1
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Chen J, Feng X, He Q, Fan R. Electrochemical C-H Azidation and Diazidation of Anilines for the Synthesis of Aryl Azides and Diazides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12326-12330. [PMID: 39177449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The increasing importance and need in many aspects have driven the rapid development of synthetic studies toward aryl azides. In this paper, electrochemical C-H azidation and diazidation of anilines have been developed using TMSN3 as an azide source. A range of functional groups can be tolerated under the optimized reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Xinjiang University of Science and Technology, Korla, Xinjiang 84100, China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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2
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Ren H, Yang BQ, Shi J, Wu W, Jiang B, Chi Q. Copper-Catalyzed Tunable Oxygenative Rearrangement of Tetrahydrocarbazoles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401293. [PMID: 38828487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a general copper-catalyzed method for the tunable oxygenative rearrangement of tetrahydrocarbazoles to cyclopentyl-bearing spiroindolin-2-ones and spiroindolin-3-ones. The method demonstrates excellent chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and product control simply by using the H2O and O2 as oxygen source, respectively. This open-flask method is safe and simple to operate, and no other chemical oxidants are required. Besides, inspired from the unique pathway of 1, 2-migration rearrangement, a highly controllable hydroxylation of indoles for the construction of C3a-hydroxyl iminium indolines was also developed. Mechanistic experiments suggest that a single-electron transfer-induced oxidation process is responsible for the tunable selectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Biaobiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
| | - Qin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, P. R. China
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3
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Yue Y, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Bai R, Yi H, Liu J. Electrochemical Oxidation Enables Radical Dearomative Spiroannulation to 2H-Spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401303. [PMID: 38794842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Developing pragmatic strategies for accessing functional benzofuran-2-ones from 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran remains an enduring challenge. Herein, we have achieved a highly discriminating electrochemical oxidative dearomative spiroannulation of 3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)benzofuran, culminating in the synthesis of 2H-spiro[benzofuran-3,9'-fluoren]-2-one derivatives. By harnessing the electrophilic intermediates of benzofuryl radical cations supported by DFT calculations, we attain exceptional regioselectivity while eliminating the need for stoichiometric oxidants. Mechanistic investigations reveal a sequence of events involving the benzofuran radical cation, encompassing the capture of H2O, nucleophilic arene attack, and subsequent deprotonation, ultimately yielding the final benzofuran-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Qinghu Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
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4
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Deng Z, Meng L, Bing X, Niu S, Zhang X, Peng J, Luan YX, Chen L, Tang P. Silver-Enabled Dearomative Trifluoromethoxylation of Indoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2325-2332. [PMID: 38232384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The only known method for the dearomative trifluoromethoxylation of indoles is preliminary, with only one substrate successfully undergoing the reaction. In this study, we not only developed a broadly applicable method for indole dearomative trifluoromethoxylation but also achieved divergent trifluoromethoxylation by fine-tuning the reaction conditions. Under optimized conditions, with a silver salt and an easily handled OCF3 reagent, various indoles smoothly underwent dearomatization to afford a diverse array of ditrifluoromethoxylated indolines in 50-84% isolated yields with up to 37:1 diastereoselectivity, and fluorinated trifluoromethoxylated indolines were obtained with exclusive trans selectivity. In addition, the reaction conditions were compatible with other heteroaromatic rings as well as styrene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Deng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingduan Meng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao Bing
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaoxiong Niu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Junqin Peng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Xin Luan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Wang Q, Chen YX, Ji SH, Zhou JM, Li RH, Cai YR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Phenothiazinone as Fluorophore and Its Application in Bioimaging. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302124. [PMID: 37658481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazinone is a promising yet underutilized fluorophore, possibly due to the lack of a general accessibility. This study reports a robust and scalable TEMPO-mediated electrochemical method to access a variety of phenothiazinones from 2-aminothiophenols and quinones. The electrosynthesis proceeds in a simple cell architecture under mild condition, and notably carbon-halogen bond in quinones remains compared to conventional methods, enabling orthogonal downstream functionalization. Mechanistic studies corroborate that TEMPO exerts a protective effect in avoiding product decomposition at the cathode. In particular, benzophenothiazinones show intriguing luminescence in both solid and solution state, and thus their photophysical properties are scrutinized in detail. Further bio-imaging of the lipid droplets in living cells highlights the considerable promise of benzophenothiazinones as fluorescent dye in the biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Hao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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7
