1
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Karvelis E, Swanson C, Tidor B. Substrate Turnover Dynamics Guide Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase Redesign for Increased Specific Activity. ACS Catal 2024; 14:10491-10509. [PMID: 39050899 PMCID: PMC11264209 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The task of adapting enzymes for specific applications is often hampered by our incomplete ability to tune and tailor catalytic functions, particularly when seeking increased activity. Here, we develop and demonstrate a rational approach to address this challenge, applied to ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), which has uses in industrial-scale isobutanol production. While traditional structure-based computational enzyme redesign strategies typically focus on the enzyme-bound ground state (GS) and transition state (TS), we postulated that additionally treating the underlying dynamics of complete turnover events that connect and pass through both states could further elucidate the structural properties affecting catalysis and help identify mutations that lead to increased catalytic activity. To examine the dynamics of substrate conversion with atomistic detail, we adapted and applied computational methods based on path sampling techniques to gather thousands of QM/MM simulations of attempted substrate turnover events by KARI: both productive (reactive) and unproductive (nonreactive) attempts. From these data, machine learning models were constructed and used to identify specific conformational features (interatomic distances, angles, and torsions) associated with successful, productive catalysis. Multistate protein redesign techniques were then used to select mutations that stabilized reactive-like structures over nonreactive-like ones while also meeting additional criteria consistent with enhanced specific activity. This procedure resulted in eight high-confidence enzyme mutants with a significant improvement in calculated specific activity relative to wild type (WT), with the fastest variant's increase in calculated k cat being (2 ± 1) × 104-fold. Collectively, these results suggest that introducing mutations designed to increase the population of reaction-promoting conformations of the enzyme-substrate complex before it reaches the barrier can provide an effective approach to engineering improved enzyme catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Karvelis
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chloe Swanson
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Chatterjee S, Fellner M, Rankin J, Thomas MG, J S Rifayee SB, Christov CZ, Hu J, Hausinger RP. Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Insights from Canavanine-Bound and Two Catalytically Compromised Variants of the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1038-1050. [PMID: 38577885 PMCID: PMC11025135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) is an Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate (2OG), and l-arginine (l-Arg)-dependent oxygenase that either forms ethylene and three CO2/bicarbonate from 2OG or couples the decarboxylation of 2OG to C5 hydroxylation of l-Arg. l-Arg binds with C5 toward the metal center, causing 2OG to change from monodentate to chelate metal interaction and OD1 to OD2 switch of D191 metal coordination. We applied anaerobic UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and computational approaches to three EFE systems with high-resolution structures. The ineffective l-Arg analogue l-canavanine binds to the EFE with O5 pointing away from the metal center while promoting chelate formation by 2OG but fails to switch the D191 metal coordination from OD1 to OD2. Substituting alanine for R171 that interacts with 2OG and l-Arg inactivates the protein, prevents metal chelation by 2OG, and weakens l-Arg binding. The R171A EFE had electron density at the 2OG binding site that was identified by mass spectrometry as benzoic acid. The substitution by alanine of Y306 in the EFE, a residue 12 Å away from the catalytic metal center, generates an interior cavity that leads to multiple local and distal structural changes that reduce l-Arg binding and significantly reduce the enzyme activity. Flexibility analyses revealed correlated and anticorrelated motions in each system, with important distinctions from the wild-type enzyme. In combination, the results are congruent with the currently proposed enzyme mechanism, reinforce the importance of metal coordination by OD2 of D191, and highlight the importance of the second coordination sphere and longer range interactions in promoting EFE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shramana Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Matthias Fellner
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - JoelA. Rankin
- Department
of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Midhun G. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | | | - Christo Z. Christov
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Jian Hu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Robert P. Hausinger
- Department
of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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3
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Balasubramani SG, Korchagina K, Schwartz S. Transition Path Sampling Study of Engineered Enzymes That Catalyze the Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction: Why Is Enzyme Design so Difficult? J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:2101-2111. [PMID: 38451822 PMCID: PMC10963169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
