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Biological Activities and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Hedyosmum purpurascens (Todzia)-An Endemic Plant in Ecuador. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052366. [PMID: 36903611 PMCID: PMC10005013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedyosmum purpurascens is an endemic species found in the Andes of Ecuador and it is characterized by its pleasant smell. In this study, essential oil (EO) from H. purpurascens was obtained by the hydro-distillation method with a Clevenger-type apparatus. The identification of the chemical composition was carried out by GC-MS and GC-FID in two capillary columns, DB-5ms and HP-INNOWax. A total of 90 compounds were identified, representing more than 98% of the total chemical composition. Germacrene-D, ϒ-terpinene, α-phellandrene, sabinene, O-cymene, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene accounted for more than 59% of the EO composition. The enantioselective analysis of the EO revealed the occurrence of (+)-α-pinene as a pure enantiomer; in addition, four pairs of enantiomers were found (α-phellandrene, o-cymene, limonene and myrcene). The biological activity against microbiological strains and antioxidants and the anticholinesterase properties were also evaluated and the EO showed a moderate anticholinesterase and antioxidant effect, with an IC50 value of 95.62 ± 1.03 µg/mL and a SC50 value of 56.38 ± 1.96. A poor antimicrobial effect was observed for all the strains, with MIC values over 1000 µg/mL. Based on our results, the H. purpurasens EO presented remarkable antioxidant and AChE activities. Despite these promising results, further research seems essential to validate the safety of this medicinal species as a function of dose and time. Experimental studies on the mechanisms of action are essential to validate its pharmacological properties.
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González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, López-Gresa MP, Blázquez MA, Granell A. Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:12. [PMID: 30804951 PMCID: PMC6370709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen González-Mas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L. Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Adhikari-Devkota A, Elbashir SMI, Watanabe T, Devkota HP. Chemical constituents from the flowers of Satsuma mandarin and their free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1670-1673. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1425856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Adhikari-Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Quality Evaluation of Beef Seasonings Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Electronic Nose: Correlation with Sensory Attributes and Classification According to Grade Level. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Azam M, Song M, Fan F, Zhang B, Xu Y, Xu C, Chen K. Comparative analysis of flower volatiles from nine citrus at three blooming stages. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22346-67. [PMID: 24232454 PMCID: PMC3856067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatiles from flowers at three blooming stages of nine citrus cultivars were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. Up to 110 volatiles were detected, with 42 tentatively identified from citrus flowers for the first time. Highest amounts of volatiles were present in fully opened flowers of most citrus, except for pomelos. All cultivars were characterized by a high percentage of either oxygenated monoterpenes or monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the presence of a high percentage of nitrogen containing compounds was also observed. Flower volatiles varied qualitatively and quantitatively among citrus types during blooming. Limonene was the most abundant flower volatile only in citrons; α-citral and β-citral ranked 2nd and 3rd only for Bergamot, and unopened flowers of Ponkan had a higher amount of linalool and β-pinene while much lower amount of γ-terpinene and p-cymene than Satsuma. Taking the average of all cultivars, linalool and limonene were the top two volatiles for all blooming stages; β-pinene ranked 3rd in unopened flowers, while indole ranked 3rd for half opened and fully opened flower volatiles. As flowers bloomed, methyl anthranilate increased while 2-hexenal and p-cymene decreased. In some cases, a volatile could be high in both unopened and fully opened flowers but low in half opened ones. Through multivariate analysis, the nine citrus cultivars were clustered into three groups, consistent with the three true citrus types. Furthermore, an influence of blooming stages on clustering was observed, especially with hybrids Satsuma and Huyou. Altogether, it was suggested that flower volatiles can be suitable markers for revealing the genetic relationships between citrus cultivars but the same blooming stage needs to be strictly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cheong MW, Loke XQ, Liu SQ, Pramudya K, Curran P, Yu B. Characterization of Volatile Compounds and Aroma Profiles of Malaysian Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Blossom and Peel. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Wai Cheong
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Science Drive 4, Singapore , 117543
| | - Xiu-Qing Loke
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Science Drive 4, Singapore , 117543
| | - Shao-Quan Liu
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Science Drive 4, Singapore , 117543
| | - Kiki Pramudya
- b Firmenich Asia Pte. Ltd. , 10 Tuas West Road, Singapore , 638377
| | - Philip Curran
- b Firmenich Asia Pte. Ltd. , 10 Tuas West Road, Singapore , 638377
| | - Bin Yu
- a Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Science Drive 4, Singapore , 117543
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González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, Alamar MC, Gutiérrez A, Granell A. Comparative analysis of the volatile fraction of fruit juice from different Citrus species. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22016. [PMID: 21818287 PMCID: PMC3139606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The volatile composition of fruit from four Citrus varieties (Powell Navel orange, Clemenules mandarine, and Fortune mandarine and Chandler pummelo) covering four different species has been studied. Over one hundred compounds were profiled after HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis, including 27 esters, 23 aldehydes, 21 alcohols, 13 monoterpene hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, 5 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 4 monoterpene cyclic ethers, 4 furans, and 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, which were all confirmed with standards. The differences in the volatile profile among juices of these varieties were essentially quantitative and only a few compounds were found exclusively in a single variety, mainly in Chandler. The volatile profile however was able to differentiate all four varieties and revealed complex interactions between them including the participation in the same biosynthetic pathway. Some compounds (6 esters, 2 ketones, 1 furan and 2 aromatic hydrocarbons) had never been reported earlier in Citrus juices. This volatile profiling platform for Citrus juice by HS-SPME-GC-MS and the interrelationship detected among the volatiles can be used as a roadmap for future breeding or biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen González-Mas
- Centro de Citricultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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Jabalpurwala FA, Smoot JM, Rouseff RL. A comparison of citrus blossom volatiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1428-34. [PMID: 19747702 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the major volatiles and their relative concentrations in intact grapefruit, sweet orange, sour orange, mandarin, lemon, lime and pummelo blossoms. Volatiles from freshly picked blossoms were collected and concentrated using static headspace solid-phase microextraction and then separated and identified using GC-MS. Seventy volatiles were detected, 66 identified, of which 29 were identified for the first time in citrus blossoms. Major volatiles consisted of linalool, beta-myrcene, alpha-myrcene, limonene, (E)-ocimene, methyl anthranilate and indole. In terms of total volatiles: pummelo >> grapefruit approximately = sweet orange > sour orange approximately = mandarin approximately = lemon-lime > Volkamer lemon > Kaffir lime. Principal component analysis of blossom volatiles demonstrated that there were three widely separated, tightly clustered groups which consisted of mandarin, lemon-lime and pummelo. Other cultivars of possible mixed parentage produced non-overlapping values within the boundaries of these three clustered groups. The first two Eigenvectors explained 83% of the total variance. Linalool, limonene and myrcene had the highest loading values. Those cultivars requiring insect pollination such as pummelo produced highest levels of total volatiles as well as highest levels of known honeybee stimulants such as 1-hexanol and linalool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima A Jabalpurwala
- Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, United States
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Reinhard H, Sager F, Zoller O. Citrus juice classification by SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose measurements. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chyau CC, Tsai SY, Yang JH, Weng CC, Han CM, Shih CC, Mau JL. The essential oil of Glossogyne tenuifolia. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Current Awareness in Flavour and Fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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