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Buchweitz JP, Johnson M, Jones JL, Lehner AF. Development of a Quantitative Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Pentobarbital in Dog Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11166-11169. [PMID: 30261720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, a commercially available dog food was found by our laboratory to be adulterated with the euthanasia drug pentobarbital. An FDA class 1 voluntary recall by the company ensued. Since there is no set tolerance for pentobarbital in food or feed, a sensitive method for its detection was required. We describe a simple, yet efficient, method for the extraction and quantitative analysis of the barbiturate in dog food. The procedure relies on a combined food emergency response network (FERN) and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) approach to sample extraction followed by quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) using pentobarbital- d5 as an internal standard. This procedure improves upon other GC/MS methodologies in that derivatization of pentobarbital or its deuterated internal standard is unnecessary, and sensitivity to a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of 0.6 ppb and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 2 ppb is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University , 4125 Beaumont Road , Lansing , Michigan 48910 , United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University , 784 Wilson Road , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University , 4125 Beaumont Road , Lansing , Michigan 48910 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Jones
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine , United States Food and Drug Administration , 8401 Muirkirk Road , Laurel , Maryland 20708 , United States
| | - Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University , 4125 Beaumont Road , Lansing , Michigan 48910 , United States
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Bagsby C, Saha A, Goodin G, Siddiqi S, Farone M, Farone A, Kline PC. Stability of pentobarbital in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:207-213. [PMID: 29286885 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1406714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of barbiturates, particularly pentobarbital (5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,5-trione), is a widely used method to euthanize large animals such as horses. However, one concern with this method is the fate of pentobarbital after the disposal of the carcass. As tissues decompose, pentobarbital may leach into the soil and from there migrate to groundwater. A method using methanol extraction, solid phase concentration, and liquid chromatography (LC/MS) has been developed to measure pentobarbital in soils. Recovery of pentobarbital from soil averaged approximately 85% from different soil types including topsoil, potting soil, sand, stall sweepings, and loam. The method was capable of detecting pentobarbital levels of 0.1 ppm. A calibration curve was constructed with a linear range of 1 ppm to 100 ppm. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ppm. The rate of degradation of pentobarbital in sand, topsoil, and potting soil was measured over a 17-week period. At the end of week 17, approximately 17% of the pentobarbital remained in the sand, 19% remained in the topsoil, and 10% remained in the potting soil. While there was a significant decrease in the pentobarbital recovered from the soil, there were still detectable amounts of pentobarbital present in the soil after 17 weeks. To determine the importance of bacterial degradation, the three soil types were autoclaved before addition of pentobarbital. After autoclaving, no degradation of pentobarbital was observed in sand and one topsoil sample, while there was no difference in the degradation of pentobarbital in autoclaved potting soil versus potting soil that had not undergone autoclaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity Bagsby
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Anita Saha
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Granville Goodin
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Sheeba Siddiqi
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Mary Farone
- b Department of Biology , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Anthony Farone
- b Department of Biology , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
| | - Paul C Kline
- a Department of Chemistry , Middle Tennessee State University , Murfreesboro , Tennessee , USA
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Multi-residue analysis of sedative drugs in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:305-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang M, Guo B, Huang Z, Duan J, Chen Z, Chen B, Yao S. Improved compatibility of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for tracing occurrence of barbital homologous residues in animal tissues. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2821-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao H, Wang L, Qiu Y, Zhou Z, Zhong W, Li X. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of three barbiturates in pork by ion trap gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) following microwave assisted derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:399-406. [PMID: 17386740 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the rapid screening and confirmation analysis of barbital, amobarbital and phenobarbital residues in pork by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) with ion trap MSD. The residual barbiturates in pork were extracted by ultrasonic extraction, cleaned up on a multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) packed solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and applied acetone-ethyl acetate (3:7, v/v) mixture as eluting solvent and derivatized with CH3I under microwave irradiation. The methylated barbiturates were separated on a TR-5MS capillary column and detected with an ion trap mass detector. Electron impact ion source (EI) operating MS/MS mode was adopted for identification and external standard method was employed for quantification. One precursor ion m/z 169 was selected for analysis of barbital and amobarbital and m/z 232 was selected for phenobarbital. The product ions were obtained under 1.0 V excitation voltage. Good linearities (linear coefficient R > 0.99) were obtained at the range of 0.5-50 microg kg(-1). Limit of detection (LOD) of barbital was 0.2 microg kg(-1) and that of amobarbital and phenobarbital were both 0.1 microg kg(-1) (S/N > or = 3). Limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.5 microg kg(-1) for three barbiturates (S/N > or = 10). Satisfying recoveries ranging from 75% to 96% of the three barbiturates spiked in pork were obtained, with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) in the range of 2.1-7.