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Yuan LR, Ji SJ, Xu XP. Coupling-Spirocyclization Cascade of Tryptamine-Derived Isocyanides with Iodonium Ylides and Despirocyclization Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:7858-7862. [PMID: 37862138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt(II)-catalyzed coupling-cyclization cascade reaction between tryptamine-derived isocyanides and iodonium ylides is investigated, which allowed for the synthesis of different types of spiroindoline compounds by variation of substituents at the N1- and C2-positions in the indole skeleton. More interesting is that the spiroindoline products could undergo despirocyclization in the presence of amines, enabling efficient construction of enamine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Rong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Baolidi Functional Materials Research Institute, Suzhou 215144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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8
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Dai M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang R, Wei W, Zhang Z, Liang T. Iodine-Mediated C2,3-H Aminoheteroarylation of Indoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15106-15117. [PMID: 37864558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free one-pot oxidative cross-dehydrogenation coupling reaction for the formation of C-N/C-C bonds at the C2,3-positions of indoles with azoles and quinoxalinones has been developed. The proposed method has several notable features, including metal-free catalysis, the use of N-H free indoles as substrates, ease of operation, mild reaction conditions, and compatibility with a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyi Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wanxing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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9
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Zhang Y, Duan B, Zhou L, Song X, Song Z. Metal-Free Oxidative Dearomatization-Alkoxylation/Acyloxylation of Indoles: Synthesis of 2-Monosubstituted Indolin-3-ones. Org Lett 2023; 25:7678-7682. [PMID: 37819012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free route for the preparation of 2-monosubstituted indolin-3-ones, including 2-alkoxyindolin-3-ones and 2-acyloxyindolin-3-ones from commercially available indoles, has been developed employing (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene (PIFA) as an oxidant. The present protocol features mild reaction conditions, good tolerance with diverse functional groups, and a wide substrate scope, affording the desired products in good yields. This transformation is easy to scale up, and the desired products can be further modified. Most importantly, this method is suitable for the late-stage modification of bioactive molecules. Mechanism studies show that this transformation involves metal-free radical dearomatization and oxygenation. Furthermore, this method also provides a practical and efficient way to prepare indolin-3-ones from commercially available reagents in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bingbing Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiangrui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zengqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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10
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Xu X, Zhong L, Feng H, Van der Eycken EV. Application of Metal-Free Dearomatization Reaction as a Sustainable Strategy to Direct Access Complex Cyclic Compounds. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300101. [PMID: 37132130 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly efficient construction of complicated heterocyclic frameworks in an atom- and step-economic manner is still one of the cores of synthetic chemistry. Dearomatization reactions show the unique advantage for the construction of functionalized heterocycles and have attracted widespread attention over the past two decades. The metal-free approach has proved to be a green and sustainable paradigm for the synthesis of spirocyclic, polycyclic and heterocyclic scaffolds, which are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules. In this review, the advances in the recent six years (2017-2023) in metal-free dearomatization reactions are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on developments in the field of organo-catalyzed dearomatization reactions, oxidative dearomatization reactions, Brønsted acid- or base-promoted dearomatization reactions, photoredox-catalyzed dearomatization reactions, and electrochemical oxidation dearomatization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ling Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russia
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11
