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Hein R, Stindt CN, Feringa BL. Mix and Match Tuning of the Conformational and Multistate Redox Switching Properties of an Overcrowded Alkene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26275-26285. [PMID: 39272222 PMCID: PMC11440491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Overcrowded alkenes have received considerable attention as versatile structural motifs in a range of optical switches and light-driven unidirectional motors. In contrast, their actuation by electrochemical stimuli remains underexplored, even though this alternative energy input may be preferred in various applications and enables additional control over molecular switching states and properties. While symmetric bistricyclic overcrowded enes (BAEs) containing two identical halves based on either thioxanthene (TX) or acridine (Acr) motifs are known to be reversible conformational redox switches, their redox potentials are generally too high or low, respectively, thereby preventing wider applications. Herein, we demonstrate that the "mixed" TX-Acr switch possesses redox properties that lie between those of its parent symmetric analogs, enabling interconversion between three stable redox and conformational states at mild potentials. This includes the neutral anti-folded, the dicationic orthogonal, and a unique twisted monoradical cation state, the latter of which is only accessible in the case of the mixed TX-Acr switch and in a pathway-dependent manner. Consequently, with this multistate redox switch, a myriad of molecular properties, including geometry, polarity, absorbance, and fluorescence, can be modulated with high fidelity and reversibility between three distinct stable states. More generally, this study highlights the versatility of the "mix and match" approach in rationally designing redox switches with specific (redox) properties, which in turn is expected to enable a myriad of applications ranging from molecular logic and memory to actuators and energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Islam R, Blakemore K, Farnum BH. Role of Solvent Coordination in the Multi-electron Redox Cycle of Nickel Diethyldithiocarbamate. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15851-15862. [PMID: 39121391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Nickel(II) diethyldithiocarbamate, NiII(dtc)2, is known to undergo a 2e- ligand-coupled electron transfer (LCET) oxidation to form [NiIV(dtc)3]+. However, the thermodynamics and kinetics of this 2e- process can be greatly affected by solvent coordination. For low coordinating solvents like acetonitrile and acetone, 2e- oxidation is observed via cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a single potential while stronger coordinating solvents like methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and pyridine exhibit a 1e- oxidation wave by formation of [NiIII(dtc)2(sol)x]+ intermediates. The decay of these complexes to eventually yield [NiIV(dtc)3]+ was monitored as a function of CV scan rate and temperature to extract rate constants and activation parameters. A thorough analysis of activation parameters revealed that ΔHapp⧧ generally increased with solvent coordination ability, suggesting solvent dissociation was a key factor in the rate limiting step. However, ΔSapp⧧ was found to be negative for all solvents, suggesting an associative mechanism in line with dimer formation with NiII(dtc)2 to facilitate ligand exchange. Density function theory calculations supported the competitive nature of dissociative and associative steps. Using these calculations, we propose two paths for decay of [NiIII(dtc)2(sol)x]+ species based on the coordination strength of the solvent. These studies point to the ability of solvents to either aid or hinder multielectron LCET reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezoanul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Kallan Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Byron H Farnum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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3
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Vaněčková E, Dahmane M, Forté J, Cherraben S, Pham XQ, Sokolová R, Brémond É, Hromadová M, Lainé PP. Are Redox-Active Centers Bridged by Saturated Flexible Linkers Systematically Electrochemically Independent? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406299. [PMID: 38772710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The extent to which electrophores covalently bridged by a saturated linker are electrochemically independent was investigated considering the charge/spin duality of the electron and functionality of the electrophore as a spin carrier upon reduction. By combining computational modeling with electrochemical experiments, we investigated the mechanism by which tethered electrophores react together within 4,4'-oligo[n]methylene-bipyridinium assemblies (with n=2 to 5). We show that native dicationic electrophores (redox state Z=+2) are folded prior to electron injection into the system, allowing the emergence of supra-molecular orbitals (supra-MOs) likely to support the process of the reductive σ bond formation giving cyclomers. Indeed, for Z=+2, London Dispersion (LD) forces contribute to flatten the potential energy surface such that all-trans and folded conformers are approximately isoenergetic. Then, upon one-electron injection, for radical cations (Z=+1), LD forces significantly stabilize the folded conformers, except for the ethylene derivative deprived of supra-MOs. For radical cations equipped with supra-MOs, the unpaired electron is delocalized over both heterocycles through space. Cyclomer completion (Z=0) upon the second electron transfer occurs according to the inversion of redox potentials. This mechanism explains why intramolecular reactivity is favored and why pyridinium electrophores are not independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaněčková
- Department of Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mustapha Dahmane
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sawsen Cherraben
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Xuan-Qui Pham
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Romana Sokolová
- Department of Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Éric Brémond
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- Department of Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe P Lainé
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013, Paris, France
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4
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Nayak MK, Elvers BJ, Mandal D, Das A, Ramakrishnan R, Mote KR, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Reduction of 2- H-substituted pyrrolinium cations: the carbon-carbon single bond in air stable 2,2'-bipyrrolidines as a two-electron-source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6698-6701. [PMID: 37183853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of 2-H-substituted pyrrolinium cations via initially formed secondary radicals results in either dimerisation or H-abstracted products, while the outcome depends on the N-substituents. The resultant central carbon-carbon single bond in the dimerised 2,2'-bipyrrolidine derivatives can be oxidised chemically and electrochemically. The notably air and moisture-stable dimers were subsequently utilised as a source of two electrons in various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany.
