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Li J, Ji Q, Wang R, Zhang ZG, Wang X, Xiao M, Lu YQ, Zhang C. Charge Generation Dynamics in Organic Photovoltaic Blends under One-Sun-Equivalent Illumination Detected by Highly Sensitive Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20312-20322. [PMID: 38980945 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices attain high performance with nonfullerene acceptors by utilizing the synergistic dual channels of charge generation that originate from excitations in both the donor and acceptor materials. However, the specific intermediate states that facilitate both channels are subject to debate. To address this issue, we employ time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy with improved sensitivity (ΔE/E < 10-6), enabling direct probing of charge generation dynamics in a prototypical PM6:Y6 bulk heterojunction system under one-sun-equivalent excitation density. Charge generation arising from donor excitations is characterized with a rise time of ∼9 ps, while that from acceptor excitations shows a rise time of ∼18 ps. Temperature-dependent measurements further reveal notably distinct activation energies for these two charge generation pathways. Additionally, the two channels of charge generation can be substantially manipulated by altering the ratio of bulk to interfaces. These findings strongly suggest the presence of two distinct intermediate states: interfacial and intramoiety excitations. These states are crucial in mediating the transfer of electrons and holes, driving charge generation within OPV devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacong Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qing Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing 211106, China
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Nanjing University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Nanjing University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
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2
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Puthukkudi A, Nath S, Shee P, Dutta A, Rajput CV, Bommakanti S, Mohapatra J, Samal M, Anwar S, Pal S, Biswal BP. Terahertz Conductivity of Free-Standing 3D Covalent Organic Framework Membranes Fabricated via Triple-Layer-Dual Interfacial Approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312960. [PMID: 38146892 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Processable covalent organic framework membranes (COFM) are emerging as potential semiconducting materials for device applications. Nevertheless, the fabrication of crystalline and free-standing 3D COFMs is challenging. In this work, a unique time and solvent-efficient triple-layer-dual interfacial (TLDI) approach for the simultaneous synthesis of two 3D COFMs from a single system is developed. Besides, for the first time, the optical conductivity of these free-standing 3D COFMs is analyzed using terahertz (THz) spectroscopy in transmission mode. Interestingly, these membranes show excellent transmittance at THz frequencies with very high intrinsic THz conductivities. The evaluated scattering time and plasma frequency of the free carriers of the COFMs are highly promising for future applications in optoelectronic devices in THz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithyan Puthukkudi
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Satyapriya Nath
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Payel Shee
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Arpita Dutta
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Chetan V Rajput
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Suresh Bommakanti
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jeebanjyoti Mohapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Samal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sharmistha Anwar
- CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Shovon Pal
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Bishnu P Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
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3
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Wang D, Ostresh S, Streater D, He P, Nyakuchena J, Ma Q, Zhang X, Neu J, Brudvig GW, Huang J. Dominant Role of Hole Transport Pathway in Achieving Record High Photoconductivity in Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309505. [PMID: 37872121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with mobile charges have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in photoelectric devices, chemical resistance sensors, and catalysis. However, fundamental understanding of the charge transport pathway within the framework and the key properties that determine the performance of conductive MOFs in photoelectric devices remain underexplored. Herein, we report the mechanisms of photoinduced charge transport and electron dynamics in the conductive 2D M-HHTP (M=Cu, Zn or Cu/Zn mixed; HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) MOFs and their correlation with photoconductivity using the combination of time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, optical transient absorption spectroscopy, X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We identify the through-space hole transport mechanism through the interlayer sheet π-π interaction, where photoinduced hole state resides in HHTP ligand and electronic state is localized at the metal center. Moreover, the photoconductivity of the Cu-HHTP MOF is found to be 65.5 S m-1 , which represents the record high photoconductivity for porous MOF materials based on catecholate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Sarah Ostresh
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Daniel Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Peilei He
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James Nyakuchena
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Qiushi Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76205, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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4