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Lopat'eva ER, Krylov IB, Paveliev SA, Emtsov DA, Kostyagina VA, Korlyukov AA, Terent'ev AO. Free Radicals in the Queue: Selective Successive Addition of Azide and N-Oxyl Radicals to Alkenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13225-13235. [PMID: 37616501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The selective successive addition of azide (•N3) and N-oxyl radicals to alkenes is demonstrated, despite each of the two radicals being known to attack C═C bonds and the mixture of radical adducts possibly being expected. The proposed radical mechanism was supported by density functional theory calculations, electron paramagnetic resonance, and radical trapping experiments. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with the available reagents: NaN3, N-hydroxy compounds, and PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant. The method can be applied for N-hydroxyimides, N-hydroxyamides, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, and oximes as N-oxyl radical precursors. Vinylarenes, aliphatic alkenes, and even electron-deficient methyl methacrylate were successfully functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Lopat'eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A Emtsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A Kostyagina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov strasse, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Ouyang JY, Shen FF, Zhao HQ, Chen JJ, Wen ZD, Jiang HM, Qin JH, Sun Q, Li JH, Ouyang XH. Aryldiazonium Salt-Triggered [2 + 2 + 1] Heteroannulation of Indoles by an Arylhydrazone Radical-Relayed 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2023; 25:6549-6554. [PMID: 37615297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented three-component [2 + 2 + 1] annulation cascade of indoles with aryldiazonium salts and polyhalomethanes or acetone is presented by dual hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and C-H functionalization. By employing readily accessible aryldiazonium salts as the radical initiators and electrophiles and polyhalomethanes and acetone as the C1 units, this method unprecedentedly constructs a pyrazole ring on an indole ring skeleton through the formation of two C-N bonds and a C-C bond in a single reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Fang-Fang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Han-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhu-Dong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jing-Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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13
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Lee Y, Nam YS, Kim SY, Ki JE, Lee HG. Mechanistic duality of indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7688-7698. [PMID: 37476715 PMCID: PMC10355096 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel mechanistic duality has been revealed from the indolyl 1,3-heteroatom transposition (IHT) of N-hydroxyindole derivatives. A series of in-depth mechanistic investigations suggests that two separate mechanisms are operating simultaneously. Moreover, the relative contribution of each mechanistic pathway, the energy barrier for each pathway, and the identity of the primary pathway were shown to be the functions of the electronic properties of the substrate system. Based on the mechanistic understanding obtained, a mechanism-driven strategy for the general and efficient introduction of a heteroatom at the 3-position of indole has been developed. The reaction developed exhibits a broad substrate scope to provide the products in various forms of the functionalised indole. Moreover, the method is applicable to the introduction of both oxygen- and nitrogen-based functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Yun Seung Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Ki
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 South Korea
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14
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Immel JR, Alghafli BM, Rodríguez Ugalde AA, Bloom S. Aqueous Flavin Photoredox Catalysis Drives Exclusive C3-Alkylation of Indolyl Radical Cations in Route to Unnatural Tryptophan Mimetics. Org Lett 2023; 25:3818-3822. [PMID: 37191639 PMCID: PMC11055211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One way to build chemical diversity into indoles is to oxidize them to indolyl radical cations (Ind•+). These intermediates can accept new functional groups across C2-C3 bonds or independently at C2. Less encountered is selective diversification at C3, a position plagued by competing dearomative side reactions. We disclose an aqueous photoredox-catalyzed method for transforming Ind•+ into C3-substituted tryptophan mimetics that uses water as a transient protecting group to guide site-selective C3 alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Gray Little Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bayan M Alghafli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Gray Little Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Allen Alonso Rodríguez Ugalde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Gray Little Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Gray Little Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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15
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Zhu Y, Yang S, Pu E, Li L, Ye S, Wei L, Ma G, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Chen J. Iodine(III)-Mediated C-C Bond Coupling to Construct Spirocyclic Indolenines of Various Ring Sizes. Org Lett 2023; 25:3533-3538. [PMID: 37154601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel iodine(III)-mediated intramolecular dearomative spirocyclization of indole derivatives to generate highly strained spirocyclobutyl, spirocyclopentyl, and spirocyclohexyl indolenines in moderate to good yields. A set of structurally novel, densely functionalized spiroindolenines with broad functional group compatibility was efficiently constructed in this way under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the β-enamine ester as a versatile functional group in the product provides great convenience for the synthesis of bioactive compounds and related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanren Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Shaoxiong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Enfan Pu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Silei Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Longsheng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Guolan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yushun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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16
