Dual-Metal Single Atoms with Dual Coordination for the Domino Synthesis of Natural Flavones

Regulating the Local Reaction Microenvironment at Chromium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient H2O2 Electrosynthesis in Neutral Electrolytes

The electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide represents a promising alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process, aiming for zero pollution. However, achieving efficient electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in neutral electrolytes is challenging due to the sluggish kinetics of the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction. To address this issue, a unique metal-organic framework (MOF) featuring Cr metal sites coordinated with tetrabromoterephthalic acid (Cr-TBA) is synthesized. This specially designed MOF exhibits a distinctive paper-clip-like structure and remarkably enhanced Lewis acidity. Experimental results demonstrate that the obtained structure can facilitate the attraction of OH- ions in solution, promoting their accumulation on the catalyst surface. This enhancement leads to excellent performances of Cr-TBA in neutral electrolytes, achieving Faradaic efficiencies of 96-98% and a production rate of 13.4 mol gcat -1 h-1 at the current density of 150 mA cm-2. Operando spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations indicate that this modified microenvironment effectively facilitates the conversion of the *OOH intermediates to H2O2 on the catalyst surface.

Regio- and chemoselective synthesis of flavanone isosteres via multicomponent reactions: synergistic role of hydrogen bonding and solvent effects

Given the prevalence and significance of flavanones, we present a regio- and chemoselective approach for the synthesis of flavanone isosteres. This method is facilitated by the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding and solvent interactions. Notably, this novel multicomponent reaction employs commercially available starting materials, operates without the need for catalysts, and achieves high levels of regio- and chemoselectivity under mild conditions. The protocol exhibits excellent tolerance for complex substrates, including those derived from Linagliptin and Cholesterol. Furthermore, this robust synthetic method not only surpasses the limitations of traditional approaches but also aligns with the principles of green chemistry.

Tailoring O-Monodentate Adsorption of CO2 Initiates C-N Coupling for Efficient Urea Electrosynthesis with Ultrahigh Carbon Atom Economy

The thermodynamically and kinetically sluggish electrocatalytic C-N coupling from CO2 and NO3 - is inert to initially take place while typically occurring after CO2 protonation, which severely dwindles urea efficiency and carbon atom economy. Herein, we report a single O-philic adsorption strategy to facilitate initial C-N coupling of *OCO and subsequent protonation over dual-metal hetero-single-atoms in N2-Fe-(N-B)2-Cu-N2 coordination mode (FeN4/B2CuN2@NC), which greatly inhibits the formation of C-containing byproducts and facilitates urea electrosynthesis in an unprecedented C-selectivity of 97.1 % with urea yield of 2072.5 μg h-1 mgcat. -1 and 71.9 % Faradaic efficiency, outperforming state-of-the-art electrodes. The carbon-directed antibonding interaction with Cu-B is elaborated to benefit single O-philic adsorption of CO2 rather than conventional C-end or bridging O,O-end adsorption modes, which can accelerate the kinetics of initiated C-N coupling and protonation. Theoretical results indicate that the O-monodentate adsorption pathway benefits the thermodynamics of the C-N coupling of *OCO with *NO2 and the protonation rate-determining step, which markedly inhibits CO2 direct protonation. This oriented strategy of manipulating reactant adsorption patterns to initiate a specific step is universal to moderate oxophilic transition metals and offers a kinetic-enhanced path for multiple conversion processes.

Asymmetric Microenvironment Tailoring Strategies of Atomically Dispersed Dual-Site Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction and CO2 Reduction Reactions

Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) with atomically dispersed dual-sites, as an extension of single-atom catalysts (SACs), have recently become a new hot topic in heterogeneous catalysis due to their maximized atom efficiency and dual-site diverse synergy, because the synergistic diversity of dual-sites achieved by asymmetric microenvironment tailoring can efficiently boost the catalytic activity by optimizing the electronic structure of DACs. Here, this work first summarizes the frequently-used experimental synthesis and characterization methods of DACs. Then, four synergistic catalytic mechanisms (cascade mechanism, assistance mechanism, co-adsorption mechanism and bifunction mechanism) and four key modulating methods (active site asymmetric strategy, transverse/axial-modification engineering, distance engineering and strain engineering) are elaborated comprehensively. The emphasis is placed on the effects of asymmetric microenvironment of DACs on oxygen/carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Finally, some perspectives and outlooks are also addressed. In short, the review summarizes a useful asymmetric microenvironment tailoring strategy to speed up synthesis of high-performance electrocatalysts for different reactions.

Machine learning-assisted dual-atom sites design with interpretable descriptors unifying electrocatalytic reactions

Low-cost, efficient catalyst high-throughput screening is crucial for future renewable energy technology. Interpretable machine learning is a powerful method for accelerating catalyst design by extracting physical meaning but faces huge challenges. This paper describes an interpretable descriptor model to unify activity and selectivity prediction for multiple electrocatalytic reactions (i.e., O2/CO2/N2 reduction and O2 evolution reactions), utilizing only easily accessible intrinsic properties. This descriptor, named ARSC, successfully decouples the atomic property (A), reactant (R), synergistic (S), and coordination effects (C) on the d-band shape of dual-atom sites, which is built upon our developed physically meaningful feature engineering and feature selection/sparsification (PFESS) method. Driven by this descriptor, we can rapidly locate optimal catalysts for various products instead of over 50,000 density functional theory calculations. The model's universality has been validated by abundant reported works and subsequent experiments, where Co-Co/Ir-Qv3 are identified as optimal bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution electrocatalysts. This work opens the avenue for intelligent catalyst design in high-dimensional systems linked with physical insights.

