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Xie Y, Luo D, Wiener J, Tang S, Chepyshev S, Schafmeister C. Development of Fmoc-Protected Bis-Amino Acids toward Automated Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Spiroligomers. Org Lett 2022; 24:3421-3425. [PMID: 35499925 PMCID: PMC9113113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protection of functionalized bis-amino acid building blocks using a temporary Cu2+ complexation strategy, together with an efficient multikilogram-scale synthesis of bis-amino acid precursors. This allows the synthesis of stereochemically and functionally diverse spiroligomers utilizing solid-phase Fmoc/tBu chemistry to facilitate the development of applications. Four tetramers were assembled on a semiautomated microwave peptide synthesizer. We determined their secondary structures with two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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2
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Foley DJ, Waldmann H. Ketones as strategic building blocks for the synthesis of natural product-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4094-4120. [PMID: 35506561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural product-inspired compound collections serve as excellent sources for the identification of new bioactive compounds to treat disease. However, such compounds must necessarily be more structurally-enriched than traditional screening compounds, therefore inventive synthetic strategies and reliable methods are needed to prepare them. Amongst the various possible starting materials that could be considered for the synthesis of natural product-inspired compounds, ketones can be especially valuable due to the vast variety of complexity-building synthetic transformations that they can take part in, their high prevalence as commercial building blocks, and relative ease of synthesis. With a view towards developing a unified synthetic strategy for the preparation of next generation bioactive compound collections, this review considers whether ketones could serve as general precursors in this regard, and summarises the opulence of synthetic transformations available for the annulation of natural product ring-systems to ketone starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. .,Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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López L, Cabal M, Valdés C. Construction of NH‐Unprotected Spiropyrrolidines and Spiroisoindolines by [4+1] Cyclizations of γ‐Azidoboronic Acids with Cyclic
N
‐Sulfonylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Instituto de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles” Universidad de Oviedo C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - María‐Paz Cabal
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Instituto de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles” Universidad de Oviedo C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos Valdés
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Instituto de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles” Universidad de Oviedo C/ Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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4
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López L, Cabal MP, Valdés C. Construction of NH-Unprotected Spiropyrrolidines and Spiroisoindolines by [4+1] Cyclizations of γ-Azidoboronic Acids with Cyclic N-Sulfonylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113370. [PMID: 34677906 PMCID: PMC9298762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of N‐sulfonylhydrazones derived from cyclic ketones with γ‐azidopropylboronic acid and 2‐(azidomethyl)phenylboronic acid give rise to spirocyclic pyrrolidines and spiroisoindolines, respectively. The reactions proceed without the need of any transition‐metal catalyst through a domino process that comprises the formation of a Csp3‐C and a Csp3‐N bond of the former hydrazonic carbon. The scope of the reaction has been explored by the preparation of over 50 examples of NH‐unprotected spirocyclic derivatives. Importantly, this methodology could be applied for the preparation of alkaloid steroids from steroid N‐tosylhydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles", Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María-Paz Cabal
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles", Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Valdés
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles", Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Henry Blackwell J, Harris GR, Smith MA, Gaunt MJ. Modular Photocatalytic Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15946-15959. [PMID: 34551248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecules displaying an α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine motif provide access to an important and versatile area of biologically relevant chemical space but are challenging to access through existing synthetic methods. Here, we report an operationally straightforward, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of a range of functionally and structurally diverse α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines, which makes use of three readily available components: dialkyl ketones, benzylamines, and alkenes. The strategy relies on the of use visible-light-mediated photocatalysis with readily available Ir(III) complexes to bring about single-electron reduction of an all-alkyl ketimine species to an α-amino radical intermediate; the α-amino radical undergoes Giese-type addition with a variety of alkenes to forge the α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine center. The mechanism of this process is believed to proceed through an overall redox neutral pathway that involves photocatalytic redox-relay of the imine, generated from the starting amine-ketone condensation, through to an imine-derived product. This is possible because the presence of a benzylic amine component in the intermediate scaffold drives a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer step after the Giese addition to form a stable benzylic α-amino radical, which is able to close the photocatalytic cycle. These studies detail the evolution of the reaction platform, an extensive investigation of the substrate scope, and preliminary investigation of some of the mechanistic features of this distinct photocatalytic process. We believe this transformation will provide convenient access to previously unexplored α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine scaffolds that should be of considerable interest to practitioners of synthetic and medicinal chemistry in academic and industrial institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henry Blackwell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R Harris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Milo A Smith
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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6
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Yanagimoto A, Uwabe Y, Wu Q, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Convergent Azaspirocyclization of Bromoarenes with N-Tosylhydrazones by a Palladium Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aika Yanagimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Yota Uwabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Qikun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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7
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Jiang T, Bordi S, McMillan AE, Chen KY, Saito F, Nichols PL, Wanner BM, Bode JW. An integrated console for capsule-based, automated organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6977-6982. [PMID: 34123325 PMCID: PMC8153237 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The current laboratory practices of organic synthesis are labor intensive, impose safety and environmental hazards, and hamper the implementation of artificial intelligence guided drug discovery. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions with prepacked capsules. The machine conducts coupling reactions and delivers the purified products with minimal user involvement. Two desirable reaction classes – the synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles and reductive amination – were implemented, along with multi-step sequences that provide drug-like organic molecules in a fully automated manner. We envision that this system will serve as a console for developers to provide synthetic methods as integrated, user-friendly packages for conducting organic synthesis in a safe and convenient fashion. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions using prepacked capsules with minimal user involvement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jiang
