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Wang H, Pang Z, Wang L, Tian G, Li F, Pan Y, Ding K. Localization of potato browning resistance genes based on BSA-seq technology. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17831. [PMID: 39131626 PMCID: PMC11313402 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Browning is a common problem that occurs during potato processing; it is typically resolved by adding chemicals during the production process. However, there is a need to develop potato varieties that are resistant to browning due to a growing consumer interest in healthier diets. This study initially identified 275 potato varieties that are resistant to browning; these were narrowed down to eight varieties, with four of them being highly resistant. A hybrid population was developed by crossing the highly resistant CIP395109.29 with the easily browned Kexin 23. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was conducted, which identified 21 potato genes associated with anti-browning properties through sequencing data analysis and organization. The findings of this study lay a solid groundwork for future research on breeding potatoes with anti-browning traits, offer molecular markers for identifying anti-browning varieties, and serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into potato browning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ze Pang
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guokui Tian
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengyun Li
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaixin Ding
- Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Genetics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Potato Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
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Zhao X, Li X, Bao A, Zhang X, Xu Y, Li Y. Metabolome and transcriptome integration explored the mechanism of browning in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305871. [PMID: 39045599 PMCID: PMC11263121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb known for its diverse pharmacological effects including heat-clearing, detoxification, phlegm dissolving, and cough relief, has experienced an exponential increase in demand due to its expanding clinical use and development prospects. Currently, large-scale cell culture stands out as one of the most promising biotechnological approaches for producing bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. However, the problem of cell browning represents a significant bottleneck in industrial applications of cell culture. Methods This study focuses on the Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch cells from the Ordos plateau, aiming to elucidate the enzymatic browning process during plant cell culture. Key substrates and genes involved in enzymatic browning were identified by metabolome and transcriptome analysis of normal and browning cells. Results Metabolome analysis reveals significant changes in the levels of chalcone, isoflavone, imidazole-pyrimidine, purine nucleosides, organic oxides, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, benzene and its derivatives, flavonoids, 2-arylated benzofuran flavonoids, diazanaphthalenes and fatty acyls within browning cells. In particular, chalcones, isoflavones, and flavones compounds account for a higher proportion of these changes. Furthermore, these compounds collectively show enrichment in four metabolic pathways: Isoflavone biosynthesis pathway; Cutin suberine and wax biosynthesis pathway; Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway; Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis pathway; Transcriptome analysis revealed that the MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of flavonoid synthesis during the browning process in cells. In addition, 223 differentially expressed genes were identified, including phenylpropane, shikimic acid, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathways. Among these genes, 23 are directly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis; qPCR validation showed that eight genes (GlPK, GlPAL, Gl24CL, Gl1PDT, Gl3CHI, GlC4H, Gl2F3'H, and Gl2CCR) were up-regulated in browning cells compared to normal cells. These findings corroborate the sequencing results and underscore the critical role of these genes in cellular browning. Discussion Consequently, modulation of their expression offers promising strategies for effective control of cellular browning issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yongbin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yali Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
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Wang C, Meng L, Zhang G, Yang X, Pang B, Cheng J, He B, Sun F. Unraveling crop enzymatic browning through integrated omics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342639. [PMID: 38371411 PMCID: PMC10869537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning reactions, triggered by oxidative stress, significantly compromise the quality of harvested crops during postharvest handling. This has profound implications for the agricultural industry. Recent advances have employed a systematic, multi-omics approach to developing anti-browning treatments, thereby enhancing our understanding of the resistance mechanisms in harvested crops. This review illuminates the current multi-omics strategies, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying browning. These strategies are pivotal for identifying potential metabolic markers or pathways that could mitigate browning in postharvest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Guochao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Bingwen Pang
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing He
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fushan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
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Murata M. Food chemistry and biochemistry of enzymatic browning. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatsune Murata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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5
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Park EY, Moon JH, Park HY, Lee HJ, Kim JY. Effect of thermal shock cycling on storage stability and quality of fresh-cut potato. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maioli A, Gianoglio S, Moglia A, Acquadro A, Valentino D, Milani AM, Prohens J, Orzaez D, Granell A, Lanteri S, Comino C. Simultaneous CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Three PPO Genes Reduces Fruit Flesh Browning in Solanum melongena L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:607161. [PMID: 33343607 PMCID: PMC7744776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidization of polyphenols, which in turn causes the browning of the eggplant berry flesh after cutting. This has a negative impact on fruit quality for both industrial transformation and fresh consumption. Ten PPO genes (named SmelPPO1-10) were identified in eggplant thanks to the recent availability of a high-quality genome sequence. A CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis approach was applied to knock-out three target PPO genes (SmelPPO4, SmelPPO5, and SmelPPO6), which showed high transcript levels in the fruit after cutting. An optimized transformation protocol for eggplant cotyledons was used to obtain plants in which Cas9 is directed to a conserved region shared by the three PPO genes. The successful editing of the SmelPPO4, SmelPPO5, and SmelPPO6 loci of in vitro regenerated plantlets was confirmed by Illumina deep sequencing of amplicons of the target sites. Besides, deep sequencing of amplicons of the potential off-target loci identified in silico proved the absence of detectable non-specific mutations. The induced mutations were stably inherited in the T1 and T2 progeny and were associated with a reduced PPO activity and browning of the berry flesh after cutting. Our results provide the first example of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in eggplant for biotechnological applications and open the way to the development of eggplant genotypes with low flesh browning which maintain a high polyphenol content in the berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Maioli
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Moglia
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Moglia
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Danila Valentino
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Crop Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Mi Moon K, Young Kim C, Yeul Ma J, Lee B. Xanthone-related compounds as an anti-browning and antioxidant food additive. Food Chem 2019; 274:345-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Aziz E, Batool R, Akhtar W, Rehman S, Gregersen PL, Mahmood T. Expression analysis of the polyphenol oxidase gene in response to signaling molecules, herbivory and wounding in antisense transgenic tobacco plants. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:55. [PMID: 30729079 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We provide evidence that the expression of the PPO gene was significantly reduced in response to wounding, MeJ and herbivory in transgenic tobacco under wound-inducible OsRGLP2 promoter in an anti-sense orientation. ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes play an important role in plant defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, a 655 bp core sequence of the potato PPO gene was placed under the control of wound-inducible OsRGLP2 promoter in an anti-sense direction to evaluate its potential effects during biotic (Trialeurodes vaporariorum's infestation) and various abiotic (wounding, MeJ, ABA) stresses. Transcriptional profiling of PPO gene by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in transgenic tobacco revealed a significant suppression (3.5-fold) of PPO in response to wounding than control plants after 24 h. In response to MeJ at different concentrations (100 µM and 200 µM), the PPO expression was greatly down-regulated by 4.7-fold after 6 h at 100 µM MeJ, and a non-significant expression was observed with ABA treatment. Moreover, significant levels of PPO reduction (sixfolds) was found in whitefly feeding assay indicating that expression of potato PPO in an anti-sense orientation had down-regulated the PPO activity. This down-regulation of PPO by wounding, MeJ and whitefly infestation clearly links the specific expression of PPO in biotic and abiotic stresses. In the future, PPO gene suppression in transgenic plants using anti-sense potato PPO gene construct can be used to inhibit enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables, e.g., potato.