| | - Debdeep Mandal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Raghunathan Ramakrishnan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Kaustubh R Mote
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, Greifswald D-17489, Germany.
| | - Cem Burak Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Aksaray University, Aksaray-68100, Türkiye.
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India.
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Singh A, Singh B, Dey S, Indra A, Lahiri GK. Ruthenium Azobis(benzothiazole): Electronic Structure and Impact of Substituents on the Electrocatalytic Single-Site Water Oxidation Process. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2769-2783. [PMID: 36719385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present article deals with the structurally and spectroelectrochemically characterized newer class of ruthenium-azoheteroarenes [RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]ClO4, [1]ClO4-[3]ClO4 (Ph-trpy: 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine; L1: 2,2'-azobis(benzothiazole) ([1]ClO4); L2: 2,2'-azobis(6-methylbenzothiazole) ([2]ClO4); L3: 2,2'-azobis(6-chlorobenzothiazole) ([3]ClO4)). A collective consideration of experimental (i.e., structural and spectroelectrochemical) and theoretical (DFT calculations) results of [1]ClO4-[3]ClO4 established selective stabilization of (i) the unperturbed azo (N═N)0 function of L, (ii) the exclusive presence of the isomeric form involving the N(azo) donor of L trans to Cl, and (iii) the presence of extended, hydrogen-bonded trimeric units in the asymmetric unit of [2]ClO4 (CH---O) via the involvement of ClO4- anions. The detailed electrochemical studies revealed metal-based oxidation of [RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]+ (1+-3+) to [RuIII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]2+ (12+-32+); however, the electronic form of the first reduced state (1-3) could be better represented by its mixed RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L•-)/RuIII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L2-) state. Both native (1+-3+) and reduced (1-3) states exhibited weak lower energy transitions within the range of 1000-1200 nm. Further, [1]ClO4-[3]ClO4 delivered an electrochemical OER (oxygen evolution reaction) process in alkaline medium on immobilizing them to a carbon cloth support, which divulged an amplified water oxidation feature for [2]ClO4 due to the presence of electron-donating methyl groups in the L2 backbone. The faster OER kinetics and high catalytic stability of [2]ClO4 could also be rationalized by its lowest Tafel slope (85 mV dec-1) and choronoamperometric experiment (stable up to 12 h), respectively, along with high Faradic efficiency (∼97%). A comparison of [2]ClO4 with the reported analogous ruthenium complexes furnished its excellent intrinsic water oxidation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Baghendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchaita Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arindam Indra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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6
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Dolai R, Kumar R, Elvers BJ, Pal PK, Joseph B, Sikari R, Nayak MK, Maiti A, Singh T, Chrysochos N, Jayaraman A, Krummenacher I, Mondal J, Priyakumar UD, Braunschweig H, Yildiz CB, Schulzke C, Jana A. Carbodicarbenes and Striking Redox Transitions of their Conjugate Acids: Influence of NHC versus CAAC as Donor Substituents. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202888. [PMID: 36129127 PMCID: PMC10100033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new type of carbodicarbene (CDC) comprising two different classes of carbenes is reported; NHC and CAAC as donor substituents and compare the molecular structure and coordination to Au(I)Cl to those of NHC-only and CAAC-only analogues. The conjugate acids of these three CDCs exhibit notable redox properties. Their reactions with [NO][SbF6 ] were investigated. The reduction of the conjugate acid of CAAC-only based CDC with KC8 results in the formation of hydrogen abstracted/eliminated products, which proceed through a neutral radical intermediate, detected by EPR spectroscopy. In contrast, the reduction of conjugate acids of NHC-only and NHC/CAAC based CDCs led to intermolecular reductive (reversible) carbon-carbon sigma bond formation. The resulting relatively elongated carbon-carbon sigma bonds were found to be readily oxidized. They were, thus, demonstrated to be potent reducing agents, underlining their potential utility as organic electron donors and n-dopants in organic semiconductor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramapada Dolai
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pal
- International Institute of Information Technology GachibowliHyderabad500032India
| | - Benson Joseph
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Rina Sikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Tejender Singh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - Arumugam Jayaraman
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
| | - U. Deva Priyakumar
- International Institute of Information Technology GachibowliHyderabad500032India
