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Mirzaei Karazan Z, Roushani M, Jafar Hoseini S. Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions (Zn 2+, Cd 2+, Pb 2+, and Hg 2+) in food samples using a covalent organic framework/carbon black modified glassy carbon electrode. Food Chem 2024; 442:138500. [PMID: 38252987 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, a selective electrochemical sensor by glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the covalent organic framework (COF) and carbon black (CB) was introduced and applied to simultaneous sensing of Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ via differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The COF is supplied through a condensation reaction between melamine and trimesic acid. The COF and CB, which are used to modify the GCE surface, increase electrochemical activity. The linearity to determine ions was achieved as Zn2+: 0.009-1100 nM, Cd2+: 0.005-1100 nM, Pb2+: 0.003-1100 nM, and Hg2+: 0.001-1100 nM. Besides, the detection limits for Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+ have obtained 0.003, 0.002, 0.001 and 0.0003 nM, respectively. The CB-COF/GCE was applied to simultaneously measure the ions in food samples. For validation, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was applied to measure the amount of target metal ions as a standard method in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mirzaei Karazan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam P. O. BOX. 69315-516, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam P. O. BOX. 69315-516, Iran.
| | - S Jafar Hoseini
- Prof. Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry & Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7194684795, Iran
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Biswas A, Mitra D, Naskar R, Maji A, Das A, Murmu N, Mondal TK. A biphenyl thiosemicarbazide based fluorogenic chemosensor for selective recognition of Cd 2+: application in cell bioimaging. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2745-2754. [PMID: 37248997 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00403a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A diversified biphenyl thiosemicarbazide based chemosensor (HBMC) has been fabricated and reported for the specific detection of Cd2+ in a MeOH : H2O (4 : 1) solution. We observed a chromogenic change from colorless to light yellow colour, and it showed a "turn-on" fluorogenic change from non fluorescent to blooming cyan colour. In fluorometric titration a sharp "turn-on" emission for Cd2+ was observed with a ∼16 fold increase in fluorescence intensity value at 496 nm by incremental addition of Cd2+ ions in the MeOH : H2O (4 : 1) solution. The reversibility of the chemosensor (HBMC) was confirmed by a sequential addition of the EDTA solution. Again the binding stoichiometry of HBMC with Cd2+ was found to be 2 : 1, as confirmed by Job's plot analysis and HRMS spectra of the HBMC-Cd2+ complex. The mechanism for Cd2+ sensing in MeOH : H2O (4 : 1) is based upon the inhibition of CN isomerization and ESIPT process and simultaneously turning on the CHEF (chelation enhanced fluorescence) process. The limit of detection for Cd2+ was found to be in the order of 10-8 (M), which implies that HBMC is an efficient probe to detect Cd2+ at the microscopic level. A reusability study was performed and on-sight detection of cadmium ions by the chemosensor (HBMC) was established by dip-stick experiment. In vitro detection of Cd2+ in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by HBMC discloses its cell permeability and biocompatible nature. Computational studies (DFT and TDDFT) with the probe HBMC and HBMC-Cd2+ complex were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitav Biswas
- Department: Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Debarpan Mitra
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines (STBA), Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata-700026, India
| | - Rahul Naskar
- Department: Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Atanu Maji
- Department: Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Akash Das
- Department: Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Nabendu Murmu
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines (STBA), Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata-700026, India
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Karazan ZM, Roushani M. Selective determination of cadmium and lead ions in different food samples by poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode. Food Chem 2023; 423:136283. [PMID: 37187010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode (PRF/CB/GCE) is introduced as a novel electrochemical sensor toward Cd2+ and Pb2+ simultaneous measurement in presence of bismuth ions, applying differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Regarding the optimized conditions, the linear ranges were achieved from 0.5 to 600 nM for Cd2+ and Pb2+. The detection limit (LOD) was found to be 0.16 nM for Cd2+ and 0.13 nM for Pb2+. In order to perform the technique in real application, the proposed electrode was used to simultaneously detect ions in rice, honey, and vegetable samples with satisfactory recoveries - indicating that the sensor possesses good practicability to determine Cd2+ and Pb2+. Moreover, an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used in order to detect the concentration of ions as a reference technique in rice, honey, and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam 69315-516, Iran.