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González MN, Massa GA, Andersson M, Turesson H, Olsson N, Fält AS, Storani L, Décima Oneto CA, Hofvander P, Feingold SE. Reduced Enzymatic Browning in Potato Tubers by Specific Editing of a Polyphenol Oxidase Gene via Ribonucleoprotein Complexes Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1649. [PMID: 31998338 PMCID: PMC6962139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol Oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the conversion of phenolic substrates to quinones, leading to the formation of dark-colored precipitates in fruits and vegetables. This process, known as enzymatic browning, is the cause of undesirable changes in organoleptic properties and the loss of nutritional quality in plant-derived products. In potato (Solanum tubersoum L.), PPOs are encoded by a multi-gene family with different expression patterns. Here, we have studied the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce mutations in the StPPO2 gene in the tetraploid cultivar Desiree. We hypothesized that the specific editing of this target gene would result in a lower PPO activity in the tuber with the consequent reduction of the enzymatic browning. Ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), formed by two sgRNAs and Cas9 nuclease, were transfected to potato protoplasts. Up to 68% of regenerated plants contained mutations in at least one allele of the target gene, while 24% of edited lines carried mutations in all four alleles. No off-target mutations were identified in other analyzed StPPO genes. Mutations induced in the four alleles of StPPO2 gene, led to lines with a reduction of up to 69% in tuber PPO activity and a reduction of 73% in enzymatic browning, compared to the control. Our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be applied to develop potato varieties with reduced enzymatic browning in tubers, by the specific editing of a single member of the StPPO gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Nicolás González
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, INTA - EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Matías Nicolás González,
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Massa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, INTA - EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Helle Turesson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Niklas Olsson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Fält
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Storani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, INTA - EEA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Romani VP, Hernández CP, Martins VG. Pink pepper phenolic compounds incorporation in starch/protein blends and its potential to inhibit apple browning. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Moon KM, Lee B, Cho WK, Lee BS, Kim CY, Ma JY. Swertiajaponin as an anti-browning and antioxidant flavonoid. Food Chem 2018; 252:207-214. [PMID: 29478533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning is a major issue that needs to be solved in the food industry. Although swertiajaponin is a flavonoid rich in the whole herb of Swertia japonica that has been clinically used, its biological functions and application in the foods have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that swertiajaponin efficiently blocked enzymatic browning in potatoes possibly by direct binding to and inactivating polyphenol oxidase. Furthermore, swertiajaponin showed potent antioxidant activity proven by markedly suppressed reactive oxygen species. Swertiajaponin significantly increased antioxidant properties of potato extract when it is added since it additively elevated total flavonoid content. Considering numerous beneficial effects of antioxidants, swertiajaponin may be used as a functional food additive to suppress enzymatic browning and elevate the antioxidant capacity of foods including beverages and soups by fortification of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Moon
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Nadakuduti SS, Buell CR, Voytas DF, Starker CG, Douches DS. Genome Editing for Crop Improvement - Applications in Clonally Propagated Polyploids With a Focus on Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30483283 PMCID: PMC6243044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-editing has revolutionized biology. When coupled with a recently streamlined regulatory process by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the potential to generate transgene-free varieties, genome-editing provides a new avenue for crop improvement. For heterozygous, polyploid and vegetatively propagated crops such as cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum L., genome-editing presents tremendous opportunities for trait improvement. In potato, traits such as improved resistance to cold-induced sweetening, processing efficiency, herbicide tolerance, modified starch quality and self-incompatibility have been targeted utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN reagents in diploid and tetraploid clones. However, limited progress has been made in other such crops including sweetpotato, strawberry, grapes, citrus, banana etc., In this review we summarize the developments in genome-editing platforms, delivery mechanisms applicable to plants and then discuss the recent developments in regulation of genome-edited crops in the United States and The European Union. Next, we provide insight into the challenges of genome-editing in clonally propagated polyploid crops, their current status for trait improvement with future prospects focused on potato, a global food security crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Swathi Nadakuduti
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Satya Swathi Nadakuduti, David S. Douches,
| | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- AgBioResearch – Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Colby G. Starker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - David S. Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- AgBioResearch – Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Satya Swathi Nadakuduti, David S. Douches,
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Hara-Skrzypiec A, Śliwka J, Jakuczun H, Zimnoch-Guzowska E. Quantitative trait loci for tuber blackspot bruise and enzymatic discoloration susceptibility in diploid potato. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:331-342. [PMID: 29080143 PMCID: PMC5854731 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuber tissue discolorations caused by impact (blackspot bruising) and enzymatic discoloration (ED) after tuber cutting are crucial quality traits of the cultivated potato. To understand the complex genetics of the traits, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using diploid mapping population and diversity array technology (DArT) markers was performed. The phenotypic assessment included the complex evaluation of blackspot bruising susceptibility through two methods: rotating drum (BRD) and falling bolt (BFB) in combination with the evaluation of enzymatic discoloration. Because of observed in-practice relationship between bruising susceptibility and tuber starch content (TSC), analysis of starch content-corrected bruising susceptibility (SCB) was performed. QTLs for bruising were detected on chromosomes I, V with both test methods. The rotating drum method enabled the detection of additional QTLs on chromosomes VIII and XII. Analysis of SCB enabled the identification of the major QTL on chromosome V and two weaker QTLs on chromosomes VIII and XII, independently of starch content. The QTL for bruising detected on chromosome I overlapped with the most significant QTL for tuber starch content. This QTL was not significant for starch content-corrected bruising susceptibility, and the effect of the QTL on chromosome V was enhanced for this trait. The QTL analysis of ED revealed the contribution of seven QTLs for the trait, located on six chromosomes, including these detected for the first time: a major locus on chromosome V and minor QTLs on chromosomes VII and X, which were specific for the trait. The QTL for ED on chromosome VIII was co-localized with the marker for polyphenol oxidase (POT32). The phenotypic correlation between bruising and ED was confirmed in QTL analyses of both traits, and the QTLs detected for these traits overlapped on chromosomes I, V, and VIII. Our results should provide a basis for further studies on candidate genes affecting blackspot bruise susceptibility and enzymatic discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hara-Skrzypiec
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland.