It is hoped that artificial enzymes designed in laboratories can be efficient alternatives to chemical catalysts that have been used to synthesize organic molecules. However, the design of artificial enzymes is challenging and requires a detailed molecular-level analysis to understand the mechanism they promote in order to design efficient variants. In this study, we computationally investigate the mechanism of proficient Morita-Baylis-Hillman enzymes developed using a combination of computational design and directed evolution. The powerful transition path sampling method coupled with in-depth post-processing analysis has been successfully used to elucidate the different chemical pathways, transition states, protein dynamics, and free energy barriers of reactions catalyzed by such laboratory-optimized enzymes. This research provides an explanation for how different chemical modifications in an enzyme affect its catalytic activity in ways that are not predictable by static design algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Ganesh Balasubramani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kseniia Korchagina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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4
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Tian J, Liu J, Knapp M, Donnan PH, Boggs DG, Bridwell-Rabb J. Custom tuning of Rieske oxygenase reactivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5858. [PMID: 37730711 PMCID: PMC10511449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rieske oxygenases use a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and a mononuclear iron center to initiate a range of chemical transformations. However, few details exist regarding how this catalytic scaffold can be predictively tuned to catalyze divergent reactions. Therefore, in this work, using a combination of structural analyses, as well as substrate and rational protein-based engineering campaigns, we elucidate the architectural trends that govern catalytic outcome in the Rieske monooxygenase TsaM. We identify structural features that permit a substrate to be functionalized by TsaM and pinpoint active-site residues that can be targeted to manipulate reactivity. Exploiting these findings allowed for custom tuning of TsaM reactivity: substrates are identified that support divergent TsaM-catalyzed reactions and variants are created that exclusively catalyze dioxygenation or sequential monooxygenation chemistry. Importantly, we further leverage these trends to tune the reactivity of additional monooxygenase and dioxygenase enzymes, and thereby provide strategies to custom tune Rieske oxygenase reaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Madison Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick H Donnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David G Boggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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5
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Murray J, Hodgson DRW, O’Donoghue AC. Going Full Circle with Organocatalysis and Biocatalysis: The Latent Potential of Cofactor Mimics in Asymmetric Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:7619-7629. [PMID: 37126859 PMCID: PMC10278144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes work in tandem with small molecule cofactors, which have inspired organocatalyst designs. Chemical modification of cofactor scaffolds has increased organocatalytic reactivity and reaction scope. This synopsis presents a selection of recent advances in the use of cofactors (native and mimics) in organocatalysis and biocatalysis. We aim to highlight the benefits of combining fundamental knowledge gained in both bio- and organo-catalysis for asymmetric biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - David R. W. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1
3LE, United
Kingdom
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6
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Kumar Mahato A, Pal S, Dey K, Reja A, Paul S, Shelke A, Ajithkumar TG, Das D, Banerjee R. Covalent Organic Framework Cladding on Peptide-Amphiphile-Based Biomimetic Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37267597 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based biomimetic catalysts are promising materials for efficient catalytic activity in various biochemical transformations. However, their lack of operational stability and fragile nature in non-aqueous media limit their practical applications. In this study, we have developed a cladding technique to stabilize biomimetic catalysts within porous covalent organic framework (COF) scaffolds. This methodology allows for the homogeneous distribution of peptide nanotubes inside the COF (TpAzo and TpDPP) backbone, creating strong noncovalent interactions that prevent leaching. We synthesized two different peptide-amphiphiles, C10FFVK and C10FFVR, with lysine (K) and arginine (R) at the C-termini, respectively, which formed nanotubular morphologies. The C10FFVK peptide-amphiphile nanotubes exhibit enzyme-like behavior and efficiently catalyze C-C bond cleavage in a buffer medium (pH 7.5). We produced nanotubular structures of TpAzo-C10FFVK and TpDPP-C10FFVK through COF cladding by using interfacial crystallization (IC). The peptide nanotubes encased in the COF catalyze C-C bond cleavage in a buffer medium as well as in different organic solvents (such as acetonitrile, acetone, and dichloromethane). The TpAzo-C10FFVK catalyst, being heterogeneous, is easily recoverable, enabling the reaction to be performed for multiple cycles. Additionally, the synthesis of TpAzo-C10FFVK thin films facilitates catalysis in flow. As control, we synthesized another peptide-amphiphile, C10FFVR, which also forms tubular assemblies. By depositing TpAzo COF crystallites on C10FFVR nanotubes through IC, we produced TpAzo-C10FFVR nanotubular structures that expectedly did not show catalysis, suggesting the critical role of the lysines in the TpAzo-C10FFVK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Sumit Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Antara Reja