Materials Containing Single-, Di-, Tri-, and Multi-Metal Atoms Bonded to C, N, S, P, B, and O Species as Advanced Catalysts for Energy, Sensor, and Biomedical Applications

Modifying the coordination or local environments of single-, di-, tri-, and multi-metal atom (SMA/DMA/TMA/MMA)-based materials is one of the best strategies for increasing the catalytic activities, selectivity, and long-term durability of these materials. Advanced sheet materials supported by metal atom-based materials have become a critical topic in the fields of renewable energy conversion systems, storage devices, sensors, and biomedicine owing to the maximum atom utilization efficiency, precisely located metal centers, specific electron configurations, unique reactivity, and precise chemical tunability. Several sheet materials offer excellent support for metal atom-based materials and are attractive for applications in energy, sensors, and medical research, such as in oxygen reduction, oxygen production, hydrogen generation, fuel production, selective chemical detection, and enzymatic reactions. The strong metal-metal and metal-carbon with metal-heteroatom (i.e., N, S, P, B, and O) bonds stabilize and optimize the electronic structures of the metal atoms due to strong interfacial interactions, yielding excellent catalytic activities. These materials provide excellent models for understanding the fundamental problems with multistep chemical reactions. This review summarizes the substrate structure-activity relationship of metal atom-based materials with different active sites based on experimental and theoretical data. Additionally, the new synthesis procedures, physicochemical characterizations, and energy and biomedical applications are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges in developing efficient SMA/DMA/TMA/MMA-based materials are presented.

Atomically Dispersed Fe Sites Regulated by Adjacent Single Co Atoms Anchored on N-P Co-Doped Carbon Structures for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Manipulating the coordination environment and electron distribution for heterogeneous catalysts at the atomic level is an effective strategy to improve electrocatalytic performance but remains challenging. Herein, atomically dispersed Fe and Co anchored on nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped carbon hollow nanorod structures (FeCo-NPC) are rationally designed and synthesized. The as-prepared FeCo-NPC catalyst exhibits significantly boosted electrocatalytic kinetics and greatly upshifts the half-wave potential for the oxygen reduction reaction. Furthermore, when utilized as the cathode, the FeCo-NPC catalyst also displays excellent zinc-air battery performance. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the introduction of single Co atoms with Co-N/P coordination around isolated Fe atoms induces asymmetric electron distribution, resulting in the suitable adsorption/desorption ability for oxygen intermediates and the optimized reaction barrier, thereby improving the electrocatalytic activity.

Iodine-PEG as a unique combination for the metal-free synthesis of flavonoids through iodonium-triiodide ion-pair complexation

An efficient metal-free single-step protocol has been developed for the direct synthesis of flavones from 2-hydroxyacetophenone and substituted benzaldehydes. This chemical transformation is exclusively promoted by the iodonium-triiodide ion couple formed through iodine and PEG-400 complexation. The triiodide anion not only helps in the abstraction of a proton from the acetophenone but also promotes the cyclization of intermediate chalcone to the corresponding flavones. The flavones were obtained in very high yields without using any toxic metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism was established through a series of test reactions and entrapping of reaction intermediates. The developed protocol provides direct access to flavones in high yields under milder reaction conditions with great substrate compatibility, including hydroxylated derivatives.

Synthesis of Acylhydroquinones through Visible-Light-Mediated Hydroacylation of Quinones with α-Keto Acids

A mild and eco-friendly visible-light-induced protocol for the hydroacylation of quinones with α-keto acids has been developed. In the absence of any catalyst or additive, the decarboxylative hydroacylation proceeded smoothly under visible-light irradiation at room temperature. A wide range of quinones and α-keto acids were well-tolerated and afforded hydroacylation products up to 88% isolated yield. The reaction can be scaled up, and the induced groups are useful for further synthetic applications. Preliminarily, mechanistic studies indicated that photoactive quinones absorb visible light to facilitate the transformation.

Bimetallic Sites for Catalysis: From Binuclear Metal Sites to Bimetallic Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles

Heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts have broad applications in industrial processes, but achieving a fundamental understanding on the nature of the active sites in bimetallic catalysts at the atomic and molecular level is very challenging due to the structural complexity of the bimetallic catalysts. Comparing the structural features and the catalytic performances of different bimetallic entities will favor the formation of a unified understanding of the structure-reactivity relationships in heterogeneous bimetallic catalysts and thereby facilitate the upgrading of the current bimetallic catalysts. In this review, we will discuss the geometric and electronic structures of three representative types of bimetallic catalysts (bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) and then summarize the synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques for different bimetallic entities, with emphasis on the recent progress made in the past decade. The catalytic applications of supported bimetallic binuclear sites, bimetallic nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for a series of important reactions are discussed. Finally, we will discuss the future research directions of catalysis based on supported bimetallic catalysts and, more generally, the prospective developments of heterogeneous catalysis in both fundamental research and practical applications.