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AYDIN Z. A Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor For Cadmium Ion Detection In Aqueous Solutions. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.638912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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5
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Ion imprinted polymer based potentiometric sensor for the trace determination of Cadmium (II) ions. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Analysis of four toxic metals in a single rice seed by matrix solid phase dispersion -inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38472. [PMID: 27922088 PMCID: PMC5138830 DOI: 10.1038/srep38472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic metals in rice pose great risks to human health. Metal bioaccumulation in rice grains is a criterion of breeding. Rice breeding requires a sensitive method to determine metal content in single rice grains to assist the variety selection. In the present study, four toxic metals of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) in a single rice grain were determined by a simple and rapid method. The developed method is based on matrix solid phase dispersion using multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as dispersing agent and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The experimental parameters were systematically investigated. The limits of detection (LOD) were 5.0, 0.6, 10 and 2.1 ng g−1 for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb, respectively, with relative standard deviations (n = 6) of <7.7%, demonstrating the good sensitivity and precision of the method. The results of 30 real world rice samples analyzed by this method agreed well with those obtained by the standard microwave digestion. The amount of sample required was reduced approximately 100 fold in comparison with the microwave digestion. The method has a high application potential for other sample matrices and elements with high sensitivity and sample throughput.
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Adarakatti PS, Malingappa P. Amino-calixarene-modified graphitic carbon as a novel electrochemical interface for simultaneous measurement of lead and cadmium ions at picomolar level. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu L, Xing C, Liu L, Song S, Kuang H, Xu C. Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe strategy for quantifying cadmium polluted rice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1160368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Mao X, Wang M, Gao C, Qi Y, Qian Y, Tang X, Zhou J. Direct Determination of Cadmium in Grain by Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry with a Tungsten Coil Trap. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1052976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chaiyo S, Siangproh W, Apilux A, Chailapakul O. Highly selective and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor using thiosulfate catalytic etching of silver nanoplates for trace determination of copper ions. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 866:75-83. [PMID: 25732695 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel, highly selective and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor for trace determination of copper (Cu(2+)) ions was developed. The measurement is based on the catalytic etching of silver nanoplates (AgNPls) by thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)). Upon the addition of Cu(2+) to the ammonium buffer at pH 11, the absorption peak intensity of AuNPls/S2O3(2-) at 522 nm decreased and the pinkish violet AuNPls became clear in color as visible to the naked eye. This assay provides highly sensitive and selective detection of Cu(2+) over other metal ions (K(+), Cr(3+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+), As(3+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Pb(2+), Al(3+), Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Mg(2+), Hg(2+) and Bi(3+)). A paper-based colorimetric sensor was then developed for the simple and rapid determination of Cu(2+) using the catalytic etching of AgNPls. Under optimized conditions, the modified AgNPls coated at the test zone of the devices immediately changes in color in the presence of Cu(2+). The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1.0 ng mL(-1) by visual detection. For semi-quantitative measurement with image processing, the method detected Cu(2+) in the range of 0.5-200 ng mL(-1)(R(2)=0.9974) with an LOD of 0.3 ng mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to detect Cu(2+) in the wide range of real samples including water, food, and blood. The results were in good agreement according to a paired t-test with results from inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudkate Chaiyo
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattanna, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Amara Apilux
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Ellairaja S, Manikandan R, Vijayan MT, Rajagopal S, Vasantha VS. A simple highly sensitive and selective TURN-ON fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of cadmium ions in physiological conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A very simple fluorophore was synthesized and applied as a chemosensor for Cd2+ion detection.