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Satyadip Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Ankita Shelke
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Thalasseril G Ajithkumar
- Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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7
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Antoniou D, Zoi I, Schwartz SD. Atomistic description of the relationship between protein dynamics and catalysis with transition path sampling. Methods Enzymol 2023; 685:319-340. [PMID: 37245906 PMCID: PMC10228753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite initial resistance, it has been increasingly accepted that protein dynamics plays a role in enzymatic catalysis. There have been two lines of research. Some works study slow conformational motions that are not coupled to the reaction coordinate, but guide the system towards catalytically competent conformations. Understanding at the atomistic level how this is accomplished has remained elusive except for a few systems. In this review we focus on fast sub-picosecond motions that are coupled to the reaction coordinate. The use of Transition Path Sampling has allowed us an atomistic description of how these rate-promoting vibrational motions are incorporated in the reaction mechanism. We will also show how we used insights from rate-promoting motions in protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Antoniou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ioanna Zoi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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8
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Abstract
This Perspective presents a review of our work and that of others in the highly controversial topic of the coupling of protein dynamics to reaction in enzymes. We have been involved in studying this topic for many years. Thus, this perspective will naturally present our own views, but it also is designed to present an overview of the variety of viewpoints of this topic, both experimental and theoretical. This is obviously a large and contentious topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Abstract
This Perspective reviews the use of Transition Path Sampling methods to study enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions. First applied by our group to an enzymatic reaction over 15 years ago, the method has uncovered basic principles in enzymatic catalysis such as the protein promoting vibration, and it has also helped harmonize such ideas as electrostatic preorganization with dynamic views of enzyme function. It is now being used to help uncover principles of protein design necessary to artificial enzyme creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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Afshari N, Al-Gazally ME, Rasulova I, Jalil AT, Matinfar S, Momeninejad M. Sensitive bioanalytical methods for telomerase activity detection: a cancer biomarker. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4174-4184. [PMID: 36254582 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is an enzyme that protects the length of telomeres by adding guanine-rich repetitive sequences. In tumors, gametes, and stem cells, telomerase activity is exerted. Telomerase activity can be a cancer biomarker for therapeutic and diagnosis approaches. So, a number of studies concentrating on the discovery of telomerase activity were reported. Bioanalytical devices, in comparison with other tests, have numerous advantages including low expense, simplicity, and excellent sensitivity and specificity. In this article we reviewed recent studies on the subject of various bioanalytical methods based on different nanomaterials. Optical, electrochemical, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) are prominent analytical techniques that are mentioned in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Afshari
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University Science & Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Iroda Rasulova
- "Kasmed" Private Medical Centre, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- School of Medicine, Akfa University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Solmaz Matinfar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Momeninejad
- Department of Social Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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11
