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Xu Y, Zhang F, Mu G, Zhu X. Effect of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on cow milk allergenicity and antigenicity: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13257. [PMID: 38284611 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Cow milk is a major allergenic food. The potential prevention and treatment effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented dairy products on allergic symptoms have garnered considerable attention. Cow milk allergy (CMA) is mainly attributed to extracellular and/or cell envelope proteolytic enzymes with hydrolysis specificity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that LAB prevents the risk of allergies by modulating the development and regulation of the host immune system. Specifically, LAB and its effectors can enhance intestinal barrier function and affect immune cells by interfering with humoral and cellular immunity. Fermentation hydrolysis of allergenic epitopes is considered the main mechanism of reducing CMA. This article reviews the linear epitopes of allergens in cow milk and the effect of LAB on these allergens and provides insight into the means of predicting allergenic epitopes by conventional laboratory analysis methods combined with molecular simulation. Although LAB can reduce CMA in several ways, the mechanism of action remains partially clarified. Therefore, this review additionally attempts to summarize the main mechanism of LAB fermentation to provide guidance for establishing an effective preventive and treatment method for CMA and serve as a reference for the screening, research, and application of LAB-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Functional Probiotics, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Amalia U, Shimizu Y, Saeki H. Variation in shrimp tropomyosin allergenicity during the production of Terasi, an Indonesian fermented shrimp paste. Food Chem 2023; 398:133876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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El Mecherfi KE, Todorov SD, Cavalcanti de Albuquerque MA, Denery-Papini S, Lupi R, Haertlé T, Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco B, Larré C. Allergenicity of Fermented Foods: Emphasis on Seeds Protein-Based Products. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060792. [PMID: 32560210 PMCID: PMC7353565 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an IgE-mediated abnormal response to otherwise harmless food proteins, affecting between 5% and 10% of the world preschool children population and 1% to 5% adults. Several physical, chemical, and biotechnological approaches have been used to reduce the allergenicity of food allergens. Fermentation processes that contribute to technological and desirable changes in taste, flavor, digestibility, and texture of food products constitute one of these approaches. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), used as starter cultures in dairy products, are a subject of increasing interest in fermentation of plant proteins. However, the studies designed to assess the impact of LAB on reduction of allergenicity of seed proteins are at an early stage. This review presents the current knowledge on food fermentation, with a focus on seed proteins that are increasingly used as ingredients, and its impacts on food potential allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel-Eddine El Mecherfi
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, 3 impasse Y. Cauchois—Rue de la Géraudière CS 71627, 44000 Nantes, France; (K.-E.E.M.); (S.D.-P.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-080, Brazil; (S.D.T.); (M.A.C.d.A.); (B.D.G.d.M.F.)
| | - Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-080, Brazil; (S.D.T.); (M.A.C.d.A.); (B.D.G.d.M.F.)
| | - Sandra Denery-Papini
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, 3 impasse Y. Cauchois—Rue de la Géraudière CS 71627, 44000 Nantes, France; (K.-E.E.M.); (S.D.-P.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Roberta Lupi
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, 3 impasse Y. Cauchois—Rue de la Géraudière CS 71627, 44000 Nantes, France; (K.-E.E.M.); (S.D.-P.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, 3 impasse Y. Cauchois—Rue de la Géraudière CS 71627, 44000 Nantes, France; (K.-E.E.M.); (S.D.-P.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
| | - Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco
- Food Research Center, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-080, Brazil; (S.D.T.); (M.A.C.d.A.); (B.D.G.d.M.F.)