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Dispersive solid phase extraction of lead(II) using a silica nanoparticle-based ionic liquid ferrofluid. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li H, Niu LY, Yang QZ, Guan YF, Feng L. An SPE-assisted BODIPY fluorometric paper sensor for the highly selective and sensitive determination of Cd2+ in complex sample: rice. Analyst 2014; 139:3146-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00198b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Keawkim K, Chuanuwatanakul S, Chailapakul O, Motomizu S. Determination of lead and cadmium in rice samples by sequential injection/anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film/crown ether/Nafion modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mao X, Liu J, Huang Y, Feng L, Zhang L, Tang X, Zhou J, Qian Y, Wang M. Assessment of homogeneity and minimum sample mass for cadmium analysis in powdered certified reference materials and real rice samples by solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic fluorescence spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:848-853. [PMID: 23294340 DOI: 10.1021/jf3045473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To optimize analytical quality controls of solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic fluorescence spectrometry (SS-ETV-AFS), the homogeneity (H(E)) of rice samples and their minimum sample mass (M) for cadmium analysis were evaluated using three certified reference materials (CRMs) and real rice samples. The effects of different grinding degrees (particle sizes <0.85, <0.25, <0.15, and >1 mm) on H(E) and M of real rice samples were also investigated. The calculated M values of three CRMs by the Pauwels equation were 2.19, 19.76, and 3.79 mg. The well-ground real rice samples (particle size <0.25 mm) demonstrated good homogeneity, and the M values were 3.48-4.27 mg. On the basis of these results, the Cd concentrations measured by the proposed method were compared with the results by microwave digestion graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a 0.5 g sample mass. There was no significant difference between these two methods, which meant that SS-ETV-AFS could be used to accurately detect Cd in rice with several milligrams of samples instead of the certified value (200 mg) or the recommended mass (200-500 mg) of the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Mao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agri-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Singh J, Singh AK, Jain A. Fabrication of novel coated graphite electrodes for the selective nano-level determination of Cd2+ ions in biological and environmental samples. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Xu W, Xie P, Fan L, Cao C, Xi T, Zhou P. Synthesis and characteristics of a novel artificial hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid from penicillin G for immunoassay of heavy metal ions. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:813-821. [PMID: 21922431 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a novel copper ion hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid (CMPA) derived from penicillin. Results from tests with immune rabbits indicate that: (i) A new antigen synthesized with CMPA has good stability and is safe for immunizing animals with no toxic phenomena being found in animal experiments; (ii) the immunogenic antigen (CMPA-BSA) can stimulate the immune system to produce specific antibodies with high titrations, up to 150000; and (iii) antibodies in antisera showed higher affinity to OVA-GSH-CuCl than OVA-GSH, which indicates that the antibodies have specific affinity towards copper ions. These results confirm that the novel hapten and relevant antigen for copper ion have been successfully synthesized, giving progress towards an immunoassay for copper ions in environmental and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Xu
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry & Bio-separation, Key Laboratory of Microbiology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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On-line precipitation–dissolution in knotted reactor for thermospray flame furnace AAS for determination of ultratrace cadmium. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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He H, Liu Z, Yang S, Sun C. Preparation of Anti-Cadmium-EDTA Complex Polyclonal Antibody and Its Application for Determination of Cadmium in Aqueous Solution. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802514832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vlachos A, Arvanitoyannis IS. A Review of Rice Authenticity/Adulteration Methods and Results. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:553-98. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390701558175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rezaei B, Meghdadi S, Zarandi RF. A fast response cadmium-selective polymeric membrane electrode based on N,N'-(4-methyl-1,2-phenylene)diquinoline-2-carboxamide as a new neutral carrier. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 153:179-86. [PMID: 17881121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A new polyvinylchloride membrane sensor for Cd(2+) ions based on N,N'-(4-methyl-1,2-phenylene)diquinoline-2-carboxamide (Mebqb) as a new and excellent neutral ionophore has been prepared. The sensor shows a Nernestian response for cadmium ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M) with the determination coefficient of 0.9964 and slope of 29.9 +/- 0.5 mV decade(-1). The limit of detection is 8 x 10(-7) M. It has a fast response time of 3-8s and can be used for at least 8 weeks without any divergence in potential. The electrode can be used in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. The proposed sensor shows a very good discriminating ability towards Cd(2+) ion in comparison to some alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied for the direct determination of Cd(2+) in standard and real sample solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Flow injection on-line preconcentration coupled to hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry for ultra-trace amounts of cadmium determination in seawater. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fang G, Tan J, Yan X. Synthesis and Evaluation of an Ion‐Imprinted Functionalized Sorbent for Selective Separation of Cadmium Ion. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-200054587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tuzen M, Soylak M, Elci L, Dogan M. Column Solid Phase Extraction of Copper, Iron, and Zinc Ions at Trace Levels in Environmental Samples on Amberlite XAD‐7 for Their Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determinations. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120034063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Wang ZH, Zhang ZP, Wang ZP, Liu LW, Yan XP. Acrylic acid grafted polytetrafluoroethylene fiber as new packing for flow injection on-line microcolumn preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of lead and cadmium in environmental and biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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