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Zhao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Zhao H, Wang L, Qiu Y, Zhou Z, Li X, Zhong W. Simultaneous determination of three residual barbiturates in pork using accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 840:139-45. [PMID: 16844435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the rapid extraction and unequivocal determination of barbital, amobarbital and phenobarbital residues in pork. The isolation of the analytes from pork samples was accomplished by utilizing an accelerated solvent extractor ASE 300. The procedure was automatically carried out in series for fat removing and extraction, respectively with n-hexane and acetonitrile pressurized constantly at 10.3 MPa for 30 min. After evaporation, the extracts were cleaned up on a C(18) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and the barbiturates were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (7:3), evaporated on a rotary evaporator and derivatized with CH(3)I. The methylated barbiturates were separated on a HP-5MS capillary column and detected with a mass detector. Electron impact ion source (EI) operating in time program-selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) was used for identification and external standard method was used for quantification. Good linearity was obtained in the range from 0.5 microg/kg to 25 microg/kg. Average recoveries of the three barbiturates spiked in pork ranged from 84.0% to 103.0%, with relative standard deviations from 1.6% to 12%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 microg/kg for the three barbiturates (S/N>or=3). The quantification limit (LOQ) was 1 microg/kg for the three barbiturates (S/N>or=10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Zhao
- Inspection Technology and Equipment Institute, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100025, China
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Myers MJ, Farrell DE, Heller DN, Yancy HF. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based method to identify species-specific components in dog food. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:99-103. [PMID: 14719710 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether there is a relationship between species-specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), especially canine and feline mtDNA, and detectable amounts of pentobarbital in previously analyzed dog food samples. SAMPLE POPULATION 31 dog food samples previously analyzed for pentobarbital (limit of detection, 1 microg/kg). PROCEDURE Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on dog food samples by use of PCR primers specific for either canine, feline, equine, bovine, porcine, ovine, or poultry mtDNA. RESULTS PCR amplicons specific for feline or canine mtDNA at a 0.007% (70 microg/g [wt/wt basis]) or 0.0007% (7 microg/g) level, respectively, were not found in the 31 dog food samples. Most of the 31 dog food samples had a PCR amplicon on PCR analysis when a PCR primer set capable of simultaneously detecting mtDNA of cows, pigs, sheep, goats, deer, elk, and horses was used. Results of PCR analysis by use of primers specific for bovine, swine, sheep and goat, or horse mtDNA revealed amplicons specific for bovine or swine mtDNA only in 27 of the 31 samples. Analysis of the remaining 4 samples failed to yield amplicons for any mammalian mtDNA. Pentobarbital was detected in 2 of these 4 samples. Results of PCR analysis correlated with the stated ingredient list for most, but not all samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because canine and feline mtDNA were not found in a set of retail dog food samples, these results indicate that the source of pentobarbital in dog food is something other than proteins from rendered pet remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Division of Animal Research, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Kawalek JC, Howard KD, Farrell DE, Derr J, Cope CV, Jackson JD, Myers MJ. Effect of oral administration of low doses of pentobarbital on the induction of cytochrome P450 isoforms and cytochrome P450-mediated reactions in immature Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1167-75. [PMID: 13677397 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral administration of low doses of pentobarbital on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms and CYP-mediated reactions in immature Beagles. ANIMALS 42 immature (12-week-old) Beagles. PROCEDURE Dogs were grouped and treated orally as follows for 8 weeks: low-dose pentobarbital (50 microg/d; 4 males, 4 females), mid-dose pentobarbital (150 microg/d; 4 males, 4 females), high-dose pentobarbital (500 microg/d; 4 males, 4 females), positive-pentobarbital control (10 mg/kg/d; 2 males, 2 females), positive-phenobarbital control (10 mg/kg/d; 2 males, 2 females), and negative control (saline 10.9% NaCl] solution; 5 males, 5 females). Serum biochemical and hematologic values were monitored. On necropsy examination, organ weights were determined, and histologic evaluation of tissue sections of liver, kidney, small intestine, testes, epididymis, and ovaries was performed. Hepatic and intestinal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were measured, and relative amounts of CYP isoforms were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS The amount of a hepatic CYP2A-related isoform in dogs from the high-dose pentobarbital treatment group was twice that of dogs from the negative control group. CYP2C was not detectable in small intestinal mucosa of dogs from the negative control group; measurable amounts of CYP2C were found in dogs from the various (low-, mid-, and high-dose) pentobarbital treatment groups and from positive-pentobarbital and positive phenobarbital control groups. Several CYP-mediated reactions increased in a dose-dependent manner. The lowest calculated effective dose of pentobarbital ranged from 200 to 450 microg/d. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Several CYP isoforms and their associated reactions were induced in dogs by oral administration of low amounts of pentobarbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Kawalek
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Careri M, Bianchi F, Corradini C. Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry in food-related analysis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:3-64. [PMID: 12350102 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented on recent applications of mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques for the analysis of compounds of food concern. Substances discussed are naturally occurring compounds in food products such as lipids, oligosaccharides, proteins, vitamins, flavonoids and related substances, phenolic compounds and aroma compounds. Among xenobiotics, applications of MS techniques for the analysis of pesticides, drug residues, toxins, amines and migrants from packaging are overviewed. Advances in the analysis of trace metals of nutritional and toxicological interest by MS with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source are presented. The main features of mass spectrometry combined with separation instruments are discussed in food-related analysis. Examples of mass spectrometry and tandem MS (MS-MS) are provided. The development and application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) to the analysis of peptides and proteins in food is discussed. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of-the-art up from 1999 to 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy.
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Current awareness. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:345-356. [PMID: 11921378 DOI: 10.1002/jms.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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