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Pal P, Goud GK, Sridhar B, Mainkar PS, Nayani K, Chandrasekhar S. Metal-free dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles via radical cascade. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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17
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Kumar R, Khanna Y, Kaushik P, Kamal R, Khokhar S. Recent Advancements on Metal-Free Vicinal Diamination of Alkenes: Synthetic Strategies and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300017. [PMID: 36869415 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative aminative vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes or related chemical feedstocks has emerged as sustainable and multipurpose strategies that can efficiently construct two -N bonds, and simultaneously prepare the synthetically fascinating molecules and catalysis in organic synthesis that typically required multi-step reactions. This review summarized the impressive breakthroughs on synthetic methodologies (2015-2022) documented especially over inter/intra-molecular vicinal diamination of alkenes with electron-rich or deficient diverse nitrogen sources. These unprecedented strategies predominantly involved iodine-based reagents/catalysts, which resent the interest of organic chemists due to their impressive role as flexible, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly reagents, resulting in a wide variety of synthetically useful organic molecules. Moreover, the information collected also describes the significant role of catalyst, terminal oxidant, substrate scope, synthetic applications, and their unsuccessful results to highlight the limitations. Special emphasis has been given to proposed mechanistic pathways to determine the key factors governing the issues of regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Yugam Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Parul Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Raj Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
| | - Shiwani Khokhar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
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18
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Liu X, Yang D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang P, Cong H, Chen YH, Lu L, Qi X, Yi H, Lei A. Unraveling the Structure and Reactivity Patterns of the Indole Radical Cation in Regioselective Electrochemical Oxidative Annulations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3175-3186. [PMID: 36705997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation-induced strategy for inert chemical bond activation through highly active radical cation intermediate has exhibited unique reactivity. Understanding the structure and reactivity patterns of radical cation intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. In this work, the structure and properties of indole radical cations have been revealed using time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, in situ electrochemical UV-vis, and in situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explain and predict the regioselectivity of several electrochemical oxidative indole annulations. Based on the understanding of the inherent properties of several indole radical cations, two different regioselective annulations of indoles have been successfully developed under electrochemical oxidation conditions. Varieties of furo[2,3-b]indolines and furo[3,2-b]indolines were synthesized in good yields with high regioselectivities. Our mechanistic insights into indole radical cations will promote the further development of oxidation-induced indole functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dali Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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19
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Yu Y, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical synthesis of vicinal azidoacetamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:422-425. [PMID: 36514900 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are an important structural motif in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical intermediates. Herein, an environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical approach to azidoacetamides, as one variant of vicinal diamines, has been developed. This reaction features mild conditions and broad substrate scope, without the use of any chemical oxidant or transition-metal catalysts. The obtained vicinal azidoacetamides could be conveniently converted into various other vicinal diamine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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20
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Cao TY, Qi L, Dong W, Yan ZM, Ji SC, Du JL, Zhang L, Li W, Wang LJ. NIS-Promoted Selective Amino-Diazidation and Amino-Iodoazidation of O-Homoallyl Benzimidates: Synthesis of Vicinal Diazido 1,3-Oxazines and Vicinal Iodoazido 1,3-Oxazines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16578-16591. [PMID: 36450035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Amines, especially those with multi-nitrogen moieties, are widespread in natural products and biologically active compounds. Thus, the development of direct and efficient methods to introduce multiple nitrogen-containing fragments into compounds in one step is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, we report an NIS-promoted selective amino-diazidation and amino-iodoazidation of O-homoallyl benzimidates with NaN3. By using this protocol, a variety of vicinal diazido-substituted 1,3-oxazines and vicinal iodoazido-substituted 1,3-oxazines were directly synthesized in a controllable manner. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction operates through a NIS-promoted four-step cascade process. The developed method has the merits of metal-free, excellent functional group compatibility, simple operation, and mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yang Cao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qi
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Yan