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Nath A, Chawla S, K De A, Deria P, Mandal S. Inter-Network Charge-Transfer Excited State Formation Within a Two-fold Catenated Metal-Organic Framework. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202978. [PMID: 36205435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Charge-transfer excited state (CTES) defines the ability to split photon energy into work producing redox equivalents suitable for photocatalysis. Here, we report inter-net CTES formation within a two-fold catenated crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF), constructed with two linkers, N,N'-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide (DPNDI) and 2,6-dicarboxynaphthalene (NDC). The structural flexibility puts two complementary linkers from two nets in a proximal position to interact strongly. Supported by the electrochemical and steady-state electronic spectroscopic data, this ground-state interaction facilitates forming CTES that can be populated by direct excitation. We map the dynamics of the CTES which persists over a few nanoseconds and highlight the utilities of such relatively long-lived CTES as enhanced conductivity of the MOF under light over that measured in dark and as a proof-of-the-principle test, photo-reduction of methyl viologen under white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdeep Nath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Arijit K De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Pravas Deria
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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5
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García A, Rodríguez B, Rosales M, Quintero YM, G. Saiz P, Reizabal A, Wuttke S, Celaya-Azcoaga L, Valverde A, Fernández de Luis R. A State-of-the-Art of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Chromium Photoreduction vs. Photocatalytic Water Remediation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234263. [PMID: 36500886 PMCID: PMC9738636 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a highly mobile cancerogenic and teratogenic heavy metal ion. Among the varied technologies applied today to address chromium water pollution, photocatalysis offers a rapid reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). In contrast to classic photocatalysts, Metal-Organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous semiconductors that can couple the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) photoreduction to the chromium species immobilization. In this minireview, we wish to discuss and analyze the state-of-the-art of MOFs for Cr(VI) detoxification and contextualizing it to the most recent advances and strategies of MOFs for photocatalysis purposes. The minireview has been structured in three sections: (i) a detailed discussion of the specific experimental techniques employed to characterize MOF photocatalysts, (ii) a description and identification of the key characteristics of MOFs for Cr(VI) photoreduction, and (iii) an outlook and perspective section in order to identify future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina García
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beauchef 850, Santiago 8370451, Chile; (M.R.); (Y.M.Q.)
- Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (FCFM), Universidad de Chile, Av. Tupper 2069, Santiago 8370451, Chile
| | - Bárbara Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Maibelin Rosales
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beauchef 850, Santiago 8370451, Chile; (M.R.); (Y.M.Q.)
| | - Yurieth M. Quintero
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Avenida Beauchef 850, Santiago 8370451, Chile; (M.R.); (Y.M.Q.)
| | - Paula G. Saiz
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
| | - Ander Reizabal
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Celaya-Azcoaga
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ainara Valverde
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernández de Luis
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (P.G.S.); (A.R.); (S.W.); (L.C.-A.); (A.V.)
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6
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Kang C, Ahsan Iqbal M, Zhang S, Weng X, Sun Y, Qi L, Tang W, Ruan S, Zeng Y. Cu
3
(HHTP)
2
c‐MOF/ZnO Ultrafast Ultraviolet Photodetector for Wearable Optoelectronics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Precision Manufacturing Technology of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 P. R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Shuangchen Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Precision Manufacturing Technology of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Jia Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
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7
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Capobianco MD, Younan SM, Tayvah U, Pattengale B, Neu J, Gu J, Brudvig GW. Terahertz Conductivity of Semiconducting 2H and Metallic 1T Phases of Molybdenum Disulfide. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8319-8326. [PMID: 36040312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been extensively studied in its commonly occurring semiconducting 2H phase. Recent synthetic advances have enabled the bulk synthesis of the catalytically promising metallic 1T phase. However, the conductivity of bulk 1T-MoS2 has not been well characterized to ascertain the carrier transport properties. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is an ideal technique for obtaining this crucial information because it is a noncontact method of measuring the conductivity of emerging materials with ultrafast time resolution. This work applies THz spectroscopy to bulk 2H-MoS2 and 1T-MoS2, representing the first application of the technique on the 1T phase, with measurements confirming the semiconducting character of 2H-MoS2 and the metallic character of 1T-MoS2. This study provides new insight into the metallic nature of bulk 1T-MoS2 and a direct comparison to the semiconducting 2H phase that, together with physical characterization to obtain material parameters, are important for optimizing applications in catalysis devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Capobianco
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Sabrina M Younan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Uriel Tayvah
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Brian Pattengale
