percentage of cell viability in comparison to the negative control, it cannot be considered cytotoxic, whereas at all the other concentrations≥0.5 μg/mL resulted cytotoxic at different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giusy Tassone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Boccia
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - SCITEC (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - SCITEC (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. A. Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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7
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Giltrap A, Yuan Y, Davis BG. Late-Stage Functionalization of Living Organisms: Rethinking Selectivity in Biology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:889-928. [PMID: 38231473 PMCID: PMC10870719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
With unlimited selectivity, full post-translational chemical control of biology would circumvent the dogma of genetic control. The resulting direct manipulation of organisms would enable atomic-level precision in "editing" of function. We argue that a key aspect that is still missing in our ability to do this (at least with a high degree of control) is the selectivity of a given chemical reaction in a living organism. In this Review, we systematize existing illustrative examples of chemical selectivity, as well as identify needed chemical selectivities set in a hierarchy of anatomical complexity: organismo- (selectivity for a given organism over another), tissuo- (selectivity for a given tissue type in a living organism), cellulo- (selectivity for a given cell type in an organism or tissue), and organelloselectivity (selectivity for a given organelle or discrete body within a cell). Finally, we analyze more traditional concepts such as regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective reactions where additionally appropriate. This survey of late-stage biomolecule methods emphasizes, where possible, functional consequences (i.e., biological function). In this way, we explore a concept of late-stage functionalization of living organisms (where "late" is taken to mean at a given state of an organism in time) in which programmed and selective chemical reactions take place in life. By building on precisely analyzed notions (e.g., mechanism and selectivity) we believe that the logic of chemical methodology might ultimately be applied to increasingly complex molecular constructs in biology. This could allow principles developed at the simple, small-molecule level to progress hierarchically even to manipulation of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
M. Giltrap
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Yizhi Yuan
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.
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8
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Lin X, Harel O, Jbara M. Chemical Engineering of Artificial Transcription Factors by Orthogonal Palladium(II)-Mediated S-Arylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317511. [PMID: 38085105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization strategies are in high demand to prepare well-defined homogeneous proteins for basic research and biomedical applications. In this regard, cysteine-based reactions have enabled a broad set of transformations to produce modified proteins for various applications. However, these approaches were mainly employed to modify a single reactive site with a specific transformation. Achieving site selectivity or multiple transformations, essential for preparing complex biomolecules, remains challenging. Herein we demonstrate the power of combining palladium(II)-mediated C-S bond formation and C-S bond cleavage reactions to selectively edit desired cysteine sites in complex and uniquely modified proteins. We developed an orthogonal palladium(II) strategy for rapid and effective diversification of multiple cysteine sites (3-6 residues) with various transformations. Importantly, we employed our approach to prepare 10 complex analogues, including modified, stapled, and multimeric proteins on a milligram scale. Furthermore, we also synthesized a focused library of stabilized artificial transcription factors that displayed enhanced stability and potent DNA binding activity. Our approach enables rapid and effective protein editing and opens new avenues to engineer new biomolecules for fundamental research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Omer Harel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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9
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Dawson G, Spielvogel EH, Diao T. Nickel-Catalyzed Radical Mechanisms: Informing Cross-Coupling for Synthesizing Non-Canonical Biomolecules. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3640-3653. [PMID: 38033206 PMCID: PMC10734253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Nickel excels at facilitating selective radical chemistry, playing a pivotal role in metalloenzyme catalysis and modern cross-coupling reactions. Radicals, being nonpolar and neutral, exhibit orthogonal reactivity to nucleophilic and basic functional groups commonly present in biomolecules. Harnessing this compatibility, we delve into the application of nickel-catalyzed radical pathways in the synthesis of noncanonical peptides and carbohydrates, critical for chemical biology studies and drug discovery.We previously characterized a sequential reduction mechanism that accounts for chemoselectivity in cross-electrophile coupling reactions. This catalytic cycle begins with nickel(I)-mediated radical generation from alkyl halides, followed by carbon radical capture by nickel(II) complexes, and concludes with reductive elimination. These steps resonate with mechanistic proposals in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling, photoredox, and electrocatalytic reactions. Herein, we present our insights into each step involving radicals, including initiation, propagation, termination, and the nuances of kinetics, origins of selectivity, and ligand effects.Radical generation from C(sp3) electrophiles via one-electron oxidative addition with low-valent nickel radical intermediates provides the basis for stereoconvergent and cross-electrophile couplings. Our electroanalytical studies elucidate a concerted halogen atom abstraction mechanism, where electron transfer is coupled with halide dissociation. Using this pathway, we have developed a nickel-catalyzed stereoselective radical addition to dehydroalanine, facilitating the synthesis of noncanonical peptides. In this application, chiral ligands modulate the stereochemical outcome through the asymmetric protonation of a nickel-enolate intermediate.The capture of the alkyl radical by nickel(II) expands the scope of cross-coupling, promotes reductive elimination through the formation of high-valent nickel(III) species, and governs chemo- and stereoselectivity. We discovered that nickel(II)-aryl efficiently traps radicals with a barrier ranging from 7 to 9 kcal/mol, followed by fast reductive elimination. In contrast, nickel(II)-alkyl captures radicals to form a nickel(III) species, which was characterized by EPR spectroscopy. However, the subsequent slow reductive elimination resulted in minimal product formation. The observed high diastereoselectivity of radical capture inspired investigations into C-aryl and C-acyl glycosylation reactions. We developed a redox auxiliary that readily couples with natural carbohydrates and produces glycosyl radicals upon photoredox activation. Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of the glycosyl radical with bromoarenes and carboxylic acids leads to diverse non-natural glycosides that can facilitate drug discovery.Stoichiometric studies on well-defined d8-nickel complexes have showcased means to promote reductive elimination, including ligand association, oxidation, and oxidative addition.In the final section, we address the influence of auxiliary ligands on the electronic structure and redox activity of organonickel intermediates. Synthesis of a series of low-valent nickel radical complexes and characterization of their electronic structures led us to a postulate that ligand redox activity correlates with coordination geometry. Our data reveal that a change in ligand redox activity can shift the redox potentials of reaction intermediates, potentially altering the mechanism of catalytic reactions. Moreover, coordinating additives and solvents may stabilize nickel radicals during catalysis by adjusting ligand redox activity, which is consistent with known catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory
A. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ethan H. Spielvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tianning Diao
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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10
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Guo M, Zhao K, Guo L, Zhou R, He Q, Lu K, Li T, Liu D, Chen J, Tang J, Fu X, Zhou J, Zheng B, Mann SI, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yang B, Zhou T, Lei Y, Dang B. Copper assisted sequence-specific chemical protein conjugation at a single backbone amide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8063. [PMID: 38052794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct, site-specific methods of protein functionalization are highly desirable for biotechnology. However, such methods are challenging due to the difficulty of chemically differentiating a single site within a large protein. Herein, we propose "metal binding targeting" strategy and develop a Copper Assisted Sequence-specific conjugation Tag (CAST) method to achieve rapid (second order rate 8.1 M-1 s-1), site-specific protein backbone chemical modification with pinpoint accuracy. We demonstrate the versatility of CAST conjugation by preparing various on-demand modified recombinant proteins, including a homogeneous antibody-drug conjugate with high plasma stability and potent efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CAST provides an efficient and quantitative method to site-specifically attach payloads on large, native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhun Guo
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuju He
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuan Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyun Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bei Zheng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Samuel I Mann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yongdeng Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yingjie Lei
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bobo Dang
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center for Industries of the Future and Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Bacauanu V, Merz ZN, Hua ZL, Lang SB. Nickel-Catalyzed Antibody Bioconjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25842-25849. [PMID: 37950853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
New biocompatible methods for post-translational protein modification are challenging to develop but crucial to create improved chemical probes and optimize next-generation biologic therapies such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Herein, we describe the bottom-up construction of an aqueous nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling for the chemospecific arylation of cysteine residues on peptides and proteins and its use for the preparation of ADCs. A variety of arene linkages are exemplified, enabling the incorporation of small molecules, probes, and cytotoxic payloads. The utility of this new bioconjugation platform in a drug discovery setting is highlighted by the construction of novel ADCs with target-mediated in vitro cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Bacauanu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zoe N Merz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhong L Hua
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Simon B Lang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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13
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Singha Roy SJ, Loynd C, Jewel D, Canarelli SE, Ficaretta ED, Pham QA, Weerapana E, Chatterjee A. Photoredox-Catalyzed Labeling of Hydroxyindoles with Chemoselectivity (PhotoCLIC) for Site-Specific Protein Bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300961. [PMID: 37219923 PMCID: PMC10330600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel visible-light-catalyzed bioconjugation reaction, PhotoCLIC, that enables chemoselective attachment of diverse aromatic amine reagents onto a site-specifically installed 5-hydroxytryptophan residue (5HTP) on full-length proteins of varied complexity. The reaction uses catalytic amounts of methylene blue and blue/red light-emitting diodes (455/650 nm) for rapid site-specific protein bioconjugation. Characterization of the PhotoCLIC product reveals a unique structure formed likely through a singlet oxygen-dependent modification of 5HTP. PhotoCLIC has a wide substrate scope and its compatibility with strain-promoted azide-alkyne click reaction, enables site-specific dual-labeling of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor Loynd
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Delilah Jewel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Sarah E Canarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Elise D Ficaretta
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Quan A Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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14
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Lin X, Nithun RV, Samanta R, Harel O, Jbara M. Enabling Peptide Ligation at Aromatic Junction Mimics via Native Chemical Ligation and Palladium-Mediated S-Arylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:4715-4719. [PMID: 37318270 PMCID: PMC10324392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to assemble peptide fragments are in high demand to access homogeneous proteins for various applications. Here, we combined native chemical ligation (NCL) and Pd-mediated Cys arylation to enable practical peptide ligation at aromatic junctions. The utility of one-pot NCL and S-arylation at the Phe and Tyr junctions was demonstrated and employed for the rapid chemical synthesis of the DNA-binding domains of the transcription factors Myc and Max. Organometallic palladium reagents coupled with NCL enabled a practical strategy to assemble peptides at aromatic junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raj V. Nithun
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Raju Samanta
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Omer Harel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Jbara
- School of Chemistry, Raymond
and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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Karipal Padinjare Veedu D, Connal LA, Malins LR. Tunable Electrochemical Peptide Modifications: Unlocking New Levels of Orthogonality for Side-Chain Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215470. [PMID: 36336657 PMCID: PMC10107541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformations provide enticing opportunities for programmable, residue-specific peptide modifications. Herein, we harness the potential of amidic side-chains as underutilized handles for late-stage modification through the development of an electroauxiliary-assisted oxidation of glutamine residues within unprotected peptides. Glutamine building blocks bearing electroactive side-chain N,S-acetals are incorporated into peptides using standard Fmoc-SPPS. Anodic oxidation of the electroauxiliary in the presence of diverse alcohol nucleophiles enables the installation of high-value N,O-acetal functionalities. Proof-of-principle for an electrochemical peptide stapling protocol, as well as the functionalization of dynorphin B, an endogenous opioid peptide, demonstrates the applicability of the method to intricate peptide systems. Finally, the site-selective and tunable electrochemical modification of a peptide bearing two discretely oxidizable sites is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Karipal Padinjare Veedu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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16
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Blanco C, Fogg DE. Water-Accelerated Decomposition of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023; 13:1097-1102. [PMID: 36714054 PMCID: PMC9872090 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Water is ubiquitous in olefin metathesis, at levels ranging from contaminant to cosolvent. It is also non-benign. Water-promoted catalyst decomposition competes with metathesis, even for "robust" ruthenium catalysts. Metathesis is hence typically noncatalytic for demanding reactions in water-rich environments (e.g., chemical biology), a challenge as the Ru decomposition products promote unwanted reactions such as DNA degradation. To date, only the first step of the decomposition cascade is understood: catalyst aquation. Here we demonstrate that the aqua species dramatically accelerate both β-elimination of the metallacyclobutane intermediate and bimolecular decomposition of four-coordinate [RuCl(H2O)n(L)(=CHR)]Cl. Decomposition can be inhibited by blocking aquation and β-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
