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Chai Y, Grebe SK, Maus A. Improving LC-MS/MS measurements of steroids with differential mobility spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 30:30-37. [PMID: 37859794 PMCID: PMC10582739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Steroid measurements are important for diagnosis and monitoring of many conditions and treatment regiments; however, due to structural and chemical similarities amongst steroids, these analyses are challenging, even for highly specific techniques such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) has the potential to improve these analyses by providing an orthogonal and complementary separation technique. Methods Initially, the potential for DMS to improve signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and reduce interference was tested by comparing chromatograms acquired with and without DMS when performing measurements of six different steroids. Subsequently, a full clinical validation of cortisol and cortisone in urine was performed with the LC-DMS-MS/MS method. Results and Discussion DMS significantly reduced interferences observed in the chromatograms and boosted S/N by between 1.6 and 13.8 times. Additionally, DMS improved the agreement between quantifier/qualifier fragment ion results for cortisol and cortisone as indicated by the increase in R2 from approximately 0.81 to 0.98. All validation studies met acceptance criteria and we observed exceptional analytical performance in terms of precision, with % CVs less than 8%. Conclusions DMS improved the specificity of the steroid measurements by reducing interferences and improving S/N. The validation studies prove that these benefits did not come at the expense of other aspects of analytical performance. This study indicates that DMS has the potential to benefit not just clinical measurements of challenging analytes, but many clinical LC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Chai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stefan K.G. Grebe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anthony Maus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Neal SP, Hodges WN, Velosa DC, Aderorho R, Lucas SW, Chouinard CD. Improved analysis of derivatized steroid hormone isomers using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6757-6769. [PMID: 37740752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, applications of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) have exploded due primarily to the widespread commercialization of robust instrumentation from several vendors. Unfortunately, the modest resolving power of many of these platforms (~40-60) has precluded routine separation of constitutional and stereochemical isomers. While instrumentation advances have pushed resolving power to >150 in some cases, chemical approaches offer an alternative for increasing resolution with existing IM-MS instrumentation. Herein we explore the utility of two reactions, derivatization by Girard's reagents and 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), for improving IM separation of steroid hormone isomers. These reactions are fast (≤30 min), simple (requiring only basic lab equipment/expertise), and low-cost. Notably, these reactions are structurally selective in that they target carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, respectively, which are found in all naturally occurring steroids. Many steroid hormone isomers differ only in the number, location, and/or stereochemistry of these functional groups, allowing these reactions to "amplify" subtle structural differences and improve IM resolution. Our results show that resolution was significantly improved amongst CDI-derivatized isomer groups of hydroxyprogesterone (two-peak resolution of Rpp = 1.10 between 21-OHP and 11B-OHP), deoxycortisone (Rpp = 1.47 between 11-DHC and 21-DOC), and desoximetasone (Rpp = 1.98 between desoximetasone and fluocortolone). Moreover, characteristic collision cross section (DTCCSN2) measurements can be used to increase confidence in the identification of these compounds in complex biological mixtures. To demonstrate the feasibility of analyzing the derivatized steroids in complex biological matrixes, the reactions were performed following steroid extraction from urine and yielded similar results. Additionally, we applied a software-based approach (high-resolution demultiplexing) that further improved the resolving power (>150). Overall, our results suggest that targeted derivatization reactions coupled with IM-MS can significantly improve the resolution of challenging isomer groups, allowing for more accurate and efficient analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shon P Neal
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Walker N Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Diana C Velosa
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Ralph Aderorho