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Chaturvedi S, Jaber Sathik Rifayee SB, Waheed SO, Wildey J, Warner C, Schofield CJ, Karabencheva-Christova TG, Christov CZ. Can Second Coordination Sphere and Long-Range Interactions Modulate Hydrogen Atom Transfer in a Non-Heme Fe(II)-Dependent Histone Demethylase? JACS AU 2022; 2:2169-2186. [PMID: 36186565 PMCID: PMC9516565 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II)-dependent oxygenases employ hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to produce a myriad of products. Understanding how such enzymes use dynamic processes beyond the immediate vicinity of the active site to control the selectivity and efficiency of HAT is important for metalloenzyme engineering; however, obtaining such knowledge by experiments is challenging. This study develops a computational framework for identifying second coordination sphere (SCS) and especially long-range (LR) residues relevant for catalysis through dynamic cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) using the human histone demethylase PHF8 (KDM7B) as a model oxygenase. Furthermore, the study explores the mechanistic pathways of influence of the SCS and LR residues on the HAT reaction. To demonstrate the plausibility of the approach, we investigated the effect of a PHF8 F279S clinical mutation associated with X-linked intellectual disability, which has been experimentally shown to ablate PHF8-catalyzed demethylation. In agreement, the molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) studies showed a change in the H31-14K9me2 substrate orientation and an increased HAT barrier. We systematically analyzed the pathways by which the identified SCS and LR residues may influence HAT by exploring changes in H3K9me2 substrate orientation, interdomain correlated motions, HAT transition state stabilization, reaction energetics, electron transfer mechanism, and alterations in the intrinsic electric field of PHF8. Importantly, SCS and LR variations decrease key motions of α9-α12 of the JmjC domain toward the Fe(IV)-center that are associated with tighter binding of the H31-14K9me2 substrate. SCS and LR residues alter the intrinsic electric field of the enzyme along the reaction coordinate and change the individual energetic contributions of residues toward TS stabilization. The overall results suggest that DCCA can indeed identify non-active-site residues relevant for catalysis. The substitutions of such dynamically correlated residues might be used as a tool to tune HAT in non-heme Fe(II)- and 2OG-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit
S. Chaturvedi
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United States
| | | | - Sodiq O. Waheed
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United States
| | - Jon Wildey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United
States
| | - Cait Warner
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United
States
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- The
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos
Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christo Z. Christov
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United States
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12
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Balasubramani SG, Schwartz SD. Transition Path Sampling Based Calculations of Free Energies for Enzymatic Reactions: The Case of Human Methionine Adenosyl Transferase and Plasmodium vivax Adenosine Deaminase. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5413-5420. [PMID: 35830574 PMCID: PMC9444332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition path sampling (TPS) is widely used for the calculations of reaction rates, transition state structures, and reaction coordinates of condensed phase systems. Here we discuss a scheme for the calculation of free energies using the ensemble of TPS reactive trajectories in combination with a window-based sampling technique for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. We calculate the free energy profiles of the reactions catalyzed by the human methionine S-adenosyltransferase (MAT2A) enzyme and the Plasmodium vivax adenosine deaminase (pvADA) enzyme to assess the accuracy of this method. MAT2A catalyzes the formation of S-adenosine-l-methionine following a SN2 mechanism, and using our method, we estimate the free energy barrier for this reaction to be 16 kcal mol-1, which is in excellent agreement with the experimentally measured activation energy of 17.27 kcal mol-1. Furthermore, for the pvADA enzyme-catalyzed reaction we estimate a free energy barrier of 21 kcal mol-1, and the calculated free energy profile is similar to that predicted from experimental observations. Calculating free energies by employing our simple method within TPS provides significant advantages over methods such as umbrella sampling because it is free from any applied external bias, is accurate compared to experimental measurements, and has a reasonable computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Ganesh Balasubramani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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13
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Antoniou D, Schwartz SD. Method for Identifying Common Features in Reactive Trajectories of a Transition Path Sampling Ensemble. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3997-4004. [PMID: 35536190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simulation methods like transition path sampling (TPS) generate an abundance of information buried in the collection of reactive trajectories that they generate. However, only limited use has been made of this information, mainly for the identification of the reaction coordinate. The standard TPS tools have been designed for monitoring the progress of the system from reactants to products. However, the reaction coordinate does not contain all the information regarding the mechanism. In our earlier work, we have used TPS on enzymatic systems and have identified important motions in the reactant well that prepares the system for the reaction. Since these events take place in the reactant well, they are beyond the reach of standard TPS postprocessing methods. We present a simple scheme for identifying the common trends in enzymatic trajectories. This scheme was designed for a specific class of enzymatic reactions: it can be used for identifying motions that guide the system to reaction-ready conformations. We have applied it to two enzymatic systems that we have studied in the past, formate dehydrogenase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and we were able to identify interactions, far from the transition state, that are important for preparing the system for the reaction but that had been overlooked in earlier work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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14