| | - J Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - H Jakuczun
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - E Zimnoch-Guzowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Młochów, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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Yokotani N, Uraji M, Hara M, Hihara S, Hatanaka T, Oda K. Low accumulation of chlorogenic acids represses reddening during flesh browning in Japanese peach “Okayama PEH7”. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:147-152. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1234926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In peaches, fruit flesh browns unattractively after peeling or cutting. A recently developed cultivar, Okayama PEH7, was distinct from other Japanese cultivars, including Okayama PEH8, with respect to its reduced browning potential. Homogenate prepared from Okayama PEH7 flesh had significantly less reddening during the browning reaction. Okayama PEH7 had less soluble phenolic compounds and higher polyphenol oxidase activity than Okayama PEH8. Reduced browning was observed even when phenols prepared from Okayama PEH7 were incubated with crude extract from Okayama PEH8, suggesting that phenols lower the browning potential of Okayama PEH7. In Okayama PEH7, contents of chlorogenic acid and its isomers were about one-tenth compared to Okayama PEH8. Exogenous addition of chlorogenic acid to Okayama PEH7 homogenate increased the browning potential and visibly enhanced reddening. These results indicate that the reduced browning of Okayama PEH7 flesh is due to a defect in chlorogenic acid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yokotani
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Misugi Uraji
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Seisuke Hihara
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Akaiwa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
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Guo Q, Liu Q, Smith NA, Liang G, Wang MB. RNA Silencing in Plants: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications in Horticultural Crops. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:476-489. [PMID: 28217004 PMCID: PMC5108043 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160520103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental nature of a molecular process or a biological pathway is often a catalyst for the development of new technologies in biology. Indeed, studies from late 1990s to early 2000s have uncovered multiple overlapping but functionally distinct RNA silencing pathways in plants, including the posttranscriptional microRNA and small interfering RNA pathways and the transcriptional RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway. These findings have in turn been exploited for developing artificial RNA silencing technologies such as hairpin RNA, artificial microRNA, intrinsic direct repeat, 3' UTR inverted repeat, artificial trans-acting siRNA, and virus-induced gene silencing technologies. Some of these RNA silencing technologies, such as the hairpin RNA technology, have already been widely used for genetic improvement of crop plants in agriculture. For horticultural plants, RNA silencing technologies have been used to increase disease and pest resistance, alter plant architecture and flowering time, improve commercial traits of fruits and flowers, enhance nutritional values, remove toxic compounds and allergens, and develop high-value industrial products. In this article we aim to provide an overview of the RNA silencing pathways in plants, summarize the existing RNA silencing technologies, and review the current progress in applying these technologies for the improvement of agricultural crops particularly horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigao Guo
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil A Smith
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Guolu Liang
- College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture (CSIRO), ACT 2601, Australia
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16
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Tsouvaltzis P, Brecht JK. Inhibition of Enzymatic Browning of Fresh-Cut Potato by Immersion in Citric Acid is Not Solely Due to pH Reduction of the Solution. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Tsouvaltzis
- Horticultural Sciences Department; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611-0690
| | - Jeffrey K. Brecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611-0690
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Docimo T, Francese G, De Palma M, Mennella D, Toppino L, Lo Scalzo R, Mennella G, Tucci M. Insights in the Fruit Flesh Browning Mechanisms in Solanum melongena Genetic Lines with Opposite Postcut Behavior. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4675-85. [PMID: 27198496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Color, taste, flavor, nutritional value, and shelf life are important factors determining quality and healthiness of food and vegetables. These factors are strongly affected by browning processes, occurring after fruit or vegetable cutting. Characterization of ten eggplant genotypes for chlorogenic acid (CGA) content, total phenols (TP), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, and browning tendency corroborated a lack of significant correlations between biochemical factors and fruit flesh browning. Further in-depth molecular and biochemical analyses of two divergent eggplant genetic lines, AM199 (high browning) and AM086 (low browning), within 30 min from cutting, highlighted differences in the physiological mechanisms underlying the browning process. qRT-PCR analysis revealed distinct activation mechanisms of CGA biosynthetic and PPO genes in the two genetic lines. Metabolic data on CGA, sugars, and ascorbic acid contents confirmed that their different browning tendency matched with different metabolic responses to cutting. Our findings suggest that the complex mechanism of flesh browning in the two eggplant genetic lines might be mediated by multiple specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Docimo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse, UOS Portici , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - G Francese
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CREA-ORT) , Via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - M De Palma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse, UOS Portici , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - D Mennella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse, UOS Portici , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - L Toppino
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Unità di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CREA-ORL) , Via Paullese 28, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - R Lo Scalzo
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Unità di ricerca per i processi dell'industria agroalimentare (CREA-IAA) , Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Mennella
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CREA-ORT) , Via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - M Tucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse, UOS Portici , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Tomková-Drábková L, Psota V, Sachambula L, Leišová-Svobodová L, Mikyška A, Kučera L. Changes in polyphenol compounds and barley laccase expression during the malting process. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:497-504. [PMID: 25639800 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenols and phenolic acid are able to slow down or prevent oxidation processes and are therefore thought to have important effects in malting and brewing. Laccase catalyses the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, including polyphenols. The aim of this paper was to determine the changes in polyphenol compounds and the relative expression of the HvLac1 gene during malting. RESULTS The dominant phenolic acid was ferulic acid. The amount of ferulic acid increased, whereas the amount of vanillic acid decreased during malting. The highest levels of expression of the HvLac1 gene were observed during the third air rest period in varieties with the 'Haruna Nijo' (HN) allele, as recommended for the production of beer with the protected geographical indication (PGI) 'Česke pivo' (Czech beer), whereas the highest expression was observed in the first day of germination in varieties with the 'Morex' (M) allele. However, the profiles of HvLac1 gene expression in varieties with alternative alleles during malting were similar, and the level of polyphenol compounds throughout malting was different. CONCLUSION The polyphenol contents in barley increased several-fold during malting, and the degree of increase differed with variety. The expression of HvLac1 transcript was similar in every barley variety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vratislav Psota
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, PLC (RIBM), 12044 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sachambula