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Chao Ji
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Long Du
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Donglu, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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21
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Tan G, Das M, Kleinmans R, Katzenburg F, Daniliuc C, Glorius F. Energy transfer-enabled unsymmetrical diamination using bifunctional nitrogen-radical precursors. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Dearomatization of Indoles To Access 2-Azido Spirocyclic Indolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16106-16110. [PMID: 36382858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical protocol for dearomatization of indoles was developed, delivering a series of azido-containing spirocyclic indolines with good functional group tolerance. This dearomatization process is proposed to result from the oxidation of MnII-N3 species, supported by cyclic voltammetry experiments. Moreover, synthetic transformations can provide an alternative approach to a range of functionalized indolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Zhejiang, China
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23
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Gall BK, Smith AK, Ferreira EM. Dearomative (3+2) Cycloadditions between Indoles and Vinyldiazo Species Enabled by a Red-Shifted Chromium Photocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212187. [PMID: 36063422 PMCID: PMC9828771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A direct dearomative photocatalyzed (3+2) cycloaddition between indoles and vinyldiazo reagents is described. The transformation is enabled by the development of a novel oxidizing CrIII photocatalyst, its specific reactivity attributed to increased absorptive properties over earlier Cr analogs and greater stability than Ru counterparts. A variety of fused indoline compounds are synthesized using this method, including densely functionalized ring systems that are feasible due to base-free conditions. Experimental insights corroborate a cycloaddition initiated by nucleophilic attack at C3 of the indole radical cation by the vinyldiazo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Avery K. Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602USA
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24
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Wang BC, Fan T, Xiong FY, Chen P, Fang KX, Tan Y, Lu LQ, Xiao WJ. De Novo Construction of Chiral Aminoindolines by Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclization and Subsequent Discovery of an Unexpected Sulfonyl Migration. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19932-19941. [PMID: 36270010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Searching for efficient strategies to access structurally novel aminoindolines is of great significance for drug discovery. However, catalytic asymmetric de novo construction of aminoindoline scaffolds with functionality primed for diversification still remains elusive. Here, we report a Cu-catalyzed asymmetric cyclization of ethynyl benzoxazinones with amines, producing chiral 3-aminoindolines in good yield and with high enantioselectivity (up to 97% yield and 98:2 er). Moreover, a radical-mediated sulfonyl migration of these products was unexpectedly found, further affording new chiral 3-aminoindolines bearing alkenyl sulfonyl groups with retained enantiopurity (up to 84% yield and 98:2 er). Bioactivity evaluations indicate that these 3-aminoindolines show notable antitumor activities and chirality is proven to have a significant impact on their antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cheng Wang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fen-Ya Xiong
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Qiu Lu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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25
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206308. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
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26
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Chen J, Zhang R, Ma C, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Wang B, Xue F, Jin W, Xia Y, Liu C. Sustainable electrochemical dearomatization for the synthesis of diverse 2, 3-functionalized indolines. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Chen N, Deng TT, Li JQ, Cui XY, Sun WW, Wu B. Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Mediated Umpolung Dialkoxylation of N-Substituted Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12759-12771. [PMID: 36170012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report dialkoxylation of N-substituted indoles through a hypervalent iodine-mediated umpolung strategy, affording trans-2,3-dimethoxyindolines with up to 95% yield. In addition, C5-selective bromination of 2,3-dialkoxyindoline via NBS-mediated rearomatization was achieved. DFT calculation of the sequence of electrophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution pathway of N-substituted indoles has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting-Ting Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Quan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin-Yue Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Wu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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28
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Yu W, Zhang X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Gu X, Liao J, Zhang Z, Wei W, Li G, Liang T. Intermolecular C-H Aminocyanation of Indoles via Copper-iodine Cocatalyzed Tandem C-N/C-C Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12424-12433. [PMID: 36046980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient copper-iodine cocatalyzed intermolecular C-H aminocyanation of indoles with a broad substrate scope has been developed for the first time. This method enables highly step-economic access to 2-amino-3-cyanoindoles in moderate to good yields and provides a complementary strategy for the regioselective difunctionalization of carbon═carbon double bonds of interest in organic synthesis and related areas. Mechanistic studies suggest that these transformations are initiated by iodine-mediated C2-H amination with azoles, followed by copper-catalyzed C3-H cyanation with ethyl cyanoformate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wanxing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Guanghua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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29