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, 3 impasse Y. Cauchois—Rue de la Géraudière CS 71627, 44000 Nantes, France; (K.-E.E.M.); (S.D.-P.); (R.L.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-40-67-51-31
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Pescuma M, Hébert E, Font G, Saavedra L, Mozzi F. Hydrolysate of β-lactoglobulin by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 656 suppresses the immunoreactivity of β-lactoglobulin as revealed by in vivo assays. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Changes in soy protein immunoglobulin E reactivity, protein degradation, and conformation through fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yuan F, Ahmed I, Lv L, Li Z, Li Z, Lin H, Lin H, Zhao J, Tian S, Ma J. Impacts of glycation and transglutaminase-catalyzed glycosylation with glucosamine on the conformational structure and allergenicity of bovine β-lactoglobulin. Food Funct 2018; 9:3944-3955. [PMID: 29974110 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00909k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) is recognized as the major milk allergen. In this study, the effects of transglutaminase (TGase) and glucosamine (GlcN)-catalyzed glycosylation and glycation on the conformational structure and allergenicity of β-LG were investigated. The formations of cross-linked peptides were demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and GlcN-conjugated modification was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Structural analysis revealed that glycosylation and glycation of β-LG induced unfolding of the primary protein structure followed by a loss of the secondary structure. As revealed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, glycosylated β-LG exhibited the highest increase in the β-sheets from 32.6% to 40.4% (25 °C) and 44.2% (37 °C), and the percentage of α-helices decreased from 17.7% to 14.4% (25 °C) and 12.3% (37 °C), respectively. The tertiary and quaternary structures of β-LG also changed significantly during glycosylation and glycation, along with reduced free amino groups and variation in surface hydrophobicity. Immunoblotting and indirect enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) analyses demonstrated that the lowest IgG- and IgE-binding capacities of β-LG were obtained following glycosylation at 37 °C, which were 52.7% and 56.3% lower than that of the native protein, respectively. The reduction in the antigenicity and potential allergenicity of glycosylated β-LG was more pronounced compared to TGase treated- and glycated β-LG, which correlated well with the structural changes. These results suggest that TGase-catalyzed glycosylation has more potential compared to glycation for mitigating the allergenic potential of milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Yuan
- State Key laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
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Sun Z, Wang M, Han S, Ma S, Zou Z, Ding F, Li X, Li L, Tang B, Wang H, Li N, Che H, Dai Y. Production of hypoallergenic milk from DNA-free beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene knockout cow using zinc-finger nucleases mRNA. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15430. [PMID: 30337546 PMCID: PMC6194018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major milk allergen which is absent in human milk. Here, we for the first time generated DNA-free BLG bi-allelic knockout cow by zinc-finger nuclease (ZFNs) mRNA and produced BLG-free milk. According to the allergenicity evaluation of BLG-free milk, we found it can trigger lower allergic reaction of Balb/c mice including the rectal temperature drop and the allergen-specific immunoglobulin IgE production; BLG free-milk was easily digested by pepsin at 2 min, while BLG in control milk was still not completely digested after 60 min, and the binding of IgE from cow's milk allergy (CMA) patients to BLG free-milk was significantly lower than that to the control milk. Meanwhile, the genome sequencing revealed that our animal is free of off-target events. Importantly, editing animal genomes without introducing foreign DNA into cells may alleviate regulatory concerns related to foods produced by genome edited animals. Finally, the ZFNs-mediated targeting in cow could be transmitted through the germline by breeding. These findings will open up unlimited possibilities of modifying milk composition to make it more suitable for human health and also improve the functional properties of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwen Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangrong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Beijing Genprotein Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilian Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunping Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Pekar J, Ret D, Untersmayr E. Stability of allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:14-20. [PMID: 29606336 PMCID: PMC6020993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For proteins to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions, several common characteristics have to be defined, including small molecular size, solubility and stability to changing pH levels and enzymatic degradation. Nevertheless, these features are not unique for potent allergens, but are also observed in non-allergenic proteins. Due to the increasing awareness by regulatory authorities regarding the allergy pandemic, definition of characteristics unique to potent allergens would facilitate allergenicity assessment in the future. Despite major research efforts even to date the features unique for major allergens have not been elucidated so far. The route of allergen entry into the organism determines to a great extent these required characteristics. Especially orally ingested allergens are exposed to the harsh milieu of the gastrointestinal tract but might additionally be influenced by food processing. Depending on molecular properties such as disulphide bonds contributing to protein fold and formation of conformational IgE epitopes, posttranslational protein modification or protein food matrix interactions, enzymatic and thermal stability might differ between allergens. Moreover, also ligand binding influences structural stability. In the current review article, we aim at highlighting specific characteristics and molecular pattern contributing to a stabilized protein structure and overall allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pekar