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, PLC (RIBM), 12044 Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alexandr Mikyška
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, PLC (RIBM), 12044 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kučera
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
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Chi M, Bhagwat B, Tang G, Xiang Y. Knockdown of Polyphenol Oxidase Gene Expression in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with Artificial MicroRNAs. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1405:163-178. [PMID: 26843174 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3393-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance and interest to develop crop varieties with low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity for the food industry because PPO-mediated oxidative browning is a main cause of post-harvest deterioration and quality loss of fresh produce and processed foods. We recently demonstrated that potato tubers with reduced browning phenotypes can be produced by inhibition of the expression of several PPO gene isoforms using artificial microRNA (amiRNA) technology. The approach introduces a single type of 21-nucleotide RNA population to guide silencing of the PPO gene transcripts in potato tissues. Some advantages of the technology are: small RNA molecules are genetically transformed, off-target gene silencing can be avoided or minimized at the stage of amiRNA designs, and accuracy and efficiency of the processes can be detected at every step using molecular biological techniques. Here we describe the methods for transformation and regeneration of potatoes with amiRNA vectors, detection of the expression of amiRNAs, identification of the cleaved product of the target gene transcripts, and assay of the expression level of PPO gene isoforms in potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chi
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Box 5000, Summerland, BC, Canada, V0H 1Z0
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Basdeo Bhagwat
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Box 5000, Summerland, BC, Canada, V0H 1Z0
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Provincial State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Box 5000, Summerland, BC, Canada, V0H 1Z0.
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20
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Sukhonthara S, Kaewka K, Theerakulkait C. Inhibitory effect of rice bran extracts and its phenolic compounds on polyphenol oxidase activity and browning in potato and apple puree. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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The effects of modified atmosphere packaging on core browning and the expression patterns of PPO and PAL genes in ‘Yali’ pears during cold storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Wang Q, Cao Y, Zhou L, Jiang CZ, Feng Y, Wei S. Effects of postharvest curing treatment on flesh colour and phenolic metabolism in fresh-cut potato products. Food Chem 2015; 169:246-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Gramazio P, Prohens J, Plazas M, Andújar I, Herraiz FJ, Castillo E, Knapp S, Meyer RS, Vilanova S. Location of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathway and polyphenol oxidase genes in a new interspecific anchored linkage map of eggplant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:350. [PMID: 25491265 PMCID: PMC4279458 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eggplant is a powerful source of polyphenols which seems to play a key role in the prevention of several human diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Chlorogenic acid is the polyphenol most present in eggplant, comprising between the 70% and 90% of the total polyphenol content. Introduction of the high chlorogenic acid content of wild relatives, such as S. incanum, into eggplant varieties will be of great interest. A potential side effect of the increased level polyphenols could be a decrease on apparent quality due to browning caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzymes mediated oxidation of polyphenols. We report the development of a new interspecific S. melongena × S. incanum linkage map based on a first backcross generation (BC1) towards the cultivated S. melongena as a tool for introgressing S. incanum alleles involved in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid in the genetic background of S. melongena. RESULTS The interspecific genetic linkage map of eggplant developed in this work anchor the most informative previously published genetic maps of eggplant using common markers. The 91 BC1 plants of the mapping population were genotyped with 42 COSII, 99 SSRs, 88 AFLPs, 9 CAPS, 4 SNPs and one morphological polymorphic markers. Segregation marker data resulted in a map encompassing 1085 cM distributed in 12 linkage groups. Based on the syntheny with tomato, the candidate genes involved in the core chlorogenic acid synthesis pathway in eggplant (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3'H, HQT) as well as five polyphenol oxidase (PPO1, PPO2, PPO3, PPO4, PPO5) were mapped. Except for 4CL and HCT chlorogenic acid genes were not linked. On the contrary, all PPO genes clustered together. Candidate genes important in domestication such as fruit shape (OVATE, SISUN1) and prickliness were also located. CONCLUSIONS The achievements in location of candidate genes will allow the search of favorable alleles employing marker-assisted selection in order to develop new varieties with higher chlorogenic content alongside a lower polyphenol oxidase activity. This will result into an enhanced product showing a lower fruit flesh browning with improved human health properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gramazio
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Prohens
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariola Plazas
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Andújar
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Herraiz
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Castillo
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Knapp
- />Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Rachel S Meyer
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003 USA
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi Research Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Santiago Vilanova
- />Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Shepherd LVT, Alexander CJ, Hackett CA, McRae D, Sungurtas JA, Verrall SR, Morris JA, Hedley PE, Rockhold D, Belknap W, Davies HV. Impacts on the metabolome of down-regulating polyphenol oxidase in potato tubers. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:447-61. [PMID: 25417184 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Estima) genetically modified to reduce polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and enzymatic discolouration were assessed for changes in the metabolome using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS. Metabolome changes induced over a 48 hour (h) period by tuber wounding (sliced transverse sections) were also assessed using two PPO antisense lines (asPPO) and a wild-type (WT) control. Data were analysed using Principal Components Analysis and Analysis of Variance to assess differences between genotypes and temporal changes post-tuber wounding (by slicing). The levels of 15 metabolites (out of a total of 134 that were detected) differed between the WT and asPPO lines in mature tubers at harvest. A considerably higher number (63) of these metabolites changed significantly over a 48 h period following tuber wounding. For individual metabolites the magnitude of the differences between the WT and asPPO lines at harvest were small compared with the impacts of tuber wounding on metabolite levels. Some of the observed metabolite changes are explicable in terms of pathways known to be affected by wound responses. Whilst some statistically significant interactions (11 metabolites) were observed between line and time after wounding, very few profiles were consistent when comparing the WT with both asPPO lines, and the underlying metabolites appeared to be random in terms of the pathways they occupy. Overall, mechanical damage to tubers has a considerably greater impact on the metabolite profile than any potential unintended effects resulting from the down-regulation of PPO gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Vida Traill Shepherd
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK,
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25