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal PlantsAksaray UniversityAksaray68100Turkey
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad GopanpallyHyderabad500046TelanganaIndia
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7
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Schmid L, Fokin I, Brändlin M, Wagner D, Siewert I, Wenger OS. Accumulation of Four Electrons on a Terphenyl (Bis)disulfide. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202386. [PMID: 36351246 PMCID: PMC10098965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of N2 , CO2 or H2 O to energy-rich products relies on multi-electron transfer reactions, and consequently it seems desirable to understand the basics of light-driven accumulation of multiple redox equivalents. Most of the previously reported molecular acceptors merely allow the storage of up to two electrons. We report on a terphenyl compound including two disulfide bridges, which undergoes four-electron reduction in two separate electrochemical steps, aided by a combination of potential compression and inversion. Under visible-light irradiation using the organic super-electron donor tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene, a cascade of light-induced reaction steps is observed, leading to the cleavage of both disulfide bonds. Whereas one of them undergoes extrusion of sulfur to result in a thiophene, the other disulfide is converted to a dithiolate. These insights seem relevant to enhance the current fundamental understanding of photochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Igor Fokin
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathis Brändlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inke Siewert
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Seikh L, Dey S, Dhara S, Singh A, Lahiri GK. Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer Induced Reversible Electron Reservoir Feature of Azoheteroarene Bridged Diruthenium Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15735-15746. [PMID: 36129962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article demonstrates the stabilization of ground- and redox-induced metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states on coordination of azo-coupled bmpd(L4) [bmpd = (E)-1,2-bis(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)diazene; L4 = -N═N-] to the electron-rich {Ru(acac)2} (acac = acetylacetonate) unit in mononuclear RuII(acac)2(L4) (1) and diastereomeric dinuclear (acac)2Ru2.5(μ-L4•-)Ru2.5(acac)2 [rac, ΔΔ/ΛΛ (2a)/meso, ΔΛ (2b)] complexes, respectively. It also develops further one-step intramolecular electron transfer induced L4•- bridged isovalent higher analogue [(acac)2RuIII(μ-L4•-)RuIII(acac)2]ClO4 in diastereomeric forms, rac-[2a]ClO4/meso-[2b]ClO4. On the contrary, under identical reaction conditions electronically and sterically permuted bimpd [L5, (E)-1,2-bis(4-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)diazene)] delivered mononuclear RuII(acac)2(L5) (3) as an exclusive product. Further, the generation of unprecedented heterotrinuclear complex [(acac)2RuII(μ-L4)AgI(μ-L4)RuII(acac)2]ClO4 ([4]ClO4) involving unreduced L4 via the reaction of 1 and AgClO4 revealed the absence of any inner-sphere electron transfer (IET) as in precursor 1, which in turn reaffirmed an IET (at the interface of electron-rich Ru(acac)2 and acceptor L4) mediated stabilization of 2. Structural authentication of the complexes with special reference to the tunable azo distance (N═N, N-N•-, N-N2-) of L and their spectro-electrochemical events in accessible redox states including the reversible electron reservoir feature of 2 → 2+/2+ → 2 were evaluated in conjunction with density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The varying extent of IET as a function of heteroaromatics appended to the azo group of L (L1 = abpy = 2,2'-azobipyridine, L2 = abbt = 2,2'-azobis(benzothiazole), L3 = abim = azobis(1-methylbenzimidazole), L4 and L5, Schemes 1 & 2) in the Ru(acac)2-derived respective molecular setup has been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Seikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanchaita Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suman Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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10
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Bürgin T, Wenger OS. Recent Advances and Perspectives in Photodriven Charge Accumulation in Molecular Compounds: A Mini Review. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:18848-18856. [PMID: 35873109 PMCID: PMC9302442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of so-called solar fuels from abundant low-energetic compounds, such as carbon dioxide or water, relies on the chemical elementary steps of photoinduced electron transfer and accumulation of multiple redox equivalents. The majority of molecular systems explored to date require sacrificial electron donors to accumulate multiple electrons on a single acceptor unit, but the use of high-energetic sacrificial redox reagents is unsustainable. In recent years, an increasing number of molecular compounds for reversible light-driven accumulation of redox equivalents that do not need sacrificial electron donors has been reported. Those compounds are the focus of this mini review. Different concepts, such as redox potential compression (achieved by proton-coupled electron transfer, Lewis acid-base interactions, or structural rearrangements), hybrids with inorganic nanoparticles, and diffusion-controlled multi-component systems, will be discussed. Newly developed strategies to outcompete unproductive reaction pathways in favor of desired photoproduct formation will be compared, and the importance of identifying reaction intermediates in the course of multiphotonic excitation by different time-resolved spectroscopic techniques will be discussed. The mechanistic insights gained from molecular donor-photosensitizer-acceptor compounds inform the design of next-generation charge accumulation systems for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias
H. Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Gosset A, Lachmanová ŠN, Cherraben S, Bertho G, Forté J, Perruchot C, de Rouville HPJ, Pospíšil L, Hromadová M, Brémond É, Lainé PP. On the Supra-LUMO Interaction: Case Study of a Sudden Change of Electronic Structure as a Functional Emergence. Chemistry 2021; 27:17889-17899. [PMID: 34761431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic functioning of redox-active components that emerges from prototypical 2,2'-di(N-methylpyrid-4-ylium)-1,1'-biphenyl is described. Interestingly, even if a trans conformation of the native assembly is expected, due to electrostatic repulsion between cationic pyridinium units, we demonstrate that cis conformation is equally energy-stabilized on account of a peculiar LUMO (SupLUMO) that develops through space, encompassing the two pyridiniums in a single, made-in-one-piece, electronic entity (superelectrophoric behavior). This SupLUMO emergence, with the cis species as superelectrophore embodiment, originates in a sudden change of electronic structure. This finding is substantiated by insights from solid state (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and solution (NOE NMR and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry) studies, combined with electronic structure computations. Electrochemistry shows that electron transfers are so strongly correlated that two-electron reduction manifests itself as a single-step process with a large potential inversion consistent with inner creation of a carbon-carbon bond (digital simulation). Besides, absence of reductive formation of dimers is a further indication of a preferential intramolecular reactivity determined by the SupLUMO interaction (cis isomer pre-organization). The redox-gated covalent bond, serving as electron reservoir, was studied via atropisomerism of the reduction product (VT NMR study). The overall picture derived from this in-depth study of 2,2'-di(N-methylpyrid-4-ylium)-1,1'-biphenyl proves that trans and cis species are worth considered as intrinsically sharply different, that is, as doubly-electrophoric and singly-superelectrophoric switchable assemblies, beyond conformational isomerism. Most importantly, the through-space-mediated SupLUMO may come in complement of other weak interactions encountered in Supramolecular Chemistry as a tool for the design of electroactive architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gosset
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ITODYS, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Štěpánka Nováková Lachmanová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gildas Bertho
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Henri-Pierre Jacquot de Rouville
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ITODYS, 75006, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR CNRS 7177), Institut Le Bel, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Éric Brémond
- Université de Paris, CNRS, ITODYS, 75006, Paris, France
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12
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Mazumder MMR, Burton A, Richburg CS, Saha S, Cronin B, Duin E, Farnum BH. Controlling One-Electron vs Two-Electron Pathways in the Multi-Electron Redox Cycle of Nickel Diethyldithiocarbamate. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13388-13399. [PMID: 34403586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The unique redox cycle of NiII(dtc)2, where dtc- is N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, in acetonitrile displays 2e- redox chemistry upon oxidation from NiII(dtc)2 → [NiIV(dtc)3]+ but 1e- redox chemistry upon reduction from [NiIV(dtc)3]+ → NiIII(dtc)3 → NiII(dtc)2. The underlying reasons for this cycle lie in the structural changes that occur between four-coordinate NiII(dtc)2 and six-coordinate [NiIV(dtc)3]+. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments show that these 1e- and 2e- pathways can be controlled by the addition of pyridine-based ligands (L) to the electrolyte solution. Specifically, the addition of these ligands resulted in a 1e- ligand-coupled electron transfer (LCET) redox wave, which produced a mixture of pyridine-bound Ni(III) complexes, [NiIII(dtc)2(L)]+, and [NiIII(dtc)2(L)2]+. Although the complexes could not be isolated, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements using a chemical oxidant in the presence of 4-methoxypyridine confirmed the formation of trans-[NiIII(dtc)2(L)2]+. Density functional theory calculations were also used to support the formation of pyridine coordinated Ni(III) complexes through structural optimization and calculation of EPR parameters. The reversibility of the LCET process was found to be dependent on both the basicity of the pyridine ligand and the scan rate of the CV experiment. For strongly basic pyridines (e.g., 4-methoxypyridine) and/or fast scan rates, high reversibility was achieved, allowing [NiIII(dtc)2(L)x]+ to be reduced directly back to NiII(dtc)2 + xL. For weakly basic pyridines (e.g., 3-bromopyridine) and/or slow scan rates, [NiIII(dtc)2(L)x]+ decayed irreversibly to form [NiIV(dtc)3]+. Detailed kinetics studies using CV reveal that [NiIII(dtc)2(L)]+ and [NiIII(dtc)2(L)2]+ decay by parallel pathways due to a small equilibrium between the two species. The rate constants for ligand dissociation ([NiIII(dtc)2(L)2]+ → [NiIII(dtc)2(L)]+ + L) along with decomposition of [NiIII(dtc)2(L)]+ and [NiIII(dtc)2(L)2]+ species were found to increase with the electron-withdrawing character of the pyridine ligand, indicating pyridine dissociation is likely the rate-limiting step for decomposition of these complexes. These studies establish a general trend for kinetically trapping 1e- intermediates along a 2e- oxidation path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Motiur R Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Andricus Burton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Chase S Richburg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Soumen Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Bryan Cronin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evert Duin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Byron H Farnum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Odajima M, Tajima K, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Non-Planar Perylene Bisimide Analogues with Inserted Carbonyl and Methylene Subunits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15838-15843. [PMID: 33928728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of dinaphthotropone bisimide (DNTrBI) and dinaphthocycloheptatriene bisimide (DNCHepBI) are described. Their molecular design is conceptually based on the insertion of a carbon atom into a perylene bisimide (PBI) core. These molecules adopt non-planar structures due to the presence of a seven-membered ring. The PBI derivative into which a carbonyl group was inserted (DNTrBI) immediately underwent nonradiative decay and/or intersystem crossing in its excited state. The PBI derivative into which a methylene group was inserted (DNCHepBI) was susceptible to deprotonation on account of the two electron-withdrawing naphthalene monoimide units. Subsequent aerobic oxidation resulted in the formation of a C-C bond at the central methylene unit, thus affording a σ-dimer. The formation of this C-C bond is dynamically redox-active, i.e., electron injection into the σ-dimer almost quantitatively regenerated the deprotonated DNCHepBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Odajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Keita Tajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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Odajima M, Tajima K, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Non‐Planar Perylene Bisimide Analogues with Inserted Carbonyl and Methylene Subunits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Odajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Keita Tajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Miyagawa K, Hisaki I, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Redox-induced reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of an etheno-fused diporphyrin. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5224-5229. [PMID: 34168775 PMCID: PMC8179634 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Ethenoporphyrin is a π-extended porphyrin containing a fused ethene unit between the meso- and β-positions, exhibiting unique contribution of macrocyclic antiaromaticity. We have recently reported that its analogue, etheno-fused diporphyrin, underwent thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition to furnish X-shaped cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrins. Here we demonstrate that the cyclobutane-ring formation is dynamically redox-active. Namely, the tetraporphyrin underwent two-step four-electron oxidation to afford two etheno-fused diporphyrin dications. The reduction of the resulting dication regenerated the cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrin. The dication was sufficiently stable to allow its isolation under ambient conditions. The structure of the dication has been confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Importantly, the simultaneous double C-C bond cleavage in the cyclopropane ring in the tetraporphyrin is exceptional among dynamic redox (dyrex) systems to achieve large structural changes, thus offering new insights for the design of novel redox-active functional organic materials for electrochromic dyes, organic batteries, and organic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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