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Tayvah UT, Neu J, Spies JA, Schmuttenmaer CA, Brudvig GW. Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy provides insight into charge transfer efficiency and dynamics in artificial photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:145-153. [PMID: 33219918 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy provides a noncontact method to measure the ultrafast dynamics and photoconductivity of mobile carriers in semiconducting materials. This has proven useful in studying artificial photosynthesis devices which use semiconductor photoelectrodes. We present a brief introduction to optical-pump THz-probe (OPTP) spectroscopy, a technique that provides unique and useful insight into interfacial electron transfer (from the surface-attached dye to the conduction band of the semiconductor) in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Compared with more familiar methods like visible transient absorption spectroscopy, OPTP spectroscopy stands out in offering both sub-picosecond time resolution as well as sensitivity to mobile carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor portion of artificial photosynthesis devices. The mobile carriers are crucial to device performance as only they pass to the other half cell to complete the reaction. In order to highlight these advantages and illustrate the types of questions OPTP spectroscopy can address, we discuss three case studies. In the first, OPTP spectroscopy is used to measure the injection rates from a set of six different dyes, revealing the effect of the energetics and lifetimes of the dye excited states on interfacial electron transfer. The subsequent case studies investigate the influence of varying the moieties which bind to the surface (anchors), as well as the moieties that connect the chromophore with these anchors (linkers). OPTP spectroscopy was used to measure the interfacial electron transfer rate as these moieties were varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel T Tayvah
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jacob A Spies
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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9
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Abstract
Many of the proposed applications of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials may fail to materialize if the community does not fully address the difficult fundamental work needed to map out the 'time gap' in the literature - that is, the lack of investigation into the time-dependent behaviours of MOFs as opposed to equilibrium or steady-state properties. Although there are a range of excellent investigations into MOF dynamics and time-dependent phenomena, these works represent only a tiny fraction of the vast number of MOF studies. This Review provides an overview of current research into the temporal evolution of MOF structures and properties by analysing the time-resolved experimental techniques that can be used to monitor such behaviours. We focus on innovative techniques, while also discussing older methods often used in other chemical systems. Four areas are examined: MOF formation, guest motion, electron motion and framework motion. In each area, we highlight the disparity between the relatively small amount of (published) research on key time-dependent phenomena and the enormous scope for acquiring the wider and deeper understanding that is essential for the future of the field.
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10
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Pattengale B, Ostresh S, Schmuttenmaer CA, Neu J. Interrogating Light-initiated Dynamics in Metal-Organic Frameworks with Time-resolved Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2021; 122:132-166. [PMID: 34613710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy is an essential part of both fundamental and applied chemical research. Such techniques access light-initiated dynamics on time scales ranging from femtosecond to microsecond. Many techniques falling under this description have been applied to gain significant insight into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a diverse class of porous coordination polymers. MOFs are highly tunable, both compositionally and structurally, and unique challenges are encountered in applying time-resolved spectroscopy to interrogate their light-initiated properties. These properties involve various excited state mechanisms such as crystallographically defined energy transfer, charge transfer, and localization within the framework, photoconductivity, and structural dynamics. The field of time-resolved MOF spectroscopic studies is quite nascent; each original report cited in this review was published within the past decade. As such, this review is a timely and comprehensive summary of the most significant contributions in this emerging field, with focuses on the overarching spectroscopic concepts applied and on identifying key challenges and future outlooks moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pattengale
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Sarah Ostresh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | - Jens Neu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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11
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Banks PA, Burgess L, Ruggiero MT. The necessity of periodic boundary conditions for the accurate calculation of crystalline terahertz spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20038-20051. [PMID: 34518858 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful spectroscopic technique, providing valuable information regarding long-range interactions - and associated collective dynamics - occurring in solids. However, the terahertz sciences are relatively nascent, and there have been significant advances over the last several decades that have profoundly influenced the interpretation and assignment of experimental terahertz spectra. Specifically, because there do not exist any functional group or material-specific terahertz transitions, it is not possible to interpret experimental spectra without additional analysis, specifically, computational simulations. Over the years simulations utilizing periodic boundary conditions have proven to be most successful for reproducing experimental terahertz dynamics, due to the ability of the calculations to accurately take long-range forces into account. On the other hand, there are numerous reports in the literature that utilize gas phase cluster geometries, to varying levels of apparent success. This perspective will provide a concise introduction into the terahertz sciences, specifically terahertz spectroscopy, followed by an evaluation of gas phase and periodic simulations for the assignment of crystalline terahertz spectra, highlighting potential pitfalls and good practice for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Banks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Luke Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Michael T Ruggiero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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12