O. Blanco
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5,Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway,,
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17
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Keijzer JF, Zuilhof H, Albada B. Calibrating Catalytic DNA Nanostructures for Site‐Selective Protein Modification**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200895. [PMID: 35726668 PMCID: PMC9546015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many biomedical fields rely on proteins that are selectively modified. These can be attached using reactive or catalytic moieties, but the position where these moieties are attached is often poorly controlled. We assessed how catalyst position affects the efficiency and selectivity of protein modification. For this, we anchored a template DNA strand to three different proteins, which were subsequently hybridized to DNA strands that contained catalysts at different positions. We found a strong correlation between the catalyst‐to‐protein distance and the efficiency of protein modification for acyl transfer catalysts, which operate via a covalently bound reactant intermediate. Additionally, we found that the catalyst's distance and orientation with respect to the protein surface, also influences its site‐selectivity. A catalyst operating with unbound reactant intermediates showed only enhanced efficiency. Our results are rationalized using computational simulations, showing that one‐point anchoring of the DNA construct leads to notable differences in the site of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi F. Keijzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty of Engineering King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
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18
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Gan Y, Li Y, Zhou H, Wang R. Deciphering Regulatory Proteins of Prenylated Protein via the FRET Technique Using Nitroso-Based Ene-Ligation and Sequential Azidation and Click Reaction. Org Lett 2022; 24:6625-6630. [PMID: 36054498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the selective incorporations of nitroso species into a wide range of proteins targeting lysine residue(s). The corresponding azo functionalities were formed in a highly selective manner with excellent yields, displaying rather good stability under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the azodation proceeded smoothly in high yields on targeted peptides. Fluorescent and/or dual fluorescent labeling of varied proteins following this protocol have been determined efficiently and selectively. With this established protocol, we aim to determine its usage in the evaluation of the interaction of prenylated proteins with their interacted enzyme(s) via FRET assays. Delightedly, chemically modified proteins with a 1-pyrenyl fluorophore through 254 nm UV irradiation and the sequential azodation and click reaction of protein prenyl functionality, which enable the incorporation of naphthene, indeed increase the fluorescence energy transferred since we observed significantly enhanced absorption located at 218 nm in lysed HEK293T cells and a clearly strengthened greenish fluorescence in living HEK293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfang Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongling Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
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19
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Esteve F, Altava B, Luis SV, García-Verdugo E. Basically, nucleophilicity matters little: towards unravelling the supramolecular driving forces in enzyme-like CO 2 conversion. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6637-6645. [PMID: 35929502 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism for the cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide in the presence of macrocyclic pseudopeptides has been studied using DFT methods. Computational calculations indicate that the unprecedented catalytic behaviour previously observed experimentally, in which the most reactive species was not the most nucleophilic but the most basic one, can be associated to the tight cooperativity between several supramolecular interactions promoted by simple peptidomimetics able to display a synzymatic behaviour. This bizarre catalytic performance afforded remarkable conversions of a sluggish substrate like styrene oxide into the desired cyclic carbonate, even under relatively mild reaction conditions, opening the way for the practical use of CO2 as a raw material in the preparation of valuable chemicals. Furthermore, the remote modification of essential structural features of the macrocycle (synzyme engineering) permitted the driving forces of the synzymatic system to be analyzed, stressing the crucial synergic effect between an elegantly preorganized oxyanion hole and additional aromatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, 12071, Spain.
| | - Belén Altava
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, 12071, Spain.
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, 12071, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, 12071, Spain.
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20
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Hanaya K, Yamoto K, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Higashibayashi S, Sugai T. Single‐Step N‐Terminal Modification of Proteins via a Bio‐Inspired Copper(II)‐Mediated Aldol Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201677. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaho Yamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Sugai
- Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
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21
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Taylor RJ, Geeson MB, Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Chemical and Enzymatic Methods for Post-Translational Protein-Protein Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14404-14419. [PMID: 35912579 PMCID: PMC9389620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins play an essential role in the biosciences but suffer from several key limitations, including the requirement for N-to-C terminal ligation, incompatibility of constituent domains, incorrect folding, and loss of biological activity. This perspective focuses on chemical and enzymatic approaches for the post-translational generation of well-defined protein-protein conjugates, which overcome some of the limitations faced by traditional fusion techniques. Methods discussed range from chemical modification of nucleophilic canonical amino acid residues to incorporation of unnatural amino acid residues and a range of enzymatic methods, including sortase-mediated ligation. Through summarizing the progress in this rapidly growing field, the key successes and challenges associated with using chemical and enzymatic approaches are highlighted and areas requiring further development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Michael B Geeson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Rodriguez J, Dhanjee HH, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Palladium Mediated Synthesis of Protein-Polyarene Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11706-11712. [PMID: 35749644 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst transfer polymerization (CTP) is widely applied to the synthesis of well-defined π-conjugated polymers. Unlike other polymerization reactions that can be performed in water (e.g., controlled radical polymerizations and ring-opening polymerizations), CTP has yet to be adapted for the modification of biopolymers. Here, we report the use of protein-palladium oxidative addition complexes (OACs) that enable catalyst transfer polymerization to furnish protein-polyarene conjugates. These polymerizations occur with electron-deficient monomers in aqueous buffers open to air at mild (≤37 °C) temperatures with full conversion of the protein OAC and an average polymer length of nine repeating units. Proteins with polyarene chains terminated with palladium OACs can be readily isolated. Direct evidence of protein-polyarene OAC formation was obtained using mass spectrometry, and all protein-polyarene chain ends were uniformly functionalized via C-S arylation to terminate the polymerization with a small molecule thiol or a cysteine-containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rodriguez