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kazemi R, Taheri-Kafrani A, Motahari A, Kordesedehi R. Allergenicity reduction of bovine milk β-lactoglobulin by proteolytic activity of lactococcus lactis BMC12C and BMC19H isolated from Iranian dairy products. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:876-881. [PMID: 29428389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays health benefits of bioactive food constituents, known as probiotic microorganisms, are a growing awareness. Cow's milk is a nutritious food containing probiotic bacteria. However, milk allergenicity is one of the most common food allergies. The milk protein, β-lactoglobulin (BLG), is in about 80% of all main cases of milk allergies for children and infants. With the aim of screening proteolytic strains of lactic acid bacteria to evaluate their potential for the reduction of allergenicity of the major bovine milk proteins, we isolated new proteolytic strains of cocci lactic acid bacteria from traditional Iranian dairy products. The proteases produced by these strains had strong proteolytic activity against BLG. Proteolysis of BLG, observed after sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, was confirmed by the analysis of the peptide profiles by reversed-phase HPLC. The two isolates were submitted to 16S rDNA sequencing and identified as Lactcoccus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactcoccus lactis subsp. hordniea. The competitive ELISA experiments confirmed that these isolates, with high proteolytic activity, reduce significantly the allergenicity of BLG. Accordingly, these isolates can reduce the immunoreactivity of bovine milk proteins, which can be helpful for the production of low-allergic dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Kazemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Motahari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 74147-85318, Iran
| | - Reihane Kordesedehi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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Uncuoglu A, Yologlu N, Simsek I, Uyan Z, Aydogan M. Tolerance to baked and fermented cow's milk in children with IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy in patients under two years of age. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:560-566. [PMID: 28720381 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) has been shown consistent in milder heated-milk tolerant and severe heated-milk reactant groups in patients older than two years. Little is known whether fermentation of milk gives rise to similar clinical phenotypes. We aimed to determine the influence of extensively heated and fermented cow's milk on the IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMA in children younger than two years. METHODS Subjects followed with the diagnosis of IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMA for at least six months underwent unheated milk challenge. IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated groups were categorised as unheated milk-reactive and tolerant, separately. Unheated milk-reactive groups were further challenged sequentially with fermented milk (yoghurt) and baked milk, 15 days apart. Allergy evaluation with skin tests, prick-to-prick tests and atopy patch tests were performed. RESULTS Fifty-seven children (median age: 14 months; range: 7-24 months) underwent unheated milk challenge. Eleven of 27 children with IgE-mediated CMA and 14 of 30 children with non-IgE-mediated CMA tolerated unheated milk. Among subjects who reacted to unheated milk; 15 of 16 subjects (93%) with IgE-mediated CMA also reacted to yoghurt, whereas 11 of 16 subjects (68%) with non-IgE-mediated CMA tolerated fermented milk. Thirteen subjects (81%) of the unheated milk-reactive IgE-mediated group tolerated to heated milk. None of 16 subjects of unheated milk-reactive non-IgE-mediated group reacted to baked milk. CONCLUSION The majority of children under the age of two years with both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated CMA tolerated baked-milk products. Yoghurt was tolerated in two thirds of unheated milk reactive patients suffering from non-IgE-mediated CMA.
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Azdad O, Mejrhit N, El Kabbaoui M, Chda A, Ouahidi I, Tazi A, Bencheikh R, Aarab L. Effect of heating and enzymatic hydrolysis on casein cow milk sensitivity in Moroccan population. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1391179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Azdad
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Najlae Mejrhit
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Kabbaoui
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Alae Chda
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ibtissam Ouahidi
- High Institute of Nursing and Technical Health (ISPITS Fez), Ministry of Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdelali Tazi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Rachid Bencheikh
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Lotfi Aarab
- Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules (LBM), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Zhou W, Wan Y, Guo R, Deng M, Deng K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang F. Generation of beta-lactoglobulin knock-out goats using CRISPR/Cas9. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186056. [PMID: 29016691 PMCID: PMC5634636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat's milk, considered a substitute for cow's milk, has a high nutritional value. However, goat's milk contains various allergens, predominantly β-lactoglobulin (BLG). In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the BLG locus in goat fibroblasts for sgRNA optimization and generate BLG knock-out goats through co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into goat embryos at the one-cell stage. We firstly tested sgRNA editing efficiencies in goat fibroblast cells, and approximately 8.00%-9.09% of the cells were modified in single sgRNA-guided targeting experiment. Among the kids, the genome-targeting efficiencies of single sgRNA were 12.5% (10 ng/μL sg1) and 0% (10 ng/μL sg2) and efficiencies of dual sgRNAs were 25.0% (25 ng/μL sg2+sg3 group) and 28.6% (50 ng/μL sg2+sg3 group). Relative expression of BLG in BLG knock-out goat mammary glands significantly (p < 0.01) decreased as well as other milk protein coding genes, such as CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3 and LALBA (p < 0.05). As expected, BLG protein had been abolished in the milk of the BLG knock-out goat. In addition, most of the targeted kids were chimeric (3/4), and their various body tissues were edited simultaneously. Our study thus provides a basis for optimizing the quality of goat milk, which can be applied to biomedical and agricultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Yongjie Wan