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shadrack Wilson Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 211 S. Palmetto Blvd, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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High-end ion mobility mass spectrometry: A current review of analytical capacity in omics applications and structural investigations. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Hynds HM, Hines KM. Ion Mobility Shift Reagents for Lipid Double Bonds Based on Paternò-Büchi Photoderivatization with Halogenated Acetophenones. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1982-1989. [PMID: 36126229 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction is a cycloaddition reaction between a carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) and a photochemically excited carbonyl-containing compound. The constrained ring formed between the C═C bond and the PB reagent is more susceptible to fragmentation by collision-induced dissociation, which facilitates identification of the C═C position within the fatty acyl tails of lipids. Although the original PB reaction using acetone had a low yield of derivatized lipids and therefore a low yield of diagnostic ions, a new generation of PB reagents based on halogenated acetophenones has improved the reaction yield substantially. In this study, we investigated the use of halogenated PB reagents and ion mobility to improve the identification of PB-derivatized lipids by shifting them out of the densely populated lipid region of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) space. Several halogenated PB reagents containing fluorine, chlorine and bromine were investigated for their ability to decrease the collision cross-section (CCS) values of derivatized lipids and yield sufficient intensity for both the derivatized lipid and its diagnostic ions. We found that 4'-chloro-2',6'-difluoroacetophenone (CDFAP) displayed the best performance, with an average decrease in CCS of 4.4% and yield of derivatized lipids and diagnostic ions comparable to the trifluorinated acetophenone reagent proposed by the Xia group. The unique isotope pattern resulting from the chlorine substituent aided in identification of the derivatized lipids and their diagnostic ions, as well. We further demonstrate that derivatization with CDFAP preserves the separation of lipids classes in IM-MS space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Hynds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Velosa DC, Dunham AJ, Rivera ME, Neal SP, Chouinard CD. Improved Ion Mobility Separation and Structural Characterization of Steroids using Derivatization Methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1761-1771. [PMID: 35914213 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are an important class of biomolecules studied for their role in metabolism, development, nutrition, and disease. Although highly sensitive GC- and LC-MS/MS-based methods have been developed for targeted quantitation of known steroid metabolites, emerging techniques including ion mobility (IM) have shown promise in improved analysis and capacity to better identify unknowns in complex biological samples. Herein, we couple LC-IM-MS/MS with structurally selective reactions targeting hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups to improve IM resolution and structural elucidation. We demonstrate that 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole derivatization of hydroxyl stereoisomer pairs such as testosterone/epitestosterone and androsterone/epiandrosterone results in increased IM resolution with ΔCCS > 15%. Additionally, performing this in parallel with derivatization of the carbonyl group by Girard's Reagent P resulted in unique products based on relative differences in number of each functional group and C17 alkylation. These changes could be easily deciphered using the combination of retention time, collision cross section, accurate mass, and MS/MS fragmentation pattern. Derivatization by Girard's Reagent P, which contains a fixed charge quaternary amine, also increased the ionization efficiency and could be explored for its potential benefit to sensitivity. Overall, the combination of these simple and easy derivatization reactions with LC-IM-MS/MS analysis provides a method for improved analysis of known target analytes while also yielding critical structural information that can be used for identification of potential unknowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Velosa
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32904, United States
| | - Andrew J Dunham
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32904, United States
| | - Marcus E Rivera
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32904, United States
| | - Shon P Neal
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32904, United States
| | - Christopher D Chouinard
- Chemistry Program, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32904, United States
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Chouinard CD. Enhancing the Performance of Analytical Methods to Combat Doping in Sport. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.do7666u9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) has become a cornerstone bioanalytical technique over the last two decades. Major advances have included new technology and software that enabled higher resolving power measurements; however, chemistry-based approaches, such as derivatization reactions, have also shown tremendous promise. This article demonstrates our work using IM–MS to detect anabolic steroids and describes how this technology could one day find its way into the anti-doping world.
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te Brinke E, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland MH. Insights of ion mobility spectrometry and its application on food safety and authenticity: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Neal SP, Wilson KM, Velosa DC, Chouinard CD. “Targeted Glucocorticoid Analysis using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry (IM-MS)”. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 24:50-56. [PMID: 35469203 PMCID: PMC9034309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (LC-IM-MS) for glucocorticoids. Determination of collision cross sections (CCS) for isomers. Different cation adducts shifted mobility and improved IM separation. Changing drift gas (He, Ar, CO2) shifted mobility and improved resolution.
