1
|
Balan H, Sureshan KM. Hierarchical single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations of a monomer to a 1D-polymer and then to a 2D-polymer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6638. [PMID: 39103335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing flawless two-dimensional polymers (2D-Ps) via meticulous molecular preorganization presents an intriguing yet challenging frontier in research. We report here the single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) synthesis of a 2D-P via thermally induced topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction. A designed monomer incorporating two azide and two alkyne units is synthesized. The azide and alkyne groups are preorganized in the monomer crystal in reactive geometries for polymerizations in two orthogonal directions. On heating, the polymerizations proceed in a hierarchical manner; at first, the monomer reacts regiospecifically in a SCSC fashion to form a 1,5-triazolyl-linked 1D polymer (1D-P), which upon further heating undergoes another SCSC polymerization to a 2D-P through a second regiospecific TAAC reaction forming 1,4-triazolyl-linkages. Two different linkages in orthogonal directions make this an architecturally attractive 2D-P, as determined, at atomic resolution, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 2D-P reported here is thermally stable in view of the robust triazole-linkages and can be exfoliated as 2D-sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Balan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren Y, Xu Y. Recent advances in two-dimensional polymers: synthesis, assembly and energy-related applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1823-1869. [PMID: 38192222 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are a class of 2D crystalline polymer materials with definite structures, which have outstanding physical-chemical and electronic properties. They cleverly link organic building units through strong covalent bonds and can construct functional 2DPs through reasonable design and selection of different monomer units to meet various application requirements. As promising energy materials, 2DPs have developed rapidly in recent years. This review first introduces the basic overview of 2DPs, such as their historical development, inherent 2D characteristics and diversified topological advantages, followed by the summary of the typical 2DP synthesis methods recently (including "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods). The latest research progress in assembly and processing of 2DPs and the energy-related applications in energy storage and conversion are also discussed. Finally, we summarize and prospect the current research status, existing challenges, and future research directions of 2DPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ren
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao W, Tan R, Yang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Yin X, Wu D, Zhang T. Galvanic-Replacement-Assisted Synthesis of Nanostructured Silver-Surface for SERS Characterization of Two-Dimensional Polymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:474. [PMID: 38257565 PMCID: PMC10819046 DOI: 10.3390/s24020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is a powerful technology in trace analysis. However, the wide applications of SERS in practice are limited by the expensive substrate materials and the complicated preparation processes. Here we report a simple and economical galvanic-replacement-assisted synthesis route to prepare Ag nanoparticles on Cu(0) foil (nanoAg@Cu), which can be directly used as SERS substrate. The fabrication process is fast (ca. 10 min) and easily scaled up to centimeters or even larger. In addition, the morphology of the nanoAg@Cu (with Ag particles size from 30 nm to 160 nm) can be adjusted by various additives (e.g., amino-containing ligands). Finally, we show that the as-prepared nanoAg@Cu can be used for SERS characterization of two-dimensional polymers, and ca. 298 times relative enhancement of Raman intensity is achieved. This work offers a simple and economical strategy for the scalable fabrication of silver-based SERS substrate in thin film analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runxiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Höppener C, Elter JK, Schacher FH, Deckert V. Inside Block Copolymer Micelles-Tracing Interfacial Influences on Crosslinking Efficiency in Nanoscale Confined Spaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206451. [PMID: 36806886 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have demonstrated the excellent capabilities of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopyfor in-depth investigations of structural properties of matter with unprecedented resolution and chemical specificity. These capabilities are utilized here to study the internal structure of core-crosslinked micelles, which are formed by self-assembly of the diblock terpolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(furfuryl glycidylether-co-tert-butylglycidyl ether). Supplementing force-volume atomic force microscopy experiments address additionally the nanomechanical properties. Particularly, TERS enables investigating the underlying principles influencing the homogeneity and efficiency of the Diels-Alder core-crosslinking process in the confined hydrophobic core. While the central core region is homogenously crosslinked, a breakdown of the crosslinking reaction is observed in the core-corona interfacial region. The results corroborate that a strong crosslinking efficiency is directly correlated to the formation of a mixed zone of the glycidyl ether and PEO corona blocks reaching ≈5 nm into the core region. Concomitantly a strong exclusion of the encapsulated bismaleimide crosslinker from the interfacial region is observed. It is conceivable that a changed structure, chemical composition and altered nanomechanical properties of this interfacial region may also influence the crosslinking efficiency across the entire core region by a modification of the solubility of the crosslinker in the interfacial core-corona region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Höppener