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Rihong Guo
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Mingtian Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR, China
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Corsello G, Carta M, Marinello R, Picca M, De Marco G, Micillo M, Ferrara D, Vigneri P, Cecere G, Ferri P, Roggero P, Bedogni G, Mosca F, Paparo L, Nocerino R, Berni Canani R. Preventive Effect of Cow's Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on Common Infectious Diseases in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:E669. [PMID: 28654019 PMCID: PMC5537784 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fermented foods have been proposed to prevent common infectious diseases (CIDs) in children attending day care or preschool. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 in reducing CIDs in children attending day care or preschool. Methods: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on healthy children (aged 12-48 months) consuming daily 7 grams of cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 (group A), or placebo (maltodextrins group B) attending day care or preschool during the winter season. The main outcome was the proportion of children who experienced ≥1 episode of CID during a 3-month follow-up. Fecal biomarkers of innate (α- and β-defensins, cathelicidin) and acquired immunity (secretory IgA) were also monitored. Results: A total of 126 children (71 males, 56%) with a mean (SD) age of 33 (9) months completed the study, 66 in group A and 60 in group B. At intention to treat analysis, the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 60% in group A vs. 83% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -23% (95% CI: -37% to -9%, p < 0.01). At per-protocol-analysis (PPA), the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 18% in group A vs. 40% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01). PPA showed that the proportion of children presenting ≥1 acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was significantly lower in group A (18% vs. 40%, p < 0.05). The ARD for the occurrence of ≥1 AGE was -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01) in group A. Similar findings were obtained at PPA regarding the proportion of children presenting ≥1 upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), which was significantly lower in group A (51% vs. 74%, p < 0.05), corresponding to an ARD of -23% (95% CI: -40% to -7%, p < 0.01). Significant changes in innate and acquired immunity biomarkers were observed only in subjects in group A. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 is an efficient strategy in preventing CIDs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsello
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Carta
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marinello
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri Lombardia, 46100 Mantova, Italy.
| | - Marina Picca
- Pediatric Society of Primary Health Care (SICuPP), 20135 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio De Marco
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Micillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dante Ferrara
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Gaetano Cecere
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Ferri
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Zhong J, Cai X, Liu C, Liu W, Xu Y, Luo S. Purification and conformational changes of bovine PEGylated β-lactoglobulin related to antigenicity. Food Chem 2016; 199:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Effect of processing on conformational changes of food proteins related to allergenicity. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Nocerino R, Paparo L, Terrin G, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cosenza L, Cecere G, De Marco G, Micillo M, Albano F, Nugnes R, Ferri P, Ciccarelli G, Giaccio G, Spadaro R, Maddalena Y, Berni Canani F, Berni Canani R. Cow's milk and rice fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 prevent infectious diseases in children: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2015; 36:118-125. [PMID: 26732025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Fermented foods have been proposed for the prevention of infectious diseases. We evaluated the efficacy of fermented foods in reducing common infectious diseases (CIDs) in children attending daycare. METHODS Prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (registered under Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT01909128) on healthy children (aged 12-48 months) consuming daily cow's milk (group A) or rice (group B) fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74, or placebo (group C) for three months during the winter season. The main study outcome was the proportion of children who experienced at least one CID. All CIDs were diagnosed by family pediatricians. Fecal concentrations of innate (α- and β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37) and acquired immunity biomarkers (secretory IgA) were also evaluated. RESULTS 377 children (193 males, 51%) with a mean (SD) age of 32 (10) months completed the study: 137 in group A, 118 in group B and 122 in group C. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that the proportion of children who experienced at least one CID was lower in group A (51.8%) and B (65.9%) compared to group C (80.3%). Per-protocol analysis showed that the proportion of children presenting upper respiratory tract infections was lower in group A (48.2%) and group B (58.5%) compared with group C (70.5%). The proportion of children presenting acute gastroenteritis was also lower in group A (13.1%) and group B (19.5%) compared with group C (31.1%). A net increase of all fecal biomarkers of innate and acquired immunity was observed for groups A and B compared to group C. Moreover, there was a negative association between fecal biomarkers and the occurrence of CID. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with cow's milk or rice fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 prevents CIDs in children attending daycare possibly by means of a stimulation of innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Pezzella