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science Chaowang road 18 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Hantao Chen
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
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30
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Li YL, Shi Z, Shen T, Ye KY. Electrochemical vicinal oxyazidation of α-arylvinyl acetates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1026-1031. [PMID: 36051561 PMCID: PMC9379640 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Azidoketones are valuable and versatile building blocks in the synthesis of various bioactive small molecules. Herein, we describe an environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical vicinal oxyazidation protocol of α-arylvinyl acetates to afford diverse α-azidoketones in good yields without the use of a stoichiometric amount of chemical oxidant. A range of functionality is shown to be compatible with this transformation, and further applications are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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31
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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32
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang WZ, Lu HK, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye KY. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of N-Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206058. [PMID: 35606293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxathiazine dioxide, as a bioisostere of the clinically widely used diazoxide, exhibits interesting biological activity. However, limited success has been achieved in terms of its concise and direct synthesis. We report herein a facile electrochemical migratory cyclization of N-acylsulfonamides to access a diverse array of benzoxathiazine dioxides. The inclusion of electrochemistry is crucial for realizing such a novel transformation, which is substantiated both by the experiments and density-functional-theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hao-Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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33
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Cao WB, Zhang JD, Xu MM, Liu HW, Li HY, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Syn-Stereoselective C3-Spirocyclization and C2-Amination of 3-(2-Isocyanoethyl)indole Using C, N-Cyclic Azomethine Imines. Org Lett 2022; 24:4620-4624. [PMID: 35730796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By utilizing an underexplored reaction mode of C,N-cyclic azomethine imines, a catalyst-free [1+2+3] cycloaddition/N-N bond cleavage sequential reaction for accessing spiroindolines with syn-stereoselectivity was developed. On the basis of experimental results and DFT calculations, peroxide and ethereal solvent were identified to trigger the hydrogen abstraction of the unstable [1+2+3] cycloaddition adducts, followed by homolytic cleavage of the N-N bond and hydrogen absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Baolidi Functional Materials Research Institute, Suzhou 215144, People's Republic of China
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34
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Wu J, Peng Z, Shen T, Liu ZQ. Electrosynthesis of ortho‐Amino Aryl Ketones by Aerobic Electrooxidative Cleavage of the C(2)=C(3)/C(2)‐N Bonds of N‐Boc Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Zehui Peng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Tong Shen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University CHINA
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35
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Shi Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang W, Lu H, Yan H, Yuan Y, Zhu J, Ye K. Electrochemical Migratory Cyclization of
N
‐Acylsulfonamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Wei‐Zhen Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hao‐Kuan Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Hong Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
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36
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Lan J, Li S, Lin K, Zhou P, Chen W, Gao L, Zhu T. The eco-friendly electrosynthesis of trifluoromethylated spirocyclic indolines and their anticancer activity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3475-3479. [PMID: 35388872 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for the electrochemical diastereoselective oxytrifluoromethylation of indoles was developed for the eco-friendly synthesis of CF3-containing spirocyclic indolines. The cascade reaction comprised anodic oxidation to obtain CF3 radicals, the addition of radicals to indoles, and intramolecular spirocyclization. The reaction system without external chemical oxidants could easily be scaled up. Antiproliferation assays of these CF3-substituted spirocyclic indolines exhibited their promising activities and selectivities toward several types of cancer cells, including Huh-7, A549, and cisplatin-resistant cancer cells (A549/DDP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Lan
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Kejun Lin
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Weili Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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37