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna K Elter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato R, Yano TA, Tanaka T. Single-cell infrared vibrational analysis by optical trapping mid-infrared photothermal microscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:1285-1290. [PMID: 36811918 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01917e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis by means of vibrational spectroscopy combined with optical trapping is a reliable platform for unveiling cell-to-cell heterogeneities in vast populations. Although infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy provides rich molecular fingerprint information on biological samples in a label-free manner, its application with optical trapping has never been achieved due to weak gradient forces generated by the diffraction-limited focused IR beam and strong background of water absorption. Herein, we present single-cell IR vibrational analysis that incorporates mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy with optical trapping. Optically trapped single polymer particles and red blood cells (RBCs) in blood could be chemically identified owing to their IR vibrational fingerprints. This single-cell IR vibrational analysis further allowed us to probe the chemical heterogeneities of RBCs originating from the variation in the intracellular characteristics. Our demonstration paves the way for the IR vibrational analysis of single cells and chemical characterization in various fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-0856, Japan. .,Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Yano
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-0856, Japan. .,Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuo Tanaka
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-0856, Japan. .,Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. .,Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mrđenović D, Cai ZF, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:963-974. [PMID: 36541047 PMCID: PMC9851175 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) molecular materials have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties, promising a wide range of exciting applications. To understand the structure-property relationship of these low-dimensional materials, sensitive analytical tools capable of providing structural and chemical characterisation at the nanoscale are required. However, most conventional analytical techniques fail to meet this challenge, especially in a label-free and non-destructive manner under ambient conditions. In the last two decades, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for nanoscale chemical characterisation by combining the high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy and the chemical sensitivity and specificity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In this review article, we provide an overview of the application of TERS for nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials, including 2D polymers, biomimetic lipid membranes, biological cell membranes, and 2D reactive systems. The progress in the structural and chemical characterisation of these 2D materials is demonstrated with key examples from our as well as other laboratories. We highlight the unique information that TERS can provide as well as point out the common pitfalls in experimental work and data interpretation and the possible ways of averting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kato R, Moriyama T, Umakoshi T, Yano TA, Verma P. Ultrastable tip-enhanced hyperspectral optical nanoimaging for defect analysis of large-sized WS 2 layers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4021. [PMID: 35857514 PMCID: PMC9286508 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoimaging techniques, such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), are nowadays indispensable for chemical and optical characterization in the entire field of nanotechnology and have been extensively used for various applications, such as visualization of nanoscale defects in two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, it is still challenging to investigate micrometer-sized sample with nanoscale spatial resolution because of severe limitation of measurement time due to drift of the experimental system. Here, we achieved long-duration TERS imaging of a micrometer-sized WS2 sample for 6 hours in a reproducible manner. Our ultrastable TERS system enabled to reveal the defect density on the surface of tungsten disulfide layers in large area equivalent to the device scale. It also helped us to detect rare defect-related optical signals from the sample. The present study paves ways to evaluate nanoscale defects of 2D materials in large area and to unveil remarkable optical and chemical properties of large-sized nanostructured materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Toki Moriyama
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Umakoshi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Taka-aki Yano
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Prabhat Verma
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng X, Bi Z, Wang X, Shang G. A novel design for the combination of electrochemical atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode for in situ study of battery materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073707. [PMID: 35922332 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of functional materials, especially energy materials made up of various structures with different properties, requires the development of complementary or integrated characterization technologies. The combination of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy (AFM-Raman) offers a powerful technique for the in situ characterization of physical properties (AFM) and chemical composition (Raman) of materials simultaneously. To further extend the potential application in the battery's field, we here present an electrochemical AFM-Raman (EC-AFM-Raman) in the reflection mode, developed by designing a novel structure including water-immersion objective lens-based optics for high-sensitivity Raman excitation/collection, optical level detection for AFM imaging in the solution, and a dual-cell for electrochemical reaction. EC-AFM imaging and Raman measurement can be realized simultaneously. Dynamic morphologic evolution and phase transition of the LiMn2O4 particles during cyclic voltammetry measurement were successfully observed. This technique will provide the possibility of probing physicochemical phenomena of the battery materials and other surface/interface processes such as the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Meng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanfang Bi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Shang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pienpinijtham P, Kitahama Y, Ozaki Y. Progress of tip-enhanced Raman scattering for the last two decades and its challenges in very recent years. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5265-5288. [PMID: 35332899 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) has recently attracted remarkable attention as a novel nano-spectroscopy technique. TERS, which provides site-specific information, can be performed on any material surface regardless of morphology. Moreover, it can be applied in various environments, such as ambient air, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), solutions, and electrochemical environments. This review reports on one hand progress of TERS for the last two decades, and on the other hand, its challenges in very recent years. Part of the progress of TERS starts with the prehistory and history of TERS, and then, the characteristics and advantages of TERS are described. Significant emphasis is put on the development of TERS instrumentation and equipment such as ultrahigh vacuum TERS, liquid TERS, electrochemical-TERS, and tip-preparations. Applications of TERS, particularly those with nanocarbons, biological materials, and surface and interface analysis, are mentioned in some detail. In the part on challenges, we focus on the very recent advances in TERS; progress in spatial resolution to the angstrom scale is the hottest topic. Recent TERS studies performed under UHV, for example chemical imaging at the angstrom scale and Raman detection of bond breaking and making of a chemisorbed up-standing single molecules at single-bond level, are reviewed. Of course, there is no clear border between the two parts. In the last part the perspective of TERS is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prompong Pienpinijtham
- Sensor Research Unit (SRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- National Nanotechnology Center of Advanced Structural and Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yasutaka Kitahama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schultz JF, Li L, Mahapatra S, Jiang N. Chemically imaging nanostructures formed by the covalent assembly of molecular building blocks on a surface with ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:204008. [PMID: 35196263 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac57d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound reactions have become a viable method to develop nanoarchitectures through bottom-up assembly with near atomic precision. However, the bottom-up fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces requires careful consideration of the intrinsic properties of the precursors and substrate as well as the complex interplay of any interactions that arise in the heterogeneous two-dimensional (2D) system. Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider these systems with characterization methods sensitive to such properties with suitable spatial resolution. Here, low temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) were used to investigate the formation of 2D covalent networks via coupling reactions of tetra(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin (Br4TPP) molecules on a Ag(100) substrate. Through the combination of STM topographic imaging and TERS vibrational fingerprints, the conformation of molecular precursors on the substrate was understood. Following the thermally activated coupling reaction, STM and TERS imaging confirm the covalent nature of the 2D networks and suggest that the apparent disorder arises from molecular flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shao F, Wang W, Yang W, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Lan J, Dieter Schlüter A, Zenobi R. In-situ nanospectroscopic imaging of plasmon-induced two-dimensional [4+4]-cycloaddition polymerization on Au(111). Nat Commun 2021; 12:4557. [PMID: 34315909 PMCID: PMC8316434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmon-induced chemical reactions (PICRs) have recently become promising approaches for highly efficient light-chemical energy conversion. However, an in-depth understanding of their mechanisms at the nanoscale still remains challenging. Here, we present an in-situ investigation by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) imaging of the plasmon-induced [4+4]-cycloaddition polymerization within anthracene-based monomer monolayers physisorbed on Au(111), and complement the experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This two-dimensional (2D) polymerization can be flexibly triggered and manipulated by the hot carriers, and be monitored simultaneously by TERS in real time and space. TERS imaging provides direct evidence for covalent bond formation with ca. 3.7 nm spatial resolution under ambient conditions. Combined with DFT calculations, the TERS results demonstrate that the lateral polymerization on Au(111) occurs by a hot electron tunneling mechanism, and crosslinks form via a self-stimulating growth mechanism. We show that TERS is promising to be plasmon-induced nanolithography for organic 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen R, Wang D, Hao W, Shao F, Zhao Y. Tessellation strategy for the interfacial synthesis of an anthracene-based 2D polymer via [4+4]-photocycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5794-5797. [PMID: 33998616 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the tessellation or