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cecere
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio De Marco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Micillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Albano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Nugnes
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Ferri
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giaccio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ylenia Maddalena
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; CEINGE - Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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Vanga SK, Singh A, Raghavan V. Review of conventional and novel food processing methods on food allergens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2077-2094. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1045965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Song Y, Cui C, Zhu H, Li Q, Zhao F, Jin Y. Expression, purification and characterization of zinc-finger nuclease to knockout the goat beta-lactoglobulin gene. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 112:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Cui C, Song Y, Liu J, Ge H, Li Q, Huang H, Hu L, Zhu H, Jin Y, Zhang Y. Gene targeting by TALEN-induced homologous recombination in goats directs production of β-lactoglobulin-free, high-human lactoferrin milk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10482. [PMID: 25994151 PMCID: PMC5386245 DOI: 10.1038/srep10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is a major goat’s milk allergen that is absent in human milk. Engineered endonucleases, including transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and zinc-finger nucleases, enable targeted genetic modification in livestock. In this study, TALEN-mediated gene knockout followed by gene knock-in were used to generate BLG knockout goats as mammary gland bioreactors for large-scale production of human lactoferrin (hLF). We introduced precise genetic modifications in the goat genome at frequencies of approximately 13.6% and 6.09% for the first and second sequential targeting, respectively, by using targeting vectors that underwent TALEN-induced homologous recombination (HR). Analysis of milk from the cloned goats revealed large-scale hLF expression or/and decreased BLG levels in milk from heterozygous goats as well as the absence of BLG in milk from homozygous goats. Furthermore, the TALEN-mediated targeting events in somatic cells can be transmitted through the germline after SCNT. Our result suggests that gene targeting via TALEN-induced HR may expedite the production of genetically engineered livestock for agriculture and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Cui
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Song
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengtao Ge
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Huang
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linyong Hu
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 1] College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China [2] Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Yao M, Xu Q, Luo Y, Shi J, Li Z. Study on reducing antigenic response and IgE-binding inhibitions of four milk proteins of Lactobacillus casei 1134. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1303-1312. [PMID: 25042354 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy has aroused public concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus casei 1134 on the antigenicity and allergenicity (IgE-binding inhibitions) of milk proteins. The effects of pH value on the antigenicity and allergenicity of four milk proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-casein and β-casein) were examined by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The free amino acids which were produced in the fermentation process were analysed and the proteolysis of milk proteins was detected. RESULTS Fermentation by L. casei 1134 could significantly reduce the antigenicity and allergenicity of the four proteins in reconstituted milk. The allergenicity of milk proteins was further reduced in the process of simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Moreover, we could deduce that one of the potential factors of antigenicity was lactic acid with the comparison of the antigenicity of the four proteins between L. casei 1134 fermented milk and lactic acid milk at different pH values. CONCLUSION There are many factors which can affect the milk proteins allergen, including lactic acid and proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
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Abstract
The similarity of mare's milk to breast milk makes it an interesting substrate for the creation of dairy beverages. The aim of this study was to determine the immunoreactivity of the digested mare's milk products carried out by lactic acid fermentation with Lactobacillus casei LCY, Streptococcus thermophilus MK10 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bi30. Simulation of digestion with saliva, pepsin and pancreatin/bile salts was carried out. The immunoreactivity of the milk proteins was assessed by competitive ELISA. The separation of proteins was studied using a tricine SDS-PAGE method. It has been demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation significantly decreases the immunoreactivity of β-lactoglobulin, β-casein, κ-casein and bovine serum albumin. The level of reduction was connected to the type of bacterial strain. The simulated digestion processes caused the decline of immunoreactivity, and the decreases obtained in the experiment were as follows: lactoferrin: 95%, β-lactoglobulin: 94%, β-casein: 93%, α-lactalbumin: 82%, α-casein: 82%, bovine serum albumin: 76% and κ-casein: 37%. The results of the study indicated that microbial fermentation with tested strains is a valuable method for reducing the immunoreactivity of mare's milk proteins. However, further studies with other bacterial strains are needed to gain a higher level of elimination or total reduction of mare's milk immunoreactivity to possibly introduce fermented mare's milk into the diet of patients with immune-mediated digestive problems.