Introduction Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is an emerging technique in the -omics fields that has broad potential applicability to the clinical lab. As a rapid, gas-phase structure-based separation technique, IM-MS offers promise in isomer separations and can be easily combined with existing LC-MS methods (i.e., LC-IM-MS). Several experimental conditions, including analyte cation adducts and drift composition further provide a means to tune separations for global and/or targeted applications. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility of IM-MS under a range of experimental conditions for detection of glucocorticoids, and specifically for the separation of several isomeric pairs. Methods LC-IM-MS was used to characterize 16 glucocorticoids including three isomer pairs: cortisone/prednisolone, betamethasone/dexamethasone, and flunisolide/triamcinolone acetonide. Collision cross section (CCS) values were measured for all common adducts (e.g., protonated and sodiated) using both step-field and single-field methods. Alternative alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals were introduced, such that their adducts could also be measured. Finally, four different drift gases (helium, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide) were compared for their relative separation capability. Results LC-IM-MS offered a robust, multidimensional separation technique that allowed for the 16 glucocorticoids to be analyzed and separated in three-dimensions (retention time, CCS, and m/z). Despite the relatively modest resolution of isomer pairs under standard conditions (i.e., nitrogen drift gas, sodiated ions, etc.), improvements were observed for alkaline earth and transition metals (notable barium adducts) and in carbon dioxide drift gas. Conclusion In summary, LC-IM-MS offers potential as a clinical method due to its ease of coupling with traditional LC-MS methods and its promise for tuning separations to better resolve targeted and/or global isomers in complex biological samples.
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Davis DE, Leaptrot KL, Koomen DC, May JC, Cavalcanti GDA, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, McLean JA. Multidimensional Separations of Intact Phase II Steroid Metabolites Utilizing LC-Ion Mobility-HRMS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10990-10998. [PMID: 34319704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection and unambiguous identification of anabolic-androgenic steroid metabolites are essential in clinical, forensic, and antidoping analyses. Recently, sulfate phase II steroid metabolites have received increased attention in steroid metabolism and drug testing. In large part, this is because phase II steroid metabolites are excreted for an extended time, making them a potential long-term chemical marker of choice for tracking steroid misuse in sports. Comprehensive analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been used to detect and identify glucuronide and sulfate steroids in human urine with high sensitivity and reliability. However, LC-MS/MS identification strategies can be hindered by the fact that phase II steroid metabolites generate nonselective ion fragments across the different metabolite markers, limiting the confidence in metabolite identifications that rely on exact mass measurement and MS/MS information. Additionally, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is sometimes insufficient at fully resolving the analyte peaks from the sample matrix (commonly urine) chemical noise, further complicating accurate identification efforts. Therefore, we developed a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IM-HRMS) method to increase the peak capacity and utilize the IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) values as an additional molecular descriptor for increased selectivity and to improve identifications of intact steroid analyses at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L Leaptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David C Koomen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Gustavo de A Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Janesko BG. Replacing hybrid density functional theory: motivation and recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8470-8495. [PMID: 34060549 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure approximation across chemistry, physics, and materials science. Every year, thousands of papers report hybrid DFT simulations of chemical structures, mechanisms, and spectra. Unfortunately, hybrid DFT's accuracy is ultimately limited by tradeoffs between over-delocalization and under-binding. This review summarizes these tradeoffs, and introduces six modern attempts to go beyond them while maintaining hybrid DFT's relatively low computational cost: DFT+U, self-interaction corrections, localized orbital scaling corrections, local hybrid functionals, real-space nondynamical correlation, and our rung-3.5 approach. The review concludes with practical suggestions for DFT users to identify and mitigate these tradeoffs' impact on their simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Dr, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:8-35. [PMID: 33185038 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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