tiling process in daily life, a rigid triangular macrocyclic molecule containing anthracene as a photo-active moiety was synthesized to realize pre-organization through π-π interactions. The successful preparation of a 2D polymer monolayer at the air/water interface was achieved through [4+4]-photocycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzeng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Wenbo Hao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang G, Zeng Y, Gordiichuk P, Strano MS. Chemical kinetic mechanisms and scaling of two-dimensional polymers via irreversible solution-phase reactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194901. [PMID: 34240902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers are extended networks of multi-functional repeating units that are covalently linked together but confined to a single plane. The past decade has witnessed a surge in interest and effort toward producing and utilizing 2D polymers. However, facile synthesis schemes suitable for mass production are yet to be realized. In addition, unifying theories to describe the 2D polymerization process, such as those for linear polymers, have not yet been established. Herein, we perform a chemical kinetic simulation to study the recent synthesis of 2D polymers in homogeneous solution with irreversible chemistry. We show that reaction sites for polymerization in 2D always scale unfavorably compared to 3D, growing as molecular weight to the 1/2 power vs 2/3 power for 3D. However, certain mechanisms can effectively suppress out-of-plane defect formation and subsequent 3D growth. We consider two such mechanisms, which we call bond-planarity and templated autocatalysis. In the first, although single bonds can easily rotate out-of-plane to render polymerization in 3D, some double-bond linkages prefer a planar configuration. In the second mechanism, stacked 2D plates may act as van der Waals templates for each other to enhance growth, which leads to an autocatalysis. When linkage reactions possess a 1000:1 selectivity (γ) for staying in plane vs rotating, solution-synthesized 2D polymers can have comparable size and yield with those synthesized from confined polymerization on a surface. Autocatalysis could achieve similar effects when self-templating accelerates 2D growth by a factor β of 106. A combined strategy relaxes the requirement of both mechanisms by over one order of magnitude. We map the dependence of molecular weight and yield for the 2D polymer on the reaction parameters, allowing experimental results to be used to estimate β and γ. Our calculations show for the first time from theory the feasibility of producing two-dimensional polymers from irreversible polymerization in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yuwen Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Li L, Jiang N. The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1313-1340. [PMID: 32419485 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820932229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of chemistry and physical properties at the nanoscale enables the rational design of interface-based systems. Surface interactions underlie numerous technologies ranging from catalysis to organic thin films to biological systems. Since surface environments are especially prone to heterogeneity, it becomes crucial to characterize these systems with spatial resolution sufficient to localize individual active sites or defects. Spectroscopy presents as a powerful means to understand these interactions, but typical light-based techniques lack sufficient spatial resolution. This review describes the growing number of applications for the nanoscale spectroscopic technique, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with a focus on developments in areas that involve measurements in new environmental conditions, such as liquid, electrochemical, and ultrahigh vacuum. The expansion into unique environments enables the ability to spectroscopically define chemistry at the spatial limit. Through the confinement and enhancement of light at the apex of a plasmonic scanning probe microscopy tip, TERS is able to yield vibrational fingerprint information of molecules and materials with nanoscale resolution, providing insight into highly localized chemical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schultz JF, Li S, Jiang S, Jiang N. Optical scanning tunneling microscopy based chemical imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:463001. [PMID: 32702674 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through coupling optical processes with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), single-molecule chemistry and physics have been investigated at the ultimate spatial and temporal limit. Electrons and photons can be used to drive interactions and reactions in chemical systems and simultaneously probe their characteristics and consequences. In this review we introduce and review methods to couple optical imaging and spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy. The integration of the STM and optical spectroscopy provides new insights into individual molecular adsorbates, surface-supported molecular assemblies, and two-dimensional materials with subnanoscale resolution, enabling the fundamental study of chemistry at the spatial and temporal limit. The inelastic scattering of photons by molecules and materials, that results in unique and sensitive vibrational fingerprints, will be considered with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. STM-induced luminescence examines the intrinsic luminescence of organic adsorbates and their energy transfer and charge transfer processes with their surroundings. We also provide a survey of recent efforts to probe the dynamics of optical excitation at the molecular level with scanning tunneling microscopy in the context of light-induced photophysical and photochemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sahabudeen H, Qi H, Ballabio M, Položij M, Olthof S, Shivhare R, Jing Y, Park S, Liu K, Zhang T, Ma J, Rellinghaus B, Mannsfeld S, Heine T, Bonn M, Cánovas E, Zheng Z, Kaiser U, Dong R, Feng X. Highly Crystalline and Semiconducting Imine-Based Two-Dimensional Polymers Enabled by Interfacial Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6028-6036. [PMID: 31943664 PMCID: PMC7187418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-layer and multi-layer 2D polyimine films have been achieved through interfacial synthesis methods. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve the maximum degree of crystallinity in the 2D polyimines, which largely limits the long-range transport properties. Here we employ a surfactant-monolayer-assisted interfacial synthesis (SMAIS) method for the successful preparation of porphyrin and triazine containing polyimine-based 2D polymer (PI-2DP) films with square and hexagonal lattices, respectively. The synthetic PI-2DP films are featured with polycrystalline multilayers with tunable thickness from 6 to 200 nm and large crystalline domains (100-150 nm in size). Intrigued by high crystallinity and the presence of electroactive porphyrin moieties, the optoelectronic properties of PI-2DP are investigated by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Typically, the porphyrin-based PI-2DP 1 film exhibits a p-type semiconductor behavior with a band gap of 1.38 eV and hole mobility as high as 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 , superior to the previously reported polyimine based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Central Facility of Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials ScienceUniversität Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Marco Ballabio
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Selina Olthof
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneLuxemburger Str. 11650939CologneGermany
| | - Rishi Shivhare
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Yu Jing
- College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - SangWook Park
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Kejun Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Ji Ma
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- IFW DresdenInstitute for Metallic Materials01171DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), cfaedTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Mannsfeld
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia)Faraday 928049MadridSpain
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistrySun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials ScienceUniversität Ulm89081UlmGermany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sahabudeen H, Qi H, Ballabio M, Položij M, Olthof S, Shivhare R, Jing Y, Park S, Liu K, Zhang T, Ma J, Rellinghaus B, Mannsfeld S, Heine T, Bonn M, Cánovas E, Zheng Z, Kaiser U, Dong R, Feng X. Highly Crystalline and Semiconducting Imine‐Based Two‐Dimensional Polymers Enabled by Interfacial Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
- Central Facility of Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials ScienceUniversität Ulm 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Marco Ballabio
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Selina Olthof
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cologne Luxemburger Str. 116 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Rishi Shivhare
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Yu Jing
- College of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - SangWook Park
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Kejun Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- IFW DresdenInstitute for Metallic Materials 01171 Dresden Germany
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), cfaedTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan Mannsfeld
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia) Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistrySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials ScienceUniversität Ulm 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryCenter for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang S, Zhao W, Li H, Xu Q. Cross-Conjugated Polycatechol Organic Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Storage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:188-195. [PMID: 31696615 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries poses a challenge for the exploration of cathode materials with high capacity and long cycle life. Organic materials are considered an appropriate choice owing to their structural flexibility and tunable surface chemistry. However, most organic cathode materials still have some shortcomings, such as low electrical conductivity, high cost, and limited cycling durability. Here, a facile synthesis of a novel organic composite cathode composed of cross-conjugated polycatechol (PC) combined with graphene (PC/G) is reported. The PC/G cathode is used for aqueous zinc-ion storage, wherein many hydroxy groups in the PC/G composite cathode can be converted into redox-active carbonyl groups at the initial discharge-charge. This composite cathode can deliver a high specific capacity of 355 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and a specific capacity of 171 mAh g-1 at 10 C. Moreover, the composite cathode can retain 74.4 % of its initial capacity after 3000 discharge-charge cycles at 2 C. This coordination route to zinc ions within the PC/G composite cathode can avoid the destruction of the cathode material during discharge-charge. This organic cathode shows great promise for reversible zinc-ion storage, bringing aqueous zinc-ion batteries a step closer to future practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Su HS, Feng HS, Zhao QQ, Zhang XG, Sun JJ, He Y, Huang SC, Huang TX, Zhong JH, Wu DY, Ren B. Probing the Local Generation and Diffusion of Active Oxygen Species on a Pd/Au Bimetallic Surface by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1341-1347. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui-Shu Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Juan-Juan Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuhan He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Teng-Xiang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - De-Yin Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|