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22
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of allergenic foods and food ingredients for labelling purposes. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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23
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Pescuma M, Hébert EM, Haertlé T, Chobert JM, Mozzi F, Font de Valdez G. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 454 cleaves allergenic peptides of β-lactoglobulin. Food Chem 2014; 170:407-14. [PMID: 25306364 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Whey, a cheese by-product used as a food additive, is produced worldwide at 40.7 million tons per year. β-Lactoglobulin (BLG), the main whey protein, is poorly digested and is highly allergenic. We aimed to study the contribution of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 454 to BLG digestion and to analyse its ability to degrade the main allergenic sequences of this protein. Pre-hydrolysis of BLG by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 454 increases digestion of BLG assayed by an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal system. Moreover, peptides from hydrolysis of the allergenic sequences V41-K60, Y102-R124, C121-L140 and L149-I162 were found when BLG was hydrolysed by this strain. Interestingly, peptides possessing antioxidant, ACE inhibitory, antimicrobial and immuno-modulating properties were found in BLG degraded by both the Lactobacillus strain and digestive enzymes. To conclude, pre-hydrolysis of BLG by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 454 has a positive effect on BLG digestion and could diminish allergenic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Pescuma
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Elvira M Hébert
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- UR 1268, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, Rue de la Géraudière, B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chobert
- UR 1268, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, Rue de la Géraudière, B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Fernanda Mozzi
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Font de Valdez
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología Superior, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Sun N, Zhou C, Zhou X, Sun L, Che H. Use of a rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cell-based immunological assay for allergen identification, clinical diagnosis of allergy, and identification of anti-allergy agents for use in immunotherapy. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:199-205. [PMID: 24920006 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.920063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an important public health problem that affects an estimated 8% of young children and 2% of adults. With an increasing interest in genetically-engineered foods, there is a growing need for development of sensitive and specific tests to evaluate potential allergenicity of foods and novel proteins as well as to determine allergic responses to ensure consumer safety. This review covers progress made in the field of development of cell models, specifically that involving a rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cell-based immunoassay, for use in allergen identification, diagnosis, and immunotherapy. The RBL assay has been extensively employed for determining biologically relevant cross-reactivities of food proteins, assessing the effect of processing on the allergenicity of food proteins, diagnosing allergic responses to whole-food products, and identifying anti-allergy food compounds. From the review of the literature, one might conclude the RBL cell-based assay is a better test system when compared to wild-type mast cell and basophil model systems for use in allergen identification, diagnosis, and analyses of potential immunotherapeutics. However, it is important to emphasize that this assay will only be able to identify those allergens to which the human has already been exposed, but will not identify a truly novel allergen, i.e. one that has never been encountered as in its preferred (humanized) configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China and
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Li Z, Luo Y, Feng L, Liao P. Effect of Maillard reaction conditions on antigenicity of β-lactoglobulin and the properties of glycated whey protein during simulated gastric digestion. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2012.712951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Yao M, Luo Y, Shi J, Zhou Y, Xu Q, Li Z. Effects of fermentation byLactobacillus rhamnosus GGon the antigenicity and allergenicity of four cows' milk proteins. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.852163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Vandermarliere E, Mueller M, Martens L. Getting intimate with trypsin, the leading protease in proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:453-65. [PMID: 23775586 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, mass spectrometry-based proteomics is carried out primarily in a bottom-up fashion, with peptides obtained after proteolytic digest of a whole proteome lysate as the primary analytes instead of the proteins themselves. This experimental setup crucially relies on a protease to digest an abundant and complex protein mixture into a far more complex peptide mixture. Full knowledge of the working mechanism and specificity of the used proteases is therefore crucial, both for the digestion step itself as well as for the downstream identification and quantification of the (fragmentation) mass spectra acquired for the peptides in the mixture. Targeted protein analysis through selected reaction monitoring, a relative newcomer in the specific field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, even requires a priori understanding of protease