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Shi J, Wang RA, Wu W, Song JR, Chi Q, Pan WD, Ren H. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Selective Oxidation of Tetrahydrocarbolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:3358-3362. [PMID: 35503733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a safe and convenient open-flask copper-catalyzed selective oxidation/functionalization methodology for tetrahydrocarbolines and tetrahydro-β-carbolines that employs atmospheric O2 as the terminal oxidant. The system is applicable to oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines, tetrahydrocarboline oxidation to α-alkoxy carbazoles and spirooxindoles, and Witkop oxidation. Mechanistic experiments indicated that a single-electron oxidation process is responsible for the tunable selectivity control. This copper-catalysis protocol represents a significant advance in the field of indole oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Rui-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Jun-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550014, China
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38
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Electrochemical Dearomatization of Indoles: Access to Diversified Fluorine-Containing Spirocyclic Indolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2788-2792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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39
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Tanaka H, Ukegawa N, Uyanik M, Ishihara K. Hypoiodite-Catalyzed Oxidative Umpolung of Indoles for Enantioselective Dearomatization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5756-5761. [PMID: 35319875 PMCID: PMC8991020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Here we report the
oxidative umpolung of 2,3-disubstituted indoles
toward enantioselective dearomative aza-spirocyclization to give the
corresponding spiroindolenines using chiral quaternary ammonium hypoiodite
catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed the umpolung reactivity of
C3 of indoles by iodination of the indole nitrogen atom. Moreover,
the introduction of pyrazole as an electron-withdrawing auxiliary
group at C2 suppressed a competitive dissociative racemic pathway,
and enantioselective spirocyclization proceeded to give not only spiropyrrolidines
but also four-membered spiroazetidines that are otherwise difficult
to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoya Ukegawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Muhammet Uyanik
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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40
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Tang S, Guillot R, Grimaud L, Vitale MR, Vincent G. Electrochemical Benzylic C-H Functionalization with Isocyanides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2125-2130. [PMID: 35286094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the challenging direct carbamoylation or cyanation of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with an isocyanide via an electrochemical process giving rise to structures that are encountered in several biologically relevant compounds and drugs. This transformation proceeds under mild conditions without the need for any external oxidant and avoids the necessity to start from a prefunctionalized benzylic substrate or the deployment of the cation pool method. The anodic oxidation of the benzylic position and the subsequent addition of the isocyanide lead to the formation of a C-C bond and to a nitrilium cation that hydrolyzes to yield α-aryl acetamide derivatives, whereas the elimination of a t-butyl cation delivers α-aryl acetonitrile derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Tang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime R Vitale
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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41
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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42
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Leclair A, Wang Q, Zhu J. Two-Carbon Ring Expansion of Cyclobutanols to Cyclohexenones Enabled by Indole Radical Cation Intermediate: Development and Application to a Total Synthesis of Uleine. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leclair
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Zhaojiang S, Lu HK, Li N, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Electrochemical oxidative dearomatization of 2-arylthiophenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a green and sustainable electrochemical oxidative dearomatization of 2-arylthiophenes. The variation of substitution patterns affords easy access toward both the C2/C3 and C2/C5 difunctionalized dearomative products. The...
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44
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Zhang X, Yu W, Nie Y, Zhang Y, Gu X, Wei W, Zhang Z, Liang T. Copper-iodine Co-catalyzed C−H Aminoalkenylation of Indoles via Temperature-controlled Selectivity Switch: Facile Synthesis of 2-Azolyl-3-alkenylindoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00627h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient copper-iodine co-catalyzed 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles with azoles and phenols via temperature-controlled selectivity switch has been developed for the green synthesis of 2-azolyl-3-alkenylindoles. The strategy involves the simultaneous establishment...
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45
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Feng P, Peng X, Wen L, Ning Z, Zhang Z, Sun C, Tang Y. Electrochemistry-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles to synthesize oxoindoline derivatives. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical protocol for electrochemisty-controlled dearomative 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles via electrochemically anode-selective oxidative cross coupling has been demonstrated. The reaction runs under metal, oxidant and catalyst free condition,...