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Chen WC, Marcus RA. The Drude-Smith Equation and Related Equations for the Frequency-Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Materials: Insight from a Memory Function Formalism. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1667-1674. [PMID: 34143933 PMCID: PMC8456847 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Drude‐Smith equation is widely used for treating the frequency‐dependent electrical conductivity of materials in the terahertz region. An attractive feature is its sparsity of adjustable parameters. A significant improvement over Drude theory for these materials, the theory includes backscattering of the charge carriers. It has nevertheless been criticized, including by Smith himself, because of the arbitrariness of a step in the derivation. We recall a somewhat similar behavior of back scattering in fluids observed in molecular dynamics computations and discussed in terms of memory functions. We show how theories such as Drude‐Smith and Cocker et al. are examples of a broader class of theories by showing how they also arise as particular cases of a memory function formalism that divides the interactions into short and long range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Chen
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Rudolph A Marcus
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd., Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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13
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Nath A, Asha KS, Mandal S. Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks: Electronic Structure and Electrochemical Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:11482-11538. [PMID: 33857340 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smarter and minimization of devices are consistently substantial to shape the energy landscape. Significant amounts of endeavours have come forward as promising steps to surmount this formidable challenge. It is undeniable that material scientists were contemplating smarter material beyond purely inorganic or organic materials. To our delight, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an inorganic-organic hybrid scaffold with unprecedented tunability and smart functionalities, have recently started their journey as an alternative. In this review, we focus on such propitious potential of MOFs that was untapped over a long time. We cover the synthetic strategies and (or) post-synthetic modifications towards the formation of conductive MOFs and their underlying concepts of charge transfer with structural aspects. We addressed theoretical calculations with the experimental outcomes and spectroelectrochemistry, which will trigger vigorous impetus about intrinsic electronic behaviour of the conductive frameworks. Finally, we discussed electrocatalysts and energy storage devices stemming from conductive MOFs to meet energy demand in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdeep Nath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - K S Asha
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, M. S. Ramaiah College of Arts Science and Commerce, Bangaluru, 560054, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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14
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Pattengale B, Neu J, Tada A, Hu G, Karpovich CJ, Brudvig GW. Cation-exchanged conductive Mn2DSBDC metal–organic frameworks: Synthesis, structure, and THz conductivity. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Shi X, Cao B, Liu J, Zhang J, Du Y. Rare-Earth-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as Multifunctional Platforms for Catalytic Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005371. [PMID: 33605028 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic conversion is very important for human society. In the catalytic process, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be utilized to obtain effective catalysts for their porous structures and adjustable properties. In addition, the introduction of rare-earth (RE) elements with unique properties for catalysts can realize good catalytic performances. Thus, the RE-MOF related catalysts for catalytic conversion are summarized. Due to the cooperation of RE elements and porous MOF structures, the RE-based MOFs can be used as promising catalysts or precursors/supports for other catalysts in the areas of energy conversion, environmental governance, and organic synthesis. These aggregated studies highlight the RE-MOFs as promising candidates for catalytic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Shi
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Jinghai Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Lab of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Inner Mongolia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon Resource Molecules, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Du
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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16