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heemal H Dhanjee
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Occhipinti G, Nascimento DL, Foscato M, Fogg DE, Jensen VR. The Janus face of high trans-effect carbenes in olefin metathesis: gateway to both productivity and decomposition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5107-5117. [PMID: 35655574 PMCID: PMC9093171 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00855f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium–cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, used at ppm levels, can enable dramatically higher productivities in olefin metathesis than their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) predecessors. A key reason is the reduced susceptibility of the metallacyclobutane (MCB) intermediate to decomposition via β-H elimination. The factors responsible for promoting or inhibiting β-H elimination are explored via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in metathesis of ethylene or styrene (a representative 1-olefin) by Ru–CAAC and Ru–NHC catalysts. Natural bond orbital analysis of the frontier orbitals confirms the greater strength of the orbital interactions for the CAAC species, and the consequent increase in the carbene trans influence and trans effect. The higher trans effect of the CAAC ligands inhibits β-H elimination by destabilizing the transition state (TS) for decomposition, in which an agostic MCB Cβ–H bond is positioned trans to the carbene. Unproductive cycling with ethylene is also curbed, because ethylene is trans to the carbene ligand in the square pyramidal TS for ethylene metathesis. In contrast, metathesis of styrene proceeds via a ‘late’ TS with approximately trigonal bipyramidal geometry, in which carbene trans effects are reduced. Importantly, however, the positive impact of a strong trans-effect ligand in limiting β-H elimination is offset by its potent accelerating effect on bimolecular coupling, a major competing means of catalyst decomposition. These two decomposition pathways, known for decades to limit productivity in olefin metathesis, are revealed as distinct, antinomic, responses to a single underlying phenomenon. Reconciling these opposing effects emerges as a clear priority for design of robust, high-performing catalysts. In ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, carbene ligands of high trans influence/effect suppress decomposition via β-H elimination, but increase susceptibility to bimolecular decomposition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Daniel L Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Deryn E Fogg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway .,Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Vidar R Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
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24
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White AM, Palombi IR, Malins LR. Umpolung strategies for the functionalization of peptides and proteins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2809-2823. [PMID: 35382479 PMCID: PMC8905898 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Umpolung strategies, defined as synthetic approaches which reverse commonly accepted reactivity patterns, are broadly recognized as enabling tools for small molecule synthesis and catalysis. However, methods which exploit this logic for peptide and protein functionalizations are comparatively rare, with the overwhelming majority of existing bioconjugation approaches relying on the well-established reactivity profiles of a handful of amino acids. This perspective serves to highlight a small but growing body of recent work that masterfully capitalizes on the concept of polarity reversal for the selective modification of proteinogenic functionalities. Current applications of umpolung chemistry in organic synthesis and chemical biology as well as the vast potential for further innovations in peptide and protein modification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Isabella R Palombi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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25
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Vanjari R, Panda D, Mandal S, Vamisetti GB, Brik A. Gold(I)-Mediated Rapid Cyclization of Propargylated Peptides via Imine Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4966-4976. [PMID: 35258952 PMCID: PMC8949771 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In fundamental research and drug discovery, there is still a need for effective and straightforward chemical approaches for generating cyclic peptides. The divergent synthesis of cyclic peptides remains a challenge, in particular when cyclization is carried out in the presence of unprotected side chains and a nonpeptidic component within the cycle is needed. Herein, we describe a novel and efficient strategy based on Au(I)-mediated cyclization of unprotected peptides through rapid (30-60 min) amine addition on a propargyl group to generate an imine linkage. Mechanistic insights reveal that the reaction proceeds via regioselective Markovnikov's addition of the amine on the Au(I)-activated propargyl. This strategy was successfully applied to prepare efficiently (56-94%) over 35 diverse cyclic peptides having different sequences and lengths. We have also achieved stereoselective reduction of cyclic imines employing chiral ligands. The practicality of our method was extended for the synthesis of cyclic peptides that bind Lys48-linked di-ubiquitin chains with high affinity, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwer Vanjari
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Deepanjan Panda
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Shaswati Mandal
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Ganga B Vamisetti
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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26
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Tassone G, Paolino M, Pozzi C, Reale A, Salvini L, Giorgi G, Orlandini M, Galvagni F, Mangani S, Yang X, Carlotti B, Ortica F, Latterini L, Olivucci M, Cappelli A. Xanthopsin-Like Systems via Site-Specific Click-Functionalization of a Retinoic Acid Binding Protein. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100449. [PMID: 34647400 PMCID: PMC8934143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of light-responsive proteins to control both living or synthetic cells, is at the core of the expanding fields of optogenetics and synthetic biology. It is thus apparent that a richer reaction toolbox for the preparation of such systems is of fundamental importance. Here, we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration that Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts can be employed to perform a facile site-specific, irreversible and diastereoselective click-functionalization of a lysine residue buried into a lipophilic binding pocket and yielding an unnatural chromophore with an extended π-system. In doing so we effectively open the path to the in vitro preparation of a library of synthetic proteins structurally reminiscent of xanthopsin eubacterial photoreceptors. We argue that such a library, made of variable unnatural chromophores inserted in an easy-to-mutate and crystallize retinoic acid transporter, significantly expand the scope of the recently introduced rhodopsin mimics as both optogenetic and "lab-on-a-molecule" tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy,Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Konč J, Sabatino V, Jiménez‐Moreno E, Latocheski E, Pérez LR, Day J, Domingos JB, Bernardes GJL. Controlled In‐Cell Generation of Active Palladium(0) Species for Bioorthogonal Decaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Konč
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Valerio Sabatino
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Ester Jiménez‐Moreno
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Eloah Latocheski
- LaCBio—Laboratory of Biomimetic Catalysis Department of Chemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina—UFSC Campus Trindade SC 88040–900 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Laura Rodríguez Pérez
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street CB2 3EQ Cambridge UK
| | - Josiel B. Domingos
- LaCBio—Laboratory of Biomimetic Catalysis Department of Chemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina—UFSC Campus Trindade SC 88040–900 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