behavior for the proteins of interest. Because of the rapidly increasing popularity of proteomics as an analytical tool in the life sciences, there is now a renewed demand for detailed knowledge on trypsin, the workhorse protease in proteomics. This review addresses this need and provides an overview on the structure and working mechanism of trypsin, followed by a critical analysis of its cleavage behavior, typically simply accepted to occur exclusively yet consistently after Arg and Lys, unless they are followed by a Pro. In this context, shortcomings in our ability to understand and predict the behavior of trypsin will be highlighted, along with the downstream implications. Furthermore, an analysis is carried out on the inherent shortcomings of trypsin with regard to whole proteome analysis, and alternative approaches will be presented that can alleviate these issues. Finally, some reflections on the future of trypsin as the workhorse protease in mass spectrometry-based proteomics will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Vandermarliere
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Bu G, Luo Y, Chen F, Liu K, Zhu T. Milk processing as a tool to reduce cow's milk allergenicity: a mini-review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 93:211-223. [PMID: 23626868 PMCID: PMC3634986 DOI: 10.1007/s13594-013-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Milk processing technologies for the control of cow’s milk protein allergens are reviewed in this paper. Cow’s milk is a high nutritious food; however, it is also one of the most common food allergens. The major allergens from cow’s milk have been found to be β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin and caseins. Strategies for destroying or modifying these allergens to eliminate milk allergy are being sought by scientists all over the world. In this paper, the main processing technologies used to prevent and eliminate cow’s milk allergy are presented and discussed, including heat treatment, glycation reaction, high pressure, enzymatic hydrolysis and lactic acid fermentation. Additionally, how regulating and optimizing the processing conditions can help reduce cow’s milk protein allergenicity is being investigated. These strategies should provide valuable support for the development of hypoallergenic milk products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhao Bu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
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Alessandri C, Sforza S, Palazzo P, Lambertini F, Paolella S, Zennaro D, Rafaiani C, Ferrara R, Bernardi ML, Santoro M, Zuzzi S, Giangrieco I, Dossena A, Mari A. Tolerability of a fully maturated cheese in cow's milk allergic children: biochemical, immunochemical, and clinical aspects. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40945. [PMID: 22829901 PMCID: PMC3400663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From patients' reports and our preliminary observations, a fully maturated cheese (Parmigiano-Reggiano; PR) seems to be well tolerated by a subset of cow's milk (CM) allergic patients. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To biochemically and immunologically characterize PR samples at different maturation stage and to verify PR tolerability in CM allergic children. Seventy patients, with suspected CM allergy, were enrolled. IgE to CM, α-lactalbumin (ALA), β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and caseins (CAS) were tested using ImmunoCAP, ISAC103 and skin prick test. Patients underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge with CM, and an open food challenge with 36 months-maturated PR. Extracts obtained from PR samples were biochemically analyzed in order to determine protein and peptide contents. Pepsin and trypsin-chymotrypsin-pepsin simulated digestions were applied to PR extracts. Each PR extract was investigated by IgE Single Point Highest Inhibition Achievable assay (SPHIAa). The efficiency analysis was carried out using CM and PR oral challenges as gold standards. RESULTS The IgE binding to milk allergens was 100% inhibited by almost all PR preparations; the only difference was for CAS, mainly α(S1)-CAS. Sixteen patients sensitized to CM tolerated both CM and PR; 29 patients tolerated PR only; 21 patients, reacted to both CM and PR, whereas 4 patients reactive to CM refused to ingest PR. ROC analysis showed that the absence of IgE to BLG measured by ISAC could be a good marker of PR tolerance. The SPHIAa using digested PR preparations showed a marked effect on IgE binding to CAS and almost none on ALA and BLG. CONCLUSIONS 58% of patients clinically reactive to CM tolerated fully maturated PR. The preliminary digestion of CAS induced by PR maturation process, facilitating a further loss of allergenic reactivity during gut digestion, might explain the tolerance. This hypothesis seems to work when no IgE sensitization to ISAC BLG is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palazzo
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Lambertini
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Paolella
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Danila Zennaro
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mario Santoro
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Zuzzi
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arnaldo Dossena
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriano Mari