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Liu H, Wang Y, Qin Z, Liu D, Xu H, Dong H, Hu W. Electrically Conductive Coordination Polymers for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1612-1630. [PMID: 33555195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive coordination polymers (generally known as metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) are a class of crystalline hybrid materials produced by the reasonable self-assembly of metal nodes and organic linkers. The unique and intriguing combination of inorganic and organic components endows coordination polymers with superior optical and electrical properties, which have recently aroused much attention in several electronic and optoelectronic technological applications. However, there are many challenging obstacles and issues that need to be addressed in this burgeoning field. In this Perspective, we first provide a fundamental understanding about the electronic design strategies that provide better guidance for realizing high conductivities and good mobilities in coordination polymers. We then examine the current established synthetic approaches to construct high-quality working samples of electrically conductive coordination polymers for device integration. This is followed by a discussion of the current state-of-the-art progress toward the preliminary achievements in (opto)electronic devices spanning chemiresistive sensors, field-effect transistors, organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, etc. Finally, we conclude this Perspective with the existing hurdles and limitations in this area, along with the critical directions and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Chemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Chemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengsheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Chemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Chemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Chemical Power Source, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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17
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Yan Y, Abazari R, Yao J, Gao J. Recent strategies to improve the photoactivity of metal-organic frameworks. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2342-2349. [PMID: 33502428 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are micro/mesoporous crystalline materials with high surface area, tunability, and compositional diversity and have been widely used in diverse applications, including catalysis. The rigid framework built from organic and inorganic functional structures can offer the merits of both, providing a platform to convert solar energy into usable or storable energy. Various approaches such as bandgap engineering, modulating the charge separation and increasing the intrinsic activity have been developed to improve the photocatalytic performance. This frontier article summarizes the current state-of-the-art in the use of MOFs as photocatalysts, emphasizing the recent strategies to optimize their visible-light-driven catalytic activities. Hopefully, this review could foreshadow new guidelines for explaining the current interest in exploiting novel MOF-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Institute of Fiber based New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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18
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Structural engineering of 3D hierarchical Cd0.8Zn0.2S for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Nyakuchena J, Ostresh S, Streater D, Pattengale B, Neu J, Fiankor C, Hu W, Kinigstein ED, Zhang J, Zhang X, Schmuttenmaer CA, Huang J. Direct Evidence of Photoinduced Charge Transport Mechanism in 2D Conductive Metal Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21050-21058. [PMID: 33226217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conductive metal organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a promising class of porous crystalline materials that have demonstrated potential in photo-electronics and photocatalytic applications. However, the lack of fundamental understanding on charge transport (CT) mechanism as well as the correlation of CT mechanism with their structure hampered their further development. Herein, we report the direct evidence of CT mechanism in 2D Cu-THQ MOFs and the correlation of temporal and spatial behaviors of charge carriers with their photoconductivity by combining three advanced spectroscopic methods, including time resolved optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy and terahertz spectroscopy. In addition to Cu-THQ, the CT in Cu/Zn-THQ after incorporating Zn2+ guest metal was also examined to uncover the contribution of through space pathway, as the presence of the redox inactive 3d10 Zn2+ is expected to perturb the long range in-plane CT. We show that the hot carriers in Cu-THQ generated after photoexcitation are highly mobile and undergo fast localization to a lower energy state (cool carriers) with electrons occupying Cu center and holes in ligands. The cool carriers, which have super long lifetime (>17 ns), are responsible for the long-term photoconductivity in Cu-THQ and transport through the O-Cu-O motif with negligible contribution from interlayer ligand π-π stacking, as incorporation of Zn2+ in Cu-THQ significantly reduced photoconductivity. These unprecedented results not only demonstrate the capability to experimentally probe CT mechanism but also provide important insight in the rational design of 2D MOFs for photoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyakuchena
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
| | - Sarah Ostresh
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
| | - Brian Pattengale
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, Unites States
| | - Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
| | - Eli Diego Kinigstein
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60349, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60349, United States
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Science Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
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20
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Capobianco MD, Pattengale B, Neu J, Schmuttenmaer CA. Single Copper Atoms Enhance Photoconductivity in g-C 3N 4. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8873-8879. [PMID: 33017538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its doped analogues have been studied over the past decade in part due to their promising applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis; however, the effect of doping on the photoconductivity is poorly understood. Herein, we investigate Cu doped g-C3N4 (Cu-g-C3N4) and demonstrate via extended X-ray absorption fine structure that Cu+ incorporates as an individual ion. Time-resolved optical pump terahertz probe spectroscopy was utilized to measure the ultrafast photoconductivity in response to a 400 nm pump pulse and showed that the Cu+ dopant significantly enhances photoconductivity of the as-prepared powdered sample, which decays within 10 ps. Furthermore, a film preparation technique was applied that further enhanced the photoconductivity and induced a longer-lived photoconductive state with a lifetime on the order of 100 ps. This study provides valuable insight into the ultrafast photoconductivity dynamics of g-C3N4 materials, which is essential toward developing efficient g-C3N4 photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Capobianco