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28
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Sornay C, Vaur V, Wagner A, Chaubet G. An overview of chemo- and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211563. [PMID: 35116160 PMCID: PMC8790347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioconjugation of proteins-that is, the creation of a covalent link between a protein and any other molecule-has been studied for decades, partly because of the numerous applications of protein conjugates, but also due to the technical challenge it represents. Indeed, proteins possess inner physico-chemical properties-they are sensitive and polynucleophilic macromolecules-that make them complex substrates in conjugation reactions. This complexity arises from the mild conditions imposed by their sensitivity but also from selectivity issues, viz the precise control of the conjugation site on the protein. After decades of research, strategies and reagents have been developed to address two aspects of this selectivity: chemoselectivity-harnessing the reacting chemical functionality-and site-selectivity-controlling the reacting amino acid residue-most notably thanks to the participation of synthetic chemistry in this effort. This review offers an overview of these chemical bioconjugation strategies, insisting on those employing native proteins as substrates, and shows that the field is active and exciting, especially for synthetic chemists seeking new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sornay
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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29
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Mackay AS, Payne RJ, Malins LR. Electrochemistry for the Chemoselective Modification of Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:23-41. [PMID: 34968405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although electrochemical strategies for small-molecule synthesis are flourishing, this technology has yet to be fully exploited for the mild and chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins. With the growing number of diverse peptide natural products being identified and the emergence of modified proteins as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, methods for electrochemical modification stand as alluring prospects for harnessing the reactivity of polypeptides to build molecular complexity. As a mild and inherently tunable reaction platform, electrochemistry is arguably well-suited to overcome the chemo- and regioselectivity issues which limit existing bioconjugation strategies. This Perspective will showcase recently developed electrochemical approaches to peptide and protein modification. The article also highlights the wealth of untapped opportunities for the production of homogeneously modified biomolecules, with an eye toward realizing the enormous potential of electrochemistry for chemoselective bioconjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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30
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Keijzer JF, Albada B. DNA-assisted site-selective protein modification. Biopolymers 2021; 113:e23483. [PMID: 34878181 PMCID: PMC9285461 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein modification is important for various types of biomedical research, including proteomics and therapeutics. Many methodologies for protein modification exist, but not all possess the required level of efficiency and site selectivity. This review focuses on the use of DNA to achieve the desired conversions and levels of accuracy in protein modification by using DNA (i) as a template to help concentrate dilute reactants, (ii) as a guidance system to achieve selectivity by binding specific proteins, and (iii) even as catalytic entity or construct to enhance protein modification reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi F Keijzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Konč J, Sabatino V, Jiménez-Moreno E, Latocheski E, Pérez LR, Day J, Domingos JB, Bernardes GJL. Controlled In-Cell Generation of Active Palladium(0) Species for Bioorthogonal Decaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113519. [PMID: 34739737 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their bioorthogonality, transition metals have become very popular in the development of biocompatible bond-cleavage reactions. However, many approaches require design and synthesis of complex ligands or formulation of nanoparticles which often perform poorly in living cells. This work reports on a method for the generation of an active palladium species that triggers bond-cleaving reactions inside living cells. We utilized the water-soluble Na2PdCl4 as a simple source of Pd(II) which can be intracellularly reduced by sodium ascorbate to the active Pd(0) species. Once generated, Pd(0) triggers the cleavage of allyl ether and carbamate caging groups leading to the release of biologically active molecules. These findings do not only expand the toolbox of available bioorthogonal dissociative reactions but also provide an additional strategy for controlling the reactivity of Pd species involved in Pd-mediated bioorthogonal reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Konč
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Day
- University of Cambridge, Earth Sciences, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- University of Cambridge, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB21EW, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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32
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Venugopal N, Moser J, Vojtíčková M, Císařová I, König B, Jahn U. Single Electron Transfer‐Induced Selective α‐Oxygenation of Glycine Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navyasree Venugopal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Moser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Margaréta Vojtíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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33
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Adamson C, Kajino H, Kawashima SA, Yamatsugu K, Kanai M. Live-Cell Protein Modification by Boronate-Assisted Hydroxamic Acid Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14976-14980. [PMID: 34506708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective methods for introducing protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) within living cells have proven valuable for interrogating their biological function. In contrast to enzymatic methods, abiotic catalysis should offer access to diverse and new-to-nature PTMs. Herein, we report the boronate-assisted hydroxamic acid (BAHA) catalyst system, which comprises a protein ligand, a hydroxamic acid Lewis base, and a diol moiety. In concert with a boronic acid-bearing acyl donor, our catalyst leverages a local molarity effect to promote acyl transfer to a target lysine residue. Our catalyst system employs micromolar reagent concentrations and affords minimal off-target protein reactivity. Critically, BAHA is resistant to glutathione, a metabolite which has hampered many efforts toward abiotic chemistry within living cells. To showcase this methodology, we installed a variety of acyl groups in E. coli dihydrofolate reductase expressed within human cells. Our results further establish the well-known boronic acid-diol complexation as a bona fide bio-orthogonal reaction with applications in chemical biology and in-cell catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Adamson
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033
| | - Hidetoshi Kajino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033
| | - Shigehiro A Kawashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033
| | - Kenzo Yamatsugu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 113-0033
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34