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Di Y, Zhang E, Yang Z, Shen Q, Fu X, Song G, Zhu C, Bai H, Huang Y, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Selective Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Cells Based on ROS-Triggered Intracellular Cross-Linking of Artificial Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116457. [PMID: 35064623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inside living cells, regulation of catalytic activity of artificial enzymes remains challenging due to issues such as biocompatibility, efficiency, and stability of the catalyst, by which the practical applications of artificial enzymes have been severely hindered. Here, an artificial enzyme, PTT-SGH, with responsiveness to reactive oxygen species (ROS), was obtained by introducing a catalytic histidine residue to pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PTT). The artificial enzyme formed large aggregates in cells via the intracellular ROS-mediated oxidation of thiol groups. The process was significantly facilitated in tumor cells because of the higher ROS concentration in the tumor microenvironment. The catalytic activity of this artificial enzyme was intensively enhanced through deprotonation of cross-linked PTT-SGH, which showed typical esterase activities. Selective fluorescence imaging of tumor cells was achieved using the artificial enzyme to trigger the cleavage of the ester bond of the caged fluorophore inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Endong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuancheng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuanwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Di Y, Zhang E, Yang Z, Shen Q, Fu X, Song G, Zhu C, Bai H, Huang Y, Lv F, Liu L, Wang S. Selective Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Cells Based on ROS‐Triggered Intracellular Cross‐Linking of Artificial Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Endong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xuancheng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Chuanwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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16
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Schafer JW, Chen X, Schwartz SD. Engineered Tryptophan Synthase Balances Equilibrium Effects and Fast Dynamic Effects. ACS Catal 2022; 12:913-922. [PMID: 35719741 PMCID: PMC9202816 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Creating efficient and stable enzymes for catalysis in pharmaceutical and industrial laboratories is an important research goal. Arnold et al. used directed evolution to engineer a natural tryptophan synthase to create a mutant that is operable under laboratory conditions without the need for a natural allosteric effector. The use of directed evolution allows researchers to improve enzymes without understanding the structure-activity relationship. Here, we present a transition path sampling study of a key chemical transformation in the tryptophan synthase catalytic cycle. We observed that while directed evolution does mimic the natural allosteric effect from a stability perspective, fast protein dynamics associated with chemistry has been dramatically altered. This work provides further evidence of the role of protein dynamics in catalysis and clearly demonstrates the multifaceted complexity of mutations associated with protein engineering. This study also demonstrates a fascinating contrast between allosteric and stand-alone functions at the femtosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Schafer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Brown M, Zoi I, Antoniou D, Namanja-Magliano HA, Schwartz SD, Schramm VL. Inverse heavy enzyme isotope effects in methylthioadenosine nucleosidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109118118. [PMID: 34580228 PMCID: PMC8501826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109118118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy enzyme isotope effects occur in proteins substituted with 2H-, 13C-, and 15N-enriched amino acids. Mass alterations perturb femtosecond protein motions and have been used to study the linkage between fast motions and transition-state barrier crossing. Heavy enzymes typically show slower rates for their chemical steps. Heavy bacterial methylthioadenosine nucleosidases (MTANs from Helicobactor pylori and Escherichia coli) gave normal isotope effects in steady-state kinetics, with slower rates for the heavy enzymes. However, both enzymes revealed rare inverse isotope effects on their chemical steps, with faster chemical steps in the heavy enzymes. Computational transition-path sampling studies of H. pylori and E. coli MTANs indicated closer enzyme-reactant interactions in the heavy MTANs at times near the transition state, resulting in an improved reaction coordinate geometry. Specific catalytic interactions more favorable for heavy MTANs include improved contacts to the catalytic water nucleophile and to the adenine leaving group. Heavy bacterial MTANs depart from other heavy enzymes as slowed vibrational modes from the heavy isotope substitution caused improved barrier-crossing efficiency. Improved sampling frequency and reactant coordinate distances are highlighted as key factors in MTAN transition-state stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morais Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ioanna Zoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dimitri Antoniou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461;