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1147] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Chi M, Bhagwat B, Lane WD, Tang G, Su Y, Sun R, Oomah BD, Wiersma PA, Xiang Y. Reduced polyphenol oxidase gene expression and enzymatic browning in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with artificial microRNAs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:62. [PMID: 24618103 PMCID: PMC4007649 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), often encoded by a multi-gene family, causes oxidative browning, a significant problem in many food products. Low-browning potatoes were produced previously through suppression of PPO gene expression, but the contribution of individual PPO gene isoform to the oxidative browning process was unknown. Here we investigated the contributions of different PPO genes to total PPO protein activity, and the correlations between PPO protein level, PPO activity and tuber tissue browning potential by suppression of all previously characterized potato PPO genes, both individually and in combination using artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) technology. RESULTS Survey of the potato genome database revealed 9 PPO-like gene models, named StuPPO1 to StuPPO9 in this report. StuPPO1, StuPPO2, StuPPO3 and StuPPO4 are allelic to the characterized POTP1/P2, POT32, POT33 and POT72, respectively. Fewer ESTs were found to support the transcriptions of StuPPO5 to StuPPO8. StuPPO9 related ESTs were expressed at significant higher levels in pathogen-infected potato tissues. A series of browning phenotypes were obtained by suppressing StuPPO1 to StuPPO4 genes alone and in combination. Down-regulation of one or several of the PPO genes did not usually cause up-regulation of the other PPO genes in the transgenic potato tubers, but resulted in reduced PPO protein levels. The different PPO genes did not contribute equally to the total PPO protein content in the tuber tissues, with StuPPO2 accounting for ~ 55% as the major contributor, followed by StuPPO1, ~ 25-30% and StuPPO3 and StuPPO4 together with less than 15%. Strongly positive correlations between PPO protein level, PPO activity and browning potential were demonstrated in our analysis. Low PPO activity and low-browning potatoes were produced by simultaneous down-regulation of StuPPO2 to StuPPO4, but the greatest reduction occurred when StuPPO1 to StuPPO4 were all suppressed. CONCLUSION StuPPO1 to StuPPO4 genes contributed to browning reactions in tuber tissues but their effect was not equal. Different PPO genes may be regulated independently reflecting their diversified functions. Our results show that amiRNAs can be used to suppress closely related members of highly conserved multi-gene family. This approach also suggests a new strategy for breeding low-browning crops using small DNA inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chi
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Basdeo Bhagwat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - W David Lane
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Yinquan Su
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runcang Sun
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - B Dave Oomah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Paul A Wiersma
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Yu Xiang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Abstract
The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from fresh purple sweet potato (PSP) by phosphate buffer solution, and spectrophotometry method was applied in the experiment. The process of the reaction catalyzed by PPO with different substrate concentrations and the relationship between enzyme concentrations and PPO activity were mainly studied here. The result showed that the effect of enzyme concentration on PPO activity was stronger than that of substrate concentration on PPO activity.
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Inlow JK, Moerschbacher BM. Site-directed mutagenesis of a tetrameric dandelion polyphenol oxidase (PPO-6) reveals the site of subunit interaction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:203-217. [PMID: 22814940 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of ortho-diphenols to the corresponding quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). In plants PPOs appear in gene families, and the corresponding isoenzymes are located to the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts. Although plant PPOs are often discussed with regard to their role in defense reactions, a common physiological function has not yet been defined. We analyzed a tetrameric PPO isoenzyme (PPO-6) from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and found it to display cooperativity in catalysis, a phenomenon that has rarely been shown for plant PPOs previously. The identification of a surface-exposed cysteine (197) through molecular modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis proved this amino acid residue to stabilize the tetramer via a disulfide linkage. The C197S-mutein still forms a tetrameric structure but shows impaired enzymatic efficiency and cooperativity and a reduction in stability. These findings indicate that oligomerization may be a physiological requirement for PPO-6 stability and function in vivo and raise new questions regarding distinct functions for specific PPO isoenzymes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
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31
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Richter C, Dirks ME, Gronover CS, Prüfer D, Moerschbacher BM. Silencing and heterologous expression of ppo-2 indicate a specific function of a single polyphenol oxidase isoform in resistance of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:200-10. [PMID: 22026646 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-11-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) possesses an unusually high degree of disease resistance. As this plant exhibits high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and PPO have been implicated in resistance against pests and pathogens, we analyzed the potential involvement of five PPO isoenzymes in the resistance of dandelion against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Only one PPO (ppo-2) was induced during infection, and ppo-2 promoter and β-glucuronidase marker gene fusions revealed strong induction of the gene surrounding lesions induced by B. cinerea. Specific RNAi silencing reduced ppo-2 expression only, and concomitantly increased plant susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato. At 4 days postinoculation, P. syringae pv. tomato populations were strongly increased in the ppo-2 RNAi lines compared with wild-type plants. When the dandelion ppo-2 gene was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant having no PPO gene, active protein was formed and protein extracts of the transgenic plants exhibited substrate-dependent antimicrobial activity against P. syringae pv. tomato. These results clearly indicate a strong contribution of a specific, single PPO isoform to disease resistance. Therefore, we propose that specific PPO isoenzymes be included in a new family of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Richter
- Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Munster, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Munster, Germany
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Sukhonthara S, Theerakulkait C. Inhibitory effect of rice bran extract on polyphenol oxidase of potato and banana. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Llorente B, Alonso GD, Bravo-Almonacid F, Rodríguez V, López MG, Carrari F, Torres HN, Flawiá MM. Safety assessment of nonbrowning potatoes: opening the discussion about the relevance of substantial equivalence on next generation biotech crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:136-50. [PMID: 20497372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is expected that the next generation of biotech crops displaying enhanced quality traits with benefits to both farmers and consumers will have a better acceptance than first generation biotech crops and will improve public perception of genetic engineering. This will only be true if they are proven to be as safe as traditionally bred crops. In contrast with the first generation of biotech crops where only a single trait is modified, the next generation of biotech crops will add a new level of complexity inherent to the mechanisms underlying their output traits. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the comparative safety approach on a quality-improved biotech crop with metabolic modifications is presented. Three genetically engineered potato lines with silenced polyphenol oxidase (Ppo) transcripts and reduced tuber browning were characterized at both physiological and molecular levels and showed to be equivalent to wild-type (WT) plants when yield-associated traits and photosynthesis were evaluated. Analysis of the primary metabolism revealed several unintended metabolic modifications in the engineered tubers, providing evidence for potential compositional inequivalence between transgenic lines and WT controls. The silencing construct sequence was in silico analysed for potential allergenic cross-reactivity, and no similarities to known allergenic proteins were identified. Moreover, in vivo intake safety evaluation showed no adverse effects in physiological parameters. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence supporting that the safety of next generation biotech crops can be properly assessed following the current evaluation criterion, even if the transgenic and WT crops are not substantially equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET and FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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LI NY, CAI WM, JIN QL, QIN QP, RAN FL. Molecular Cloning and Expression of Polyphenoloxidase Genes from the Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Urbany C, Stich B, Schmidt L, Simon L, Berding H, Junghans H, Niehoff KH, Braun A, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Gebhardt C. Association genetics in Solanum tuberosum provides new insights into potato tuber bruising and enzymatic tissue discoloration. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:7. [PMID: 21208436 PMCID: PMC3023753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most agronomic plant traits result from complex molecular networks involving multiple genes and from environmental factors. One such trait is the enzymatic discoloration of fruit and tuber tissues initiated by mechanical impact (bruising). Tuber susceptibility to bruising is a complex trait of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) that is crucial for crop quality. As phenotypic evaluation of bruising is cumbersome, the application of diagnostic molecular markers would empower the selection of low bruising potato varieties. The genetic factors and molecular networks underlying enzymatic tissue discoloration are sparsely known. Hitherto there is no association study dealing with tuber bruising and diagnostic markers for enzymatic discoloration are rare. RESULTS The natural genetic diversity for bruising susceptibility was evaluated in elite middle European potato germplasm in order to elucidate its molecular basis. Association genetics using a candidate gene approach identified allelic variants in genes that function in tuber bruising and enzymatic browning. Two hundred and five tetraploid potato varieties and breeding clones related by descent were evaluated for two years in six environments for tuber bruising susceptibility, specific gravity, yield, shape and plant maturity. Correlations were found between different traits. In total 362 polymorphic DNA fragments, derived from 33 candidate genes and 29 SSR loci, were scored in the population and tested for association with the traits using a mixed model approach, which takes into account population structure and kinship. Twenty one highly significant (p < 0.001) and robust marker-trait associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS The observed trait correlations and associated marker fragments provide new insight in the molecular basis of bruising susceptibility and its natural variation. The markers diagnostic for increased or decreased bruising susceptibility will facilitate the combination of superior alleles in breeding programs. In addition, this study presents novel candidates that might control enzymatic tissue discoloration and tuber bruising. Their validation and characterization will increase the knowledge about the underlying biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Urbany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Liu JW, Huang YY, Ding J, Liu C, Xiao XD, Ni DJ. Prokaryotic expression and purification of Camellia sinensis polyphenol oxidase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2490-2494. [PMID: 20661922 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes the postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables but is also a key factor in the quality development of tea. However, there are no reports on engineered active plant PPO purified from prokaryotic cells. RESULTS In this study the ppo gene of about 1800 bp from Camellia sinensis cv. Yihongzao was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The PPOs purified from both the soluble fraction and the inclusion bodies showed activity. In addition, 1.0 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) Cu(2+) and acidic conditions were found to be favourable for the engineered PPO catalysis of catechol oxidation. CONCLUSION This paper represents the first report on C. sinensis ppo expression in E. coli and engineered active PPO purification. The results of the study provide a basis for the large-scale preparation and application of PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tea Science Department of Horticulture and Forestry Science College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City 430070, China
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De Leonardis A, Lustrato G, Macciola V, Ranalli G. Application of chemical and physical agents in model systems to controlling phenoloxidase enzymes. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dehydration-related changes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fronds of the resurrection fern Asplenium ceterach L. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1004071z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asplenium ceterach belongs to a group of poikilohydric ferns and it can
recover uninjured from an almost completely dehydrated state. In our study,
short term dehydration (24h) at four different water potentials, resulted in
moderate water loss (partial desiccation) in fern tissue. The main phenolic
acids represented in A. ceterach were chlorogenic (CGA) and caffeic acid (CA)
and their content decreased during the dehydration process. For the first
time, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isoforms were determined
in the rustyback fern. The results exhibit the presence of numerous anionic
POD isoforms, with pI ranging from 4.4 to 5.8, but none of the cationic
isoforms was detected. Two PPO isoforms were identified, one anionic with pI
6.3 and one cationic with pI of about 9.0. Short-term dehydration brought
about a remarkable increase in POD and PPO activity using CGA as a substrate.
Changes in enzyme activity and content of substrates during dehydration may
play an important role in the adaptation of the rustyback fern to water
deficit, and increase the overall plant resistance to stress conditions.
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Pinto MST, Siqueira FP, Oliveira AEA, Fernandes KVS. A wounding-induced PPO from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seedlings. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2297-2302. [PMID: 18675435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPO) are induced in cowpea plants by wounding. The highest activity levels were detected 48h after this stimulus in both wounded and neighbor-to-wounded unifoliates of cowpea seedlings; the increase of activity was in the order of 13 to 15-fold, respectively, in comparison to control unifoliates. Multiple molecular forms of active PPO (Mrs 58, 73 and congruent with220kDa) were detected by partially denaturing SDS-PAGE. Wounding-induced cowpea PPO were extracted and purified through (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The effects of substrate specificity, pH, thermal stability and sensitivity to various inhibitors - resorcinol, EDTA, sodium azide and tropolone - of partially purified soluble PPO were investigated. Purified wounding-induced cowpea PPO (wicPPO) showed the highest activities towards 4-methylcatechol (Km=9.86mM, Vmax=24.66 EU [DeltaAmin(-1)]) and catechol (Km=3.44mM, Vmax=6.64 EU [DeltaAmin(-1)]); no activity was observed towards l-tyrosine, under the assay conditions used. The optimum pH for wound-induced cowpea PPO was 6.0 with 4-methylcatechol as substrate. The enzyme was optimally activated by 10 mM SDS and was highly stable even after 5 min at 80 degrees C. The most effective inhibitor was tropolone, whereas addition of 10mM of resorcinol, EDTA and sodium azide were able to reduce PPO activities by 40%, 15% and 100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio S T Pinto
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Yadav SK, Ahuja PS. Towards generating caffeine-free tea by metabolic engineering. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 62:185-191. [PMID: 17929169 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-007-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a rich source of antioxidants which are contributing substantially to the promotion of health and the prevention of various chronic diseases. Despite the fact that tea has various important compounds, it also contains a purine alkaloid, caffeine. High intake of tea leads to an increase in level of caffeine in addition to its important antioxidant constituents. Increased level of caffeine causes several health related problems. Therefore, tea can become a most useful source of beneficial compounds, if only its caffeine level is either decreased or eliminated all together from the plant itself. This could be achieved through either of the techniques; overexpressing caffeine degradative pathway genes or silencing caffeine biosynthesis pathway gene. The identification and cloning of caffeine biosynthesis in tea and degradative genes in microorganisms opens up the possibility of using genetic engineering to produce naturally decaffeinated tea. Here we review these different strategies which can be employed to make caffeine-free tea, a human health beneficial drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, CSIR, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India.