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46
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Zheng Y, Cheung YT, Liang L, Qiu H, Zhang L, Tsang A, Chen Q, Tong R. Electrochemical oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines in a zero-gap flow cell. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10479-10485. [PMID: 36277623 PMCID: PMC9473527 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03951f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) is one of the most efficient methods for the synthesis of biologically active spirooxindoles, including natural products and drug molecules. Here, we report the first electrochemical approach to achieve this important organic transformation in a flow cell. The key to the high efficiency was the use of a multifunctional LiBr electrolyte, where the bromide (Br−) ion acts as a mediator and catalyst and lithium ion (Li+) acts as a likely hydrophilic spectator, which might considerably reduce diffusion of THβCs into the double layer and thus prevent possible nonselective electrode oxidation of indoles. Additionally, we build a zero-gap flow cell to speed up mass transport and minimize concentration polarization, simultaneously achieving a high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 96% and an outstanding productivity of 0.144 mmol (h−1 cm−2). This electrochemical method is demonstrated with twenty substrates, offering a general, green path towards bioactive spirooxindoles without using hazardous oxidants. A zero-gap flow cell was designed for the first electro-oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines to spirooxindoles with high yield, faradaic efficiency and productivity when LiBr was discovered as a bi-functional mediator and catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuen Tsz Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Anson Tsang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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47
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Yamashiro T, Abe T, Tanioka M, Kamino S, Sawada D. cis-3-Azido-2-methoxyindolines as safe and stable precursors to overcome the instability of fleeting 3-azidoindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13381-13384. [PMID: 34821884 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of 3-azidoindoles in organic synthesis remains a difficult task owing to their instabilities. Herein, we report a general and concise approach for tackling this problem by using 3-azidoindole surrogates. The surrogates are bench-stable, presumably due to the observed intramolecular O-Nβ bonding. The resultant fleeting intermediates undergo capturing in situ to afford 3-substitued indoles through formal ipso-substitution of the azide group by nucleophiles. In these investigations, we found that the fleeting 3-azidoindoles show a C3-electrophilic character for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
| | - Takumi Abe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
| | - Masaru Tanioka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648650, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kamino
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 4648650, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
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48
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gu X, Zhang Z, Wei W, Liang T. Synthesis of 3-halogenated 2,3'-biindoles by a copper-mediated 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10403-10407. [PMID: 34842891 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A copper-mediated 2,3-difunctionalization of indoles to afford 3-halogenated 2,3'-biindoles is described herein. The protocol uses readily available feedstocks and a naturally abundant copper catalyst system, which allows the regioselective formation of C-C and C-X (X = Cl & Br) bonds in one single operation. Here the copper metal salt serves not only as a catalyst but also as a reactant to provide the source of halogen. This operationally simple procedure avoids the utilization of environmentally unfriendly reagents and displays good functional group compatibility. Noteworthily, the introduction of halogen into molecules would offer great potential for further chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanxing Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Singh B, Gawande MB, Kute AD, Varma RS, Fornasiero P, McNeice P, Jagadeesh RV, Beller M, Zbořil R. Single-Atom (Iron-Based) Catalysts: Synthesis and Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13620-13697. [PMID: 34644065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supported single-metal atom catalysts (SACs) are constituted of isolated active metal centers, which are heterogenized on inert supports such as graphene, porous carbon, and metal oxides. Their thermal stability, electronic properties, and catalytic activities can be controlled via interactions between the single-metal atom center and neighboring heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Due to the atomic dispersion of the active catalytic centers, the amount of metal required for catalysis can be decreased, thus offering new possibilities to control the selectivity of a given transformation as well as to improve catalyst turnover frequencies and turnover numbers. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the synthesis of Fe-SACs with a focus on anchoring single atoms (SA) on carbon/graphene supports. The characterization of these advanced materials using various spectroscopic techniques and their applications in diverse research areas are described. When applicable, mechanistic investigations conducted to understand the specific behavior of Fe-SACs-based catalysts are highlighted, including the use of theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljeet Singh
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193 Portugal
| | - Manoj B Gawande
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun D Kute
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamiciam, INSTM Trieste Research Unit and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Peter McNeice
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rajenahally V Jagadeesh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,CEET Nanotechnology Centre, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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50
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Kang JC, Li ZH, Chen C, Dong LK, Zhang SY. Paired Electrolysis Enabled Ni-Catalyzed Unconventional Cascade Reductive Thiolation Using Sulfinates. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15326-15334. [PMID: 34633802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reported a nickel-catalyzed cascade reductive thiolation of aryl halides with sulfinates driven by paired electrolysis. This protocol uses sulfinates as the sulfur source, and various thioethers could be synthesized under mild conditions. By mechanism exploration, we find that a cascade chemical step is allowed on the electrode interface and could alter the reaction pathway in paired electrolysis, whose findings could help the discovery of novel cascade reactions with unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Li-Kun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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