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Xiong K, Xie Z, Nan W, Liu H, Chen J. Stable silencing of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene by lentivirus-mediated RNAi in goat fetal fibroblasts. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:680-5. [PMID: 23055809 PMCID: PMC3459420 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactoglobulin (BLG), a dominant allergen in goat milk, is difficult to remove by traditional biochemical methods. Its elimination from goat milk by genetic modification therefore poses a major challenge for modern goat breeders. A shRNA targeting BLG mRNA with high interference efficiency was identified, with which lentiviral vectors were used for mediating stable shRNA interference in goat-fetal fibroblast cells. Apart from high efficiency in the knockdown of BLG expression in these cells, lentivector-mediated RNAi manifested stable integration into the goat genome itself. Consequently, an in vitro model for goat BLG-content control was compiled, and a goat-cell line for accompanying transgenetic goat production created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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AHMADOVA AYNUR, EL-GHAISH SHADY, CHOISET YVAN, RABESONA HANITRA, DROUET MARTINE, CHOBERT JEANMARC, KULIEV AKIFA, HAERTLE THOMAS. MODIFICATION OF IgE BINDING TO β- AND αS1-CASEINS BY PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OFLACTOBACILLUS HELVETICUSA75. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2012.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Diversity in growth and protein degradation by dairy relevant lactic acid bacteria species in reconstituted whey. J DAIRY RES 2012; 79:201-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The high nutritional value of whey makes it an interesting substrate for the development of fermented foods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and proteolytic activity of sixty-four strains of lactic acid bacteria in whey to further formulate a starter culture for the development of fermented whey-based beverages. Fermentations were performed at 37°C for 24 h in 10 and 16% (w/v) reconstituted whey powder. Cultivable populations, pH, and proteolytic activity (o-phthaldialdehyde test) were determined at 6 and 24 h incubation. Hydrolysis of whey proteins was analysed by Tricine SDS-PAGE. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate the behaviour of strains. Forty-six percent of the strains grew between 1 and 2 Δlog CFU/ml while 19% grew less than 0·9 Δlog CFU/ml in both reconstituted whey solutions. Regarding the proteolytic activity, most of the lactobacilli released amino acids and small peptides during the first 6 h incubation while streptococci consumed the amino acids initially present in whey to sustain growth. Whey proteins were degraded by the studied strains although to different extents. Special attention was paid to the main allergenic whey protein, β-lactoglobulin, which was degraded the most byLactobacillus acidophilusCRL 636 andLb. delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusCRL 656. The strain variability observed and the PCA applied in this study allowed selecting appropriate strains able to improve the nutritional characteristics (through amino group release and protein degradation) and storage (decrease in pH) of whey.
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Konstantinou GN, Kim JS. Paradigm shift in the management of milk and egg allergy: baked milk and egg diet. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 32:151-64. [PMID: 22244238 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Heat treatment of several foods, including all types of cooking, has been mainly used to minimize the number of viable microbes, reduce pathogenicity, and destroy the undesirable enzymes, maintaining food quality. In addition, food processing improves sensory, nutritional, and physical properties of the foods, due to food protein denaturation. Heat-induced alterations of food proteins can attenuate allergenicity. In this article, the authors review the important role of thermal processing on milk and egg proteins, which comprise the commonest food allergies in infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Konstantinou
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Potential use of lactic acid bacteria for reduction of allergenicity and for longer conservation of fermented foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li Z, Luo Y, Feng L. Effects of Maillard reaction conditions on the antigenicity of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in whey protein conjugated with maltose. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Corzo-Martínez M, Soria AC, Belloque J, Villamiel M, Moreno FJ. Effect of glycation on the gastrointestinal digestibility and immunoreactivity of bovine β-lactoglobulin. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bu G, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Chen F. Effects of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria on the antigenicity of bovine whey proteins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2015-2020. [PMID: 20583192 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main whey proteins alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) and beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) are considered as the major allergens in cow's milk. Microbial fermentation can produce some proteolytic enzymes, which can induce the degradation of milk protein allergens. In this study, the effects of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria on the antigenicity of alpha-LA and beta-LG were investigated using indirect competitive ELISA. Meanwhile, the proteolysis of milk proteins was detected by TNBS assay and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. RESULTS Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria could significantly reduce the antigenicity of alpha-LA and beta-LG in skim milk. Combined strains of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus were the most effective in reducing the antigenicity of both whey proteins. In addition, alpha-LA and beta-LG antigenicity decreased to a lower value at 6 h of fermentation and at 0.5 d of cold storage by fermentation with the combined strains. The results of TNBS assay and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that lactic acid bacteria strains used in this study hydrolysed whey proteins only to a limited extent. CONCLUSION The fermentation with lactic