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Thipyapong P, Stout MJ, Attajarusit J. Functional analysis of polyphenol oxidases by antisense/sense technology. Molecules 2007; 12:1569-95. [PMID: 17960074 PMCID: PMC6149088 DOI: 10.3390/12081569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinones, the secondary reactions of which lead to oxidative browning and postharvest losses of many fruits and vegetables. PPOs are ubiquitous in angiosperms, are inducible by both biotic and abiotic stresses, and have been implicated in several physiological processes including plant defense against pathogens and insects, the Mehler reaction, photoreduction of molecular oxygen by PSI, regulation of plastidic oxygen levels, aurone biosynthesis and the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here we review experiments in which the roles of PPO in disease and insect resistance as well as in the Mehler reaction were investigated using transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with modified PPO expression levels (suppressed PPO and overexpressing PPO). These transgenic plants showed normal growth, development and reproduction under laboratory, growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. Antisense PPO expression dramatically increased susceptibility while PPO overexpression increased resistance of tomato plants to Pseudomonas syringae. Similarly, PPO-overexpressing transgenic plants showed an increase in resistance to various insects, including common cutworm (Spodoptera litura (F.)), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)) and beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)), whereas larvae feeding on plants with suppressed PPO activity had higher larval growth rates and consumed more foliage. Similar increases in weight gain, foliage consumption, and survival were also observed with Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) feeding on antisense PPO transgenic tomatoes. The putative defensive mechanisms conferred by PPO and its interaction with other defense proteins are discussed. In addition, transgenic plants with suppressed PPO exhibited more favorable water relations and decreased photoinhibition compared to nontransformed controls and transgenic plants overexpressing PPO, suggesting that PPO may have a role in the development of plant water stress and potential for photoinhibition and photooxidative damage that may be unrelated to any effects on the Mehler reaction. These results substantiate the defensive role of PPO and suggest that manipulation of PPO activity in specific tissues has the potential to provide broad-spectrum resistance simultaneously to both disease and insect pests, however, effects of PPO on postharvest quality as well as water stress physiology should also be considered. In addition to the functional analysis of tomato PPO, the application of antisense/sense technology to decipher the functions of PPO in other plant species as well as for commercial uses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Thipyapong
- Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Stout
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, 402 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; E-mail:
| | - Jutharat Attajarusit
- Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-mail:
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McCue KF, Allen PV, Shepherd LVT, Blake A, Maccree MM, Rockhold DR, Novy RG, Stewart D, Davies HV, Belknap WR. Potato glycosterol rhamnosyltransferase, the terminal step in triose side-chain biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:327-34. [PMID: 17157337 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are potentially harmful specialty metabolites found in Solanaceous plants. Two tri-glycosylated alkaloids, alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine accumulate in potato tubers. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified in the available database by searching for protein homology to the Sgt1 (SOLtu:Sgt1) steriodalalkaloid galactosyltransferase. The EST sequence data was used to isolate Sgt3 cDNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from a wounded potato tuber cDNA library. The resulting 1515bp open reading frame of Sgt3, encodes a predicted SGT3 amino acid sequence that is 18 residues longer than, 45% identical to, and 58% homologous to the SGT1 protein. The amino-terminal region of the Sgt3 cDNA was used to create an antisense transgene under control of the granule bound starch synthase, GBSS6, promoter and the ubiquitin, Ubi3, polyadenylation signal. Analysis of SGA metabolites in selected transgenic tubers revealed a dramatic decrease in the accumulation of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine. This decrease was compensated by an increase in beta-solanine and beta-chaconine with minor accumulation of alpha-SGAs. These results allowed the identification of the function for SGT3 as the beta-solanine/beta-chaconine rhamnosyl transferase, the terminal step in formation of the potato glycoalkaloid triose side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent F McCue
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Utilization Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Vickers JE, Grof CPL, Bonnett GD, Jackson PA, Morgan TE. Effects of tissue culture, biolistic transformation, and introduction of PPO and SPS gene constructs on performance of sugarcane clones in the field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ar04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stably transformed sugarcane plants were produced by the biolistic introduction of DNA into tissue-cultured cells. Constructs containing genes in sense and antisense orientation of polyphenol oxidase and sense orientation of sucrose phosphate synthase were used in the transformations. Regenerated plants were grown in a series of field experiments that incorporated commercial varieties, including Q117, from which the transgenic clones were derived and plants regenerated from tissue culture but not subjected to biolistic bombardment. In all experiments, the mean yield of transgenic sugarcane was lower than commercial varieties and the transgenic clones often exhibited lower sugar content, although individual transgenic clones in some experiments were not significantly different from Q117. Those plants regenerated from tissue culture but not bombarded were intermediate in their yield, and more clones were equivalent to Q117 in agronomic performance. Transformed plants produced by the bombardment of callus performed poorly but the results from the tissue-cultured controls indicated that not all of this could be due to somaclonal variation. Some aspect(s) of the process of transformation itself was deleterious and in most cases more significant than the effects due to tissue culture. Of the transgenic clones grown at Ayr, Queensland, 1.6% were equivalent to Q117 in sugar content and yield, suggesting that large numbers of transgenic clones would have to be generated using the current method in order to allow for selection of clones with acceptable agronomic performance.