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Zhu F, Powell WC, Jing R, Walczak MA. Organometallic Ala M Reagents for Umpolung Peptide Diversification. CHEM CATALYSIS 2021; 1:870-884. [PMID: 34738092 PMCID: PMC8562471 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective modifications of peptides and proteins have emerged as a promising strategy to develop novel mechanistic probes and prepare compounds with translational potentials. Here, we report alanine carbastannatranes AlaSn as a universal synthon in various C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. These reagents are compatible with peptide manipulation techniques and can undergo chemoselective conjugation in minutes when promoted by Pd(0). Despite their increased nucleophilicity and propensity to transfer the alkyl group, C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling with AlaSn can be accomplished at room temperature under buffered conditions (pH 6.5-8.5). We also show that AlaSn can be easily transformed into several canonical L- and D-amino acids in arylation, acylation, and etherification reactions. Furthermore, AlaSn can partake in macrocyclizations exemplified by the synthesis of medium size cyclic peptides with various topologies. Taken together, metalated alanine AlaSn demonstrates unparalleled scope and represents a new type of umpolung reagents suitable for structure-activity relationship studies and peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. C
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ruiheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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35
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Toward E-selective Olefin Metathesis: Computational Design and Experimental Realization of Ruthenium Thio-Indolate Catalysts. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe selective transformation of 1-alkenes into E-olefins is a long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict high E-selectivity for catalysts incorporating a bidentate, dianionic thio-indolate ligand within a RuXX’(NHC)(py)(= CHR) platform (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; py = pyridine). Such complexes are predicted to yield E-olefins by favoring anti-disposed substituents in the transition state expected to be rate-determining: specifically, that for cycloreversion of the metallacyclobutane intermediate. Three pyridine-stabilized catalysts Ru21a-c were synthesized, in which the thio-indolate ligand bears a H, Me, or Ph substituent at the C2 position, and the NHC ligand is the unsaturated imidazoline-2-ylidene Me2IMes (which bears N-mesityl groups and methyl groups on the C4,5 backbone). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Ru21c confirms the ligand orientation required for E-selective metathesis, with the thio-indolate sulfur atom binding cis to the NHC, and the indolate nitrogen atom trans to the NHC. However, whereas the new complexes mediated metathetic exchange of their 2-thienylmethylidene ligand in the presence of the common metathesis substrates styrene and allylbenzene, no corresponding self-metathesis products were obtained. Only small amounts of 2-butene (73% (Z)-2-butene) were obtained in self-metathesis of propene using Ru21a. Detailed DFT analysis of this process revealed that product release is surprisingly slow, limiting the reaction rate and explaining the low metathesis activity. With the barrier to dissociation of (Z)-2-butene being lower than that of (E)-2-butene, the calculations also account for the observed Z-selectivity of Ru21a. These findings provide guidelines for catalyst redesign in pursuit of the ambitious goal of E-selective 1-alkene metathesis.
Graphic abstract
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36
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Nascimento D, Foscato M, Occhipinti G, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Bimolecular Coupling in Olefin Metathesis: Correlating Structure and Decomposition for Leading and Emerging Ruthenium-Carbene Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11072-11079. [PMID: 34270895 PMCID: PMC8397316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular catalyst decomposition is a fundamental, long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Emerging ruthenium-cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, which enable breakthrough advances in productivity and general robustness, are now known to be extraordinarily susceptible to this pathway. The details of the process, however, have hitherto been obscure. The present study provides the first detailed mechanistic insights into the steric and electronic factors that govern bimolecular decomposition. Described is a combined experimental and theoretical study that probes decomposition of the key active species, RuCl2(L)(py)(═CH2) 1 (in which L is the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) H2IMes, or a CAAC ligand: the latter vary in the NAr group (NMes, N-2,6-Et2C6H3, or N-2-Me,6-iPrC6H3) and the substituents on the quaternary site flanking the carbene carbon (i.e., CMe2 or CMePh)). The transiently stabilized pyridine adducts 1 were isolated by cryogenic synthesis of the metallacyclobutanes, addition of pyridine, and precipitation. All are shown to decompose via second-order kinetics at -10 °C. The most vulnerable CAAC species, however, decompose more than 1000-fold faster than the H2IMes analogue. Computational studies reveal that the key factor underlying accelerated decomposition of the CAAC derivatives is their stronger trans influence, which weakens the Ru-py bond and increases the transient concentration of the 14-electron methylidene species, RuCl2(L)(═CH2) 2. Fast catalyst initiation, a major design goal in olefin metathesis, thus has the negative consequence of accelerating decomposition. Inhibiting bimolecular decomposition offers major opportunities to transform catalyst productivity and utility, and to realize the outstanding promise of olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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37
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Yang X, Miao H, Xiao R, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ji Y, Du J, Qin H, Xuan W. Diverse protein manipulations with genetically encoded glutamic acid benzyl ester. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9778-9785. [PMID: 34349951 PMCID: PMC8299518 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01882e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific modification of proteins has significantly advanced the use of proteins in biological research and therapeutics development. Among various strategies aimed at this end, genetic code expansion (GCE) allows structurally and functionally distinct non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) to be incorporated into specific sites of a protein. Herein, we genetically encode an esterified glutamic acid analogue (BnE) into proteins, and demonstrate that BnE can be applied in different types of site-specific protein modifications, including N-terminal pyroglutamation, caging Glu in the active site of a toxic protein, and endowing proteins with metal chelator hydroxamic acid and versatile reactive handle acyl hydrazide. Importantly, novel epigenetic mark Gln methylation is generated on histones via the derived acyl hydrazide handle. This work provides useful and unique tools to modify proteins at specific Glu or Gln residues, and complements the toolbox of GCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ruotong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Luyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University 30 Shuangqing Rd. Beijing China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University 30 Shuangqing Rd. Beijing China
| | - Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yanli Ji
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University 30 Shuangqing Rd. Beijing China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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38
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Blanco C, Nascimento DL, Fogg DE. Routes to High-Performing Ruthenium-Iodide Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: Ligand Lability Is Key to Efficient Halide Exchange. Organometallics 2021; 40:1811-1816. [PMID: 34295013 PMCID: PMC8289337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clean, high-yielding routes are described to ruthenium-diiodide catalysts that were recently shown to enable high productivity in olefin metathesis. For the second-generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts (GII: RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(=CHPh); HII: RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHAr), Ar = C6H4-2-O i Pr), slow salt metathesis is shown to arise from the low lability of the ancillary PCy3 or ether ligands, which retards access to the four-coordinate intermediate required for efficient halide exchange. To exploit the lability of the first-generation catalysts, the diiodide complex RuI2(PCy3)(=CHAr) HI-I 2 was prepared by treating "Grubbs I" (RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CHPh), GI) with NaI, H2C=CHAr (1a), and a phosphine-scavenging Merrifield iodide (MF-I) resin. Subsequent installation of H2IMes or cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands afforded the second-generation iodide catalysts in good to excellent yields. Given the incompatibility of the nitro group with a free carbene, the iodo-Grela catalyst RuI2(H2IMes)(=CHAr') (nG-I 2 : Ar' = C6H3-2-O i Pr-4-NO2) was instead accessed by sequential salt metathesis of GI with NaI, installation of H2IMes, and finally cross-metathesis with the nitrostyrenyl ether H2C=CHAr' (1b), with MF-I as the phosphine scavenger. The bulky iodide ligands improve the selectivity for macrocyclization in ring-closing metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