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18
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Lee SH, Yeom SJ, Kim SE, Oh DK. Development of aldolase-based catalysts for the synthesis of organic chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:306-319. [PMID: 34462144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldol chemicals are synthesized by condensation reactions between the carbon units of ketones and aldehydes using aldolases. The efficient synthesis of diverse organic chemicals requires intrinsic modification of aldolases via engineering and design, as well as extrinsic modification through immobilization or combination with other catalysts. This review describes the development of aldolases, including their engineering and design, and the selection of desired aldolases using high-throughput screening, to enhance their catalytic properties and perform novel reactions. Aldolase-containing catalysts, which catalyze the aldol reaction combined with other enzymatic and/or chemical reactions, can efficiently synthesize diverse complex organic chemicals using inexpensive and simple materials as substrates. We also discuss the current challenges and emerging solutions for aldolase-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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19
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De Raffele D, Martí S, Moliner V. A QM/MM study on the origin of retro-aldolase activity of a catalytic antibody. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5306-5309. [PMID: 33912877 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retro-aldolase mechanism of methodol catalysed by the catalytic antibody 33F12 is described based on the exploration of the free energy landscape obtained with QM/MM methods. The amino acids involved in the reaction have been identified, as well as their specific role played in the active site and in the flexibility of the loops. Finally, the comparison with a de novo enzyme RA95.5-8F provides a deeper understanding of catalytic differences between such different protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria De Raffele
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
| | - Sergio Martí
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
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20
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Singh P, Vandemeulebroucke A, Li J, Schulenburg C, Fortunato G, Kohen A, Hilvert D, Cheatum CM. Evolution of the Chemical Step in Enzyme Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Jiayue Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Cindy Schulenburg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Amnon Kohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Torres Castillo NE, Melchor-Martínez EM, Ochoa Sierra JS, Ramírez-Torres NM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Enzyme mimics in-focus: Redefining the catalytic attributes of artificial enzymes for renewable energy production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:80-89. [PMID: 33667559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the advantages of enzyme mimetics by redefining the catalytic attributes and implementing artificial enzymes (AEs) for energy-related applications have presented. The intrinsic enzyme-like catalytic characteristics of nanozymes have become a growing area of prime interest in bio-catalysis. The development of AEs has redefined the concept of catalytic activity, opening a wide range of possibilities in biotechnological and energy sectors. Nowadays, power-energy is one of the most valuable resources that enable the development and progress of humanity. Over the last 50 years, fossil fuels' burning has released greenhouse gases and negatively impacted the environment and health. In 2019, around 84% of global primary energy came from coal, oil, and gas. Therefore, a global energy transition to renewable and sustainable energy is urgently needed to generate clean energy as biofuels and biohydrogen. However, to achieve this, the implementation of natural enzymes brings more significant challenges because their practical application is limited by the low operational stability, harsh environmental conditions, and expensive preparation processes. Hence, to accelerate the transition, promising substitutes are AEs, well-defined structures made of organic or inorganic materials that can mimic the catalytic power of natural enzymes. Despite being still in the midst, enzyme mimics overcome the main obstacles for a conventional enzyme. It opens future opportunities to optimize the production of renewable energies with excellent performance, high efficiency, and increasingly competitive prices. Thus, this work is a comprehensive study covering the promising potential of AEs, as biocatalysts, specifically for renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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22