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Samuele Bordi
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Angus E McMillan
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Yen Chen
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fumito Saito
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Paula L Nichols
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benedikt M Wanner
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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8
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Zaytseva EV, Mazhukin DG. Spirocyclic Nitroxides as Versatile Tools in Modern Natural Sciences: From Synthesis to Applications. Part I. Old and New Synthetic Approaches to Spirocyclic Nitroxyl Radicals. Molecules 2021; 26:677. [PMID: 33525514 PMCID: PMC7865516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclic nitroxyl radicals (SNRs) are stable paramagnetics bearing spiro-junction at a-, b-, or g-carbon atom of the nitroxide fragment, which is part of the heterocyclic system. Despite the fact that the first representatives of SNRs were obtained about 50 years ago, the methodology of their synthesis and their usage in chemistry and biochemical applications have begun to develop rapidly only in the last two decades. Due to the presence of spiro-function in the SNRs molecules, the latter have increased stability to various reducing agents (including biogenic ones), while the structures of the biradicals (SNBRs) comprises a rigid spiro-fused core that fixes mutual position and orientation of nitroxide moieties that favors their use in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. This first review on SNRs will give a glance at various strategies for the synthesis of spiro-substituted, mono-, and bis-nitroxides on the base of six-membered (piperidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 9,9'(10H,10H')-spirobiacridine, piperazine, and morpholine) or five-membered (2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, imidazolidine, and oxazolidine) heterocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Jackl MK, Gordon CP, Copéret C, Bode JW. Spirocyclic Nitroxide Biradicals: Synthesis and Evaluation as Dynamic Nuclear Polarizing Agents. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. Jackl
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Zhou G, Deng X, Pan C, Goh ETL, Lakshminarayanan R, Srinivasan R. SLAP reagents for the photocatalytic synthesis of C3/C5-substituted, N-unprotected selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12546-12549. [PMID: 32940282 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first set of unique selenium-containing SLAP (SiLicon Amine Protocol) reagents for the direct synthesis of C3/C5-substituted selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes from diverse (hetero)aldehydes under mild photocatalytic conditions. Enantiomerically pure 1,2-amino alcohol/α-amino acid versions of these heterocycles were also synthesized. Further, we have shown the late-stage modification of certain biologically active agents using the developed seleno-SLAP reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xingwang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Chenyu Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore and Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Rajavel Srinivasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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11
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Zhou G, Deng X, Tian J, Fazil MHUT, Lakshminarayanan R, Srinivasan R. SnAP reagents for the synthesis of selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes and their biological evaluation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1780-1783. [PMID: 31938791 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose the first set of unique selenium-containing SnAP reagents for the direct synthesis of C-substituted selenomorpholines and 1,4-selenazepanes, including their amino acid derivatives from commercially available aldehydes under mild conditions. These elusive N-unprotected heterocycles are not accessible by classical routes. Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed promising activities against clinically relevant fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xingwang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China. and College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, 158 Caosan Road, Chengdong District, Xining 810007, P. R. China
| | - Mobashar Hussain Urf Turabe Fazil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 59 Nanyang Drive, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore. and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rajavel Srinivasan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Tianjin University, Building 24, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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12
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Werth J, Berger K, Uyeda C. Cobalt Catalyzed Reductive Spirocyclopropanation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:348-352. [PMID: 33192219 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt pyridine-diimine (PDI) complexes catalyze the reductive spirocyclopropanation of terminal 1,3-dienes. gem-Dichlorocycloalkanes serve as carbene precursors and Zn is used as a terminal electron source. The reaction is effective for a range of gem-dichloro partners including those containing sulfur and nitrogen heterocycles. An example of an intramolecular Rh-catalyzed [5 + 2]-cycloaddition of a vinyl spirocyclopropane is demonstrated, providing rapid access to a complex tricyclic framework. Overall, this catalyst system is capable of suppressing the kinetically facile 1,2-hydride shift, which has hampered the development of Simmons-Smith reactions using Zn carbenoids possessing β-hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kristen Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis of γ-amino alcohols from unprotected allylic alcohols by a copper-catalyzed hydroamination strategy has been developed. Using easily accessible starting materials, a range of chiral 1,3-amino alcohols were prepared with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity. Further, this protocol provided an efficient one-step method for the enantioselective synthesis of γ-amino alcohols in an intermolecular manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ichikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
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14
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Wang YY, Bode JW. Olefin Amine (OLA) Reagents for the Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Saturated N-Heterocycles by Catalytic Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9739-9745. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yi Wang
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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15
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Flodén NJ, Trowbridge A, Willcox D, Walton SM, Kim Y, Gaunt MJ. Streamlined Synthesis of C(sp3)-Rich N-Heterospirocycles Enabled by Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8426-8430. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils J. Flodén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Aaron Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Darren Willcox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Scarlett M. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Yongjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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