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Thipyapong P, Hunt MD, Steffens JC. Antisense downregulation of polyphenol oxidase results in enhanced disease susceptibility. PLANTA 2004; 220:105-17. [PMID: 15300439 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs; EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2) catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinones, highly reactive intermediates whose secondary reactions are responsible for much of the oxidative browning that accompanies plant senescence, wounding, and responses to pathogens. To assess the impact of PPO expression on resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato we introduced a chimeric antisense potato PPO cDNA into tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Oxidation of caffeic acid, the dominant o-diphenolic aglycone of tomato foliage, was decreased ca. 40-fold by antisense expression of PPO. All members of the PPO gene family were downregulated: neither immunoreactive PPO nor PPO-specific mRNA were detectable in the transgenic plants. In addition, the antisense PPO construct suppressed inducible increases in PPO activity. Downregulation of PPO in antisense plants did not affect growth, development, or reproduction of greenhouse-grown plants. However, antisense PPO expression dramatically increased susceptibility to P. syringae expressing the avirulence gene avrPto in both Pto and pto backgrounds. In a compatible (pto) interaction, plants constitutively expressing an antisense PPO construct exhibited a 55-fold increase in bacterial growth, three times larger lesion area, and ten times more lesions cm(-2) than nontransformed plants. In an incompatible (Pto) interaction, antisense PPO plants exhibited 100-fold increases in bacterial growth and ten times more lesions cm(-2) than nontransformed plants. Although it is not clear whether hypersusceptibility of antisense plants is due to low constitutive PPO levels or failure to induce PPO upon infection, these findings suggest a critical role for PPO-catalyzed phenolic oxidation in limiting disease development. As a preliminary effort to understand the role of induced PPO in limiting disease development, we also examined the response of PPO promoter::beta-glucuronidase constructs when plants are challenged with P. syringae in both Pto and pto backgrounds. While PPO B inducibility was the same in both compatible and incompatible interactions, PPO D, E and F were induced to higher levels and with different expression patterns in incompatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Thipyapong
- Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, 252 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA.
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Wang J, Constabel CP. Polyphenol oxidase overexpression in transgenic Populus enhances resistance to herbivory by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). PLANTA 2004; 220:87-96. [PMID: 15309534 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to functionally analyze the predicted defensive role of leaf polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1) in Populus, transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) plants overexpressing a hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) PtdPPO1 gene were constructed. Regenerated transgenic plants showed high PPO enzyme activity, PtdPPO1 mRNA levels and PPO protein accumulation. In leaf disk bioassays, forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) larvae feeding on PPO-overexpressing transgenics experienced significantly higher mortality and reduced average weight gain compared to larvae feeding on control leaves. However, this effect was observed only when older egg masses were used and the resulting larvae showed reduced growth and vigor. In choice tests, no effect of PPO overexpression was detected. Although PPO in poplar leaves is latent and requires activation with detergents or trypsin for full enzymatic activity, in caterpillar frass the enzyme was extracted in the fully activated form. This activation correlated with partial proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that PPO latency and activation during digestion could be an adaptive and defense-related feature of poplar PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Wang
- Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, Stn CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
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Rommens CM, Humara JM, Ye J, Yan H, Richael C, Zhang L, Perry R, Swords K. Crop improvement through modification of the plant's own genome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:421-31. [PMID: 15133156 PMCID: PMC429395 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic engineering has, until now, relied on the incorporation of foreign DNA into plant genomes. Public concern about the extent to which transgenic crops differ from their traditionally bred counterparts has resulted in molecular strategies and gene choices that limit, but not eliminate, the introduction of foreign DNA. Here, we demonstrate that a plant-derived (P-) DNA fragment can be used to replace the universally employed Agrobacterium transfer (T-) DNA. Marker-free P-DNAs are transferred to plant cell nuclei together with conventional T-DNAs carrying a selectable marker gene. By subsequently linking a positive selection for temporary marker gene expression to a negative selection against marker gene integration, 29% of derived regeneration events contain P-DNA insertions but lack any copies of the T-DNA. Further refinements are accomplished by employing Omega-mutated virD2 and isopentenyl transferase cytokinin genes to impair T-DNA integration and select against backbone integration, respectively. The presented methods are used to produce hundreds of marker-free and backbone-free potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants displaying reduced expression of a tuber-specific polyphenol oxidase gene in potato. The modified plants represent the first example of genetically engineered plants that only contain native DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caius M Rommens
- J.R. Simplot Company, Simplot Plant Sciences, Boise, Idaho 83706, USA.
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Albayrak G, Arican E. Amplification of Specific Genes by using RT-PCR Technique in Plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2004.10819223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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YORUK RUHIYE, MARSHALL MAURICER. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION OF PLANT POLYPHENOL OXIDASE: A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2003.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Di R, Kim J, Martin MN, Leustek T, Jhoo J, Ho CT, Tumer NE. Enhancement of the primary flavor compound methional in potato by increasing the level of soluble methionine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:5695-702. [PMID: 12952421 DOI: 10.1021/jf030148c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary flavor compound in potato, methional, is synthesized from methionine by the Strecker degradation reaction. A major problem associated with potato processing is the loss of methional. Methional or its precursor, methionine, is not added back during potato processing due to high costs of production. A novel approach to enhance the methional level in processed potato would be to increase the production of its precursor, soluble methionine (Met). Cystathionine gamma-synthase (CGS) is a key enzyme regulating methionine biosynthesis in plants. To increase the level of soluble methionine in potato, Arabidopsis thaliana CGS cDNA was introduced under transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter into Russet Burbank potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Ten different transgenic potato lines (CGS1-10) were analyzed. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that Arabidopsis CGS is expressed in the leaves, tubers, and roots of transgenic potato plants. CGS enzymatic activity was higher in the leaves and roots of the transgenic potato lines compared to the wild-type potato. Methionine levels in the leaves, roots and tubers of transgenic potato lines were enhanced as high as 6-fold compared to those in wild type potato plants. The methional level in baked tubers of field-grown transgenic potato lines was increased between 2.4- and 4.4-fold in lines CGS1, CGS2, and CGS4. The increase observed in methional levels correlated with the soluble methionine level in the tubers from the same lines measured before processing. These results provide the first evidence that the methional level can be enhanced in processed potatoes by increasing the production of its precursor, methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Di
- Biotechnology Center for the Agriculture and the Environment, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Cook College, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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