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Brian Pattengale
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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21
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Pattengale B, Freeze JG, Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Okabe R, Ostresh S, Chaudhuri S, Batista VS, Schmuttenmaer CA. A conductive metal-organic framework photoanode. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9593-9603. [PMID: 34094225 PMCID: PMC8162193 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04302h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development of photosensitizing arrays based on conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that enable light harvesting and efficient charge separation. Zn2TTFTB (TTFTB = tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate) MOFs are deposited directly onto TiO2 photoanodes and structurally characterized by pXRD and EXAFS measurements. Photoinduced interfacial charge transfer dynamics are investigated by combining time-resolved THz spectroscopy and quantum dynamics simulations. Sub-600 fs electron injection into TiO2 is observed for Zn2TTFTB–TiO2 and is compared to the corresponding dynamics for TTFTB–TiO2 analogues that lack the extended MOF architecture. Rapid electron injection from the MOF into TiO2 is enhanced by facile migration of the hole away from the interfacial region. Holes migrate through strongly coupled HOMO orbitals localized on the tetrathiafulvalene cores of the columnar stacks of the MOF, whereas electrons are less easily transferred through the spiral staircase arrangement of phenyl substituents of the MOF. The reported findings suggest that conductive MOFs could be exploited as novel photosensitizing arrays in applications to slow, and thereby make difficult, photocatalytic reactions such as those required for water-splitting in artificial photosynthesis. We report the development of photosensitizing arrays based on conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that enable light harvesting and efficient charge separation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pattengale
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Jessica G Freeze
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Ryotaro Okabe
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Sarah Ostresh
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520-8107 USA
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22
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Abstract
![]()
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)
are intrinsically porous
extended solids formed by coordination bonding between organic ligands
and metal ions or clusters. High electrical conductivity is rare in
MOFs, yet it allows for diverse applications in electrocatalysis,
charge storage, and chemiresistive sensing, among others. In this
Review, we discuss the efforts undertaken so far to achieve efficient
charge transport in MOFs. We focus on four common strategies that
have been harnessed toward high conductivities. In the “through-bond”
approach, continuous chains of coordination bonds between the metal
centers and ligands’ functional groups create charge transport
pathways. In the “extended conjugation” approach, the
metals and entire ligands form large delocalized systems. The “through-space”
approach harnesses the π–π stacking interactions
between organic moieties. The “guest-promoted” approach
utilizes the inherent porosity of MOFs and host–guest interactions.
Studies utilizing less defined transport pathways are also evaluated.
For each approach, we give a systematic overview of the structures
and transport properties of relevant materials. We consider the benefits
and limitations of strategies developed thus far and provide an overview
of outstanding challenges in conductive MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia S Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Spies JA, Hilibrand MJ, Neu J, Ostresh S, Swierk JR, Schmuttenmaer CA. Suspensions of Semiconducting Nanoparticles in Nafion for Transient Spectroscopy and Terahertz Photoconductivity Measurements. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4187-4192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Spies
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Miryl J. Hilibrand
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jens Neu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sarah Ostresh
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - John R. Swierk
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Charles A. Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Wang F, Wang J, Maehrlein SF, Ma Y, Liu F, Zhu XY. Broad-Band Near-Infrared Doublet Emission in a Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Metal-Organic Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:762-766. [PMID: 31935326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The upper limit in LED quantum efficiency from conventional closed-shell molecules is 25% as dictated by singlet and triplet spin statistics. Spin-doublet organic molecules are attractive candidates to exceed this limit, thanks to their 100% theoretical quantum efficiency in radiative recombination. However, examples of stable spin-doublet molecules in the solid state are rare. Here we show broad-band near-infrared emission in the columnar π-π stacked tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in a metal organic framework (MOF) single crystal. The broad emission is similar to known TTF+• doublet emission and is stabilized in the MOF crystal. This interpretation is supported by the observation of enhanced PL emission following UV oxidation of the MOF crystal to increase the doublet concentration. The findings suggest tetrathiafulvalene-based MOFs as promising materials for near-IR light emission and the MOF structure may be a general strategy to stabilize radical cation species in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Sebastian F Maehrlein
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Yingzi Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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