O. Blanco
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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39
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Correa A. Metal‐Catalyzed C(sp
2
)−H Functionalization Processes of Phenylalanine‐ and Tyrosine‐Containing Peptides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Correa
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Department of Organic Chemistry I Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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40
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Waddington MA, Zheng X, Stauber JM, Hakim Moully E, Montgomery HR, Saleh LMA, Král P, Spokoyny AM. An Organometallic Strategy for Cysteine Borylation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8661-8668. [PMID: 34060827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic bioconjugation at cysteine (Cys) residues in peptides and proteins has emerged as a powerful tool in chemistry. Soft nucleophilicity of the sulfur in Cys renders an exquisite chemoselectivity with which various functional groups can be placed onto this residue under benign conditions. While a variety of reactions have been successful at producing Cys-based bioconjugates, the majority of these feature sulfur-carbon bonds. We report Cys-borylation, wherein a benchtop stable Pt(II)-based organometallic reagent can be used to transfer a boron-rich cluster onto a sulfur moiety in unprotected peptides forging a boron-sulfur bond. Cys-borylation proceeds at room temperature and tolerates a variety of functional groups present in complex polypeptides. Further, the bioconjugation strategy can be applied to a model protein modification of Cys-containing DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein). The resultant bioconjugates show no additional toxicity compared to their Cys alkyl-based congeners. Finally, we demonstrate how the developed Cys-borylation can enhance the proteolytic stability of the resultant peptide bioconjugates while maintaining the binding affinity to a protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Waddington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Julia M Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elamar Hakim Moully
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liban M A Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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41
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Roman BI. The Expanding Role of Chemistry in Optimizing Proteins for Human Health Applications. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7179-7188. [PMID: 34014084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, therapeutics based on biological macromolecules and cells have successfully entered the clinical arena and progressively occupied an increasing share of what once was almost exclusively small molecule territory. This perspective explores the opportunities for chemists at the interface between biologics and small molecule-based products. It provides concrete examples by zooming in on the area of post-translational protein modification. The conclusion is that, rather than diminishing the relevance of chemistry in the pharmaceutical enterprise, the advent of the biologics has provided an additional playing field for synthetic and medicinal chemists, where they can contribute to the efficacy and scope of applicability of biological entities in a collaborative effort to transformatively address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart I Roman
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Universiteit Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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42
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Jbara M, Rodriguez J, Dhanjee HH, Loas A, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Oligonucleotide Bioconjugation with Bifunctional Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jbara
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Heemal H. Dhanjee
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 415 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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43
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Jbara M, Rodriguez J, Dhanjee HH, Loas A, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Oligonucleotide Bioconjugation with Bifunctional Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12109-12115. [PMID: 33730425 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic reagents enable practical strategies for bioconjugation. Innovations in the design of water-soluble ligands and the enhancement of reaction rates have allowed for chemoselective cross-coupling reactions of peptides and proteins to be carried out in water. There are currently no organometallic-based methods for oligonucleotide bioconjugation to other biomolecules. Here we report bifunctional palladium(II)-oxidative addition complexes (OACs) as reagents for high-yielding oligonucleotide bioconjugation reactions. These bifunctional OACs react chemoselectively with amine-modified oligonucleotides to generate the first isolable, bench stable oligonucleotide-palladium(II) OACs. These complexes undergo site-selective C-S arylation with a broad range of native thiol-containing biomolecules at low micromolar concentrations in under one hour. This approach provided oligonucleotide-peptide, oligonucleotide-protein, oligonucleotide-small molecule, and oligonucleotide-oligonucleotide conjugates in >80 % yield and afforded conjugation of multiple copies of oligonucleotides onto a monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jbara
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heemal H Dhanjee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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44
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Scinto SL, Bilodeau DA, Hincapie R, Lee W, Nguyen SS, Xu M, am Ende CW, Finn MG, Lang K, Lin Q, Pezacki JP, Prescher JA, Robillard MS, Fox JM. Bioorthogonal chemistry. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:30. [PMID: 34585143 PMCID: PMC8469592 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups. Rooted in the principles of physical organic chemistry, bioorthogonal reactions are intrinsically selective transformations not commonly found in biology. Key reactions include native chemical ligation and the Staudinger ligation, copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted [3 + 2] reactions, tetrazine ligation, metal-catalysed coupling reactions, oxime and hydrazone ligations as well as photoinducible bioorthogonal reactions. Bioorthogonal chemistry has significant overlap with the broader field of 'click chemistry' - high-yielding reactions that are wide in scope and simple to perform, as recently exemplified by sulfuryl fluoride exchange chemistry. The underlying mechanisms of these transformations and their optimal conditions are described in this Primer, followed by discussion of how bioorthogonal chemistry has become essential to the fields of biomedical imaging, medicinal chemistry, protein synthesis, polymer science, materials science and surface science. The applications of bioorthogonal chemistry are diverse and include genetic code expansion and metabolic engineering, drug target identification, antibody-drug conjugation and drug delivery. This Primer describes standards for reproducibility and data deposition, outlines how current limitations are driving new research directions and discusses new opportunities for applying bioorthogonal chemistry to emerging problems in biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Didier A. Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Robert Hincapie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Wankyu Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Sean S. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | - Minghao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Didier A. Bilodeau, Robert Hincapie, Wankyu Lee, Sean S. Nguyen, Minghao Xu
| | | | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathrin Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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45
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Hua X, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen L, Zhou Z, Ouyang J, Deng K, Yang X, Huang H. De Novo Development of a Universal Biosensing Platform by Rapid Direct Native Protein Modification. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5291-5300. [PMID: 33734672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An innovative biosensing assay was developed for simplified, cost-effective, and sensitive detection. By rapid, direct treatment of target proteins with iron porphyrin (TPPFe) in situ, a carboxyl group of amino acid conjugates with an Fe atom of the TPPFe molecule, forming a stable protein complex. We have shown that this complex not only maintains the integrity and functions of original proteins but also acquires peroxidase activity that can turn TMB to a comparably visible signal like that in ELISA. This study is unique since such conversion is difficult to achieve with standard chemical modification or molecular biology methods. In addition, the proposed immunoassay is superior to traditional ELISA as it eliminates an expensive and complicated cross-linking process of an enzyme-labeled antibody. From a practical point of view, we extended this assay to rapid detection of clinically relevant proteins and glucose in blood samples. The results show that this simple immunoassay provides clinical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring in an easy-to-implement manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Hua
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Junlin Ouyang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Keqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xiumei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Haowen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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46
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Imiołek M, Isenegger PG, Ng WL, Khan A, Gouverneur V, Davis BG. Residue-Selective Protein C-Formylation via Sequential Difluoroalkylation-Hydrolysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:145-155. [PMID: 33532577 PMCID: PMC7845020 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonyl group is now a widely useful, nonproteinogenic functional group in chemical biology, yet methods for its generation in proteins have relied upon either cotranslational incorporation of unnatural amino acids bearing carbonyls or oxidative conversion (chemical or enzymatic) of existing natural amino acids. If available, alternative strategies for directly adding the C=O group through C-C bond-forming C-carbonylation, particularly at currently inaccessible amino acid sites, would provide a powerful method for adding valuable reactivity and expanding possible function in proteins. Here, following a survey of methods for HCF2· generation, we show that reductive photoredox catalysis enables mild radical-mediated difluoromethylation-hydrolysis of native protein residues as an effective method for carbonylation. Inherent selectivity of HCF2· allowed preferential modification of Trp residues. The resulting C-2-difluoromethylated Trp undergoes Reimer-Tiemann-type dehalogenation providing highly effective spontaneous hydrolytic collapse in proteins to carbonylated HC(O)-Trp (C-formyl-Trp = CfW) residues. This new, unnatural protein residue CfW not only was found to be effective in bioconjugation, ligation, and labeling reactions but also displayed strong "red-shifting" of its absorption and fluorescent emission maxima, allowing direct use of Trp sites as UV-visualized fluorophores in proteins and even cells. In this way, this method for the effective generation of masked formyl-radical "HC(O)·" equivalents enables first examples of C-C bond-forming carbonylation in proteins, thereby expanding the chemical reactivity and spectroscopic function that may be selectively and post-translationally "edited" into biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Imiołek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick G. Isenegger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aziz Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ,
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47
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Blanco CO, Sims J, Nascimento DL, Goudreault AY, Steinmann SN, Michel C, Fogg DE. The Impact of Water on Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis: Potent Deactivating Effects Even at Low Water Concentrations. ACS Catal 2021; 11:893-899. [PMID: 33614193 PMCID: PMC7886052 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis are widely viewed as water-tolerant. Evidence is presented, however, that even low concentrations of water cause catalyst decomposition, severely degrading yields. Of 11 catalysts studied, fast-initiating examples (e.g., the Grela catalyst RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHC6H4-2-O i Pr-5-NO2) were most affected. Maximum water tolerance was exhibited by slowly initiating iodide and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) derivatives. Computational investigations indicated that hydrogen bonding of water to substrate can also play a role, by retarding cyclization relative to decomposition. These results have important implications for olefin metathesis in organic media, where water is a ubiquitous contaminant, and for aqueous metathesis, which currently requires superstoichiometric "catalyst" for demanding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O. Blanco
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Joshua Sims
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Alexandre Y. Goudreault
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Carine Michel
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
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48
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Hernández D, Carro C, Boto A. "Doubly Customizable" Unit for the Generation of Structural Diversity: From Pure Enantiomeric Amines to Peptide Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2796-2809. [PMID: 33433228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Readily available, low-cost 4R-hydroxy-l-proline (Hyp) is introduced as a "doubly customizable" unit for the generation of libraries of structurally diverse compounds. Hyp can be cleaved at two points, followed by the introduction of new functionalities. In the first cycle, the removal and replacement of the carboxylic group are carried out, followed (second cycle) by the scission of the 4,5-position and manipulation of the resulting chains. In this way, three new chains are generated and can be transformed independently to afford a diversity of products with tailored substituents, such as β-amino aldehydes, diamines, β-amino acid derivatives, including N-alkylated ones, or modified peptides. Many of these products are high-profit compounds but, in spite of their commercial value, are still scarce. Moreover, the process takes place with stereochemical control, and either pure R or S isomers can be obtained with small variations of the synthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Carro
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,BIOSIGMA, Antonio Domínguez Alfonso 16, 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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49
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Boto A, González CC, Hernández D, Romero-Estudillo I, Saavedra CJ. Site-selective modification of peptide backbones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exciting developments in the site-selective modification of peptide backbones are allowing an outstanding fine-tuning of peptide conformation, folding ability, and physico-chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Concepción C. González
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Iván Romero-Estudillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
- Catedrático CONACYT-CIQ-UAEM, Mexico
| | - Carlos J. Saavedra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
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Wang W, Wu J, Kuniyil R, Kopp A, Lima RN, Ackermann L. Peptide Late-Stage Diversifications by Rhodium-Catalyzed Tryptophan C7 Amidation. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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