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Coulther TA, Pott M, Zeymer C, Hilvert D, Ondrechen MJ. Analysis of electrostatic coupling throughout the laboratory evolution of a designed retroaldolase. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1617-1627. [PMID: 33938058 PMCID: PMC8284568 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of local interactions in the laboratory evolution of a highly active, computationally designed retroaldolase (RA) are examined. Partial Order Optimum Likelihood (POOL) is used to identify catalytically important amino acid interactions in several RA95 enzyme variants. The series RA95.5, RA95.5–5, RA95.5–8, and RA95.5–8F, representing progress along an evolutionary trajectory with increasing activity, is examined. Computed measures of coupling between charged states of residues show that, as evolution proceeds and higher activities are achieved, electrostatic coupling between the biochemically active amino acids and other residues is increased. In silico residue scanning suggests multiple coupling partners for the catalytic lysine K83. The effects of two predicted partners, Y51 and E85, are tested using site‐directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis of the variants Y51F and E85Q. The Y51F variants show decreases in kcat relative to wild type, with the greatest losses observed for the more evolved constructs; they also exhibit significant decreases in kcat/KM across the series. Only modest decreases in kcat/KM are observed for the E85Q variants with little effect on kcat. Computed metrics of the degree of coupling between protonation states rise significantly as evolution proceeds and catalytic turnover rate increases. Specifically, the charge state of the catalytic lysine K83 becomes more strongly coupled to those of other amino acids as the enzyme evolves to a better catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Coulther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cathleen Zeymer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Bunzel HA, Anderson JLR, Mulholland AJ. Designing better enzymes: Insights from directed evolution. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 67:212-218. [PMID: 33517098 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
De novo enzymes can be created by computational design and directed evolution. Here, we review recent insights into the origins of catalytic power in evolved designer enzymes to pinpoint opportunities for next-generation designs: Evolution precisely organizes active sites, introduces catalytic H-bonding networks, invokes electrostatic catalysis, and creates dynamical networks embedding the active site in a reactive protein scaffold. Such insights foster our fundamental knowledge of enzyme catalysis and fuel the future design of tailor-made enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adrian Bunzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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24
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Acosta-Silva C, Bertran J, Branchadell V, Oliva A. Catalytic Effect of Electric Fields on the Kemp Elimination Reactions with Neutral Bases. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2594-2604. [PMID: 32916041 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of solvent reaction fields and oriented electric fields on the Kemp elimination reaction between methylamine or imidazole and 5-nitrobenzisoxazole has been theoretically studied. The Kemp reaction is the most widely used for the design of new enzymes. Our results, using the SMD continuous model for solvents, are in quite good agreement with the experimental fact that the rate of the analogous reaction with butylamine is one order of magnitude smaller in water than in acetonitrile. In the case of external electric fields, our results show that they can increase or decrease the energy barrier depending on the magnitude and orientation of the field. A duly oriented electric field may have a notable catalytic effect on the reaction. So, external electric fields and reaction fields due to the medium can contribute to the design of new enzymes. Several factors that must be taken into account to increase the catalytic effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Acosta-Silva
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Port d'Informació Científica (PIC), Campus UAB, c/ Albareda s/n, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Bertran
- Departament e Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vicenç Branchadell
- Departament e Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Oliva
- Departament e Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Schafer JW, Schwartz SD. Directed Evolution's Influence on Rapid Density Fluctuations Illustrates How Protein Dynamics Can Become Coupled to Chemistry. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8476-8484. [PMID: 33163256 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering is a growing field with a variety of experimental techniques available for altering protein function. However, creating an enzyme de novo is still in its infancy, so far yielding enzymes of modest catalytic efficiency. In this study, a system of artificial retro-aldolase enzymes found to have chemistry coupled to protein dynamics was examined. The original design was created computationally, and this protein was then subjected to directed evolution to improve the initial low catalytic efficiency. We found that this re-engineering of the enzyme resulted in rapid density fluctuations throughout the enzyme being reshaped via alterations in the hydrogen bonding network. This work also led to the discovery of a second important motion which aids in the release of an intermediate product. These results provide compelling evidence that to engineer efficient protein catalysts, fast protein dynamics need to be considered in the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Schafer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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26
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Crean RM, Gardner JM, Kamerlin SCL. Harnessing Conformational Plasticity to Generate Designer Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11324-11342. [PMID: 32496764 PMCID: PMC7467679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in understanding the role of conformational dynamics both in the evolution of new enzymatic activities from existing enzymes and in facilitating the emergence of enzymatic activity de novo on scaffolds that were previously non-catalytic. There are also an increasing number of examples in the literature of targeted engineering of conformational dynamics being successfully used to alter enzyme selectivity and activity. Despite the obvious importance of conformational dynamics to both enzyme function and evolvability, many (although not all) computational design approaches still focus either on pure sequence-based approaches or on using structures with limited flexibility to guide the design. However, there exist a wide variety of computational approaches that can be (re)purposed to introduce conformational dynamics as a key consideration in the design process. Coupled with laboratory evolution and more conventional existing sequence- and structure-based approaches, these techniques provide powerful tools for greatly expanding the protein engineering toolkit. This Perspective provides an overview of evolutionary studies that have dissected the role of conformational dynamics in facilitating the emergence of novel enzymes, as well as advances in computational approaches that allow one to target conformational dynamics as part of enzyme design. Harnessing conformational dynamics in engineering studies is a powerful paradigm with which to engineer the next generation of designer biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M. Crean
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jasmine M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry -
BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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De Raffele D, Martí S, Moliner V. Understanding the Directed Evolution of De Novo Retro-Aldolases from QM/MM Studies. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria De Raffele
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica; Universitat Jaume I., 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Martí
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica; Universitat Jaume I., 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica; Universitat Jaume I., 12071 Castellón, Spain
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28
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Reja A, Afrose SP, Das D. Aldolase Cascade Facilitated by Self‐Assembled Nanotubes from Short Peptide Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antara Reja
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Syed Pavel Afrose
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional MaterialsIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246 India
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29
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Reja A, Afrose SP, Das D. Aldolase Cascade Facilitated by Self-Assembled Nanotubes from Short Peptide Amphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4329-4334. [PMID: 31920004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Early evolution benefited from a complex network of reactions involving multiple C-C bond forming and breaking events that were critical for primitive metabolism. Nature gradually chose highly evolved and complex enzymes such as lyases to efficiently facilitate C-C bond formation and cleavage with remarkable substrate selectivity. Reported here is a lipidated short peptide which accesses a homogenous nanotubular morphology to efficiently catalyze C-C bond cleavage and formation. This system shows morphology-dependent catalytic rates, suggesting the formation of a binding pocket and registered enhancements in the presence of the hydrogen-bond donor tyrosine, which is exploited by extant aldolases. These assemblies showed excellent substrate selectivity and templated the formation of a specific adduct from a pool of possible adducts. The ability to catalyze metabolically relevant cascade transformations suggests the importance of such systems in early evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Reja
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Syed Pavel Afrose
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences & Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
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30
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Leveson-Gower RB, Mayer C, Roelfes G. The importance of catalytic promiscuity for enzyme design and evolution. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Abstract
For decades, there has been debate regarding the origin of the catalytic power of enzymes. In this work, we use the approach of computational chemistry to study the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and reveal that the two current views on the catalytic mechanism of enzymes, the rate-promoting vibrations and the electric field, may both be viewed as part of the chemical step catalyzed by COMT. However, we show that the rate-promoting vibrations cause the electrostatic effect. This work provides insight into the catalytic mechanism of COMT and resolves a longstanding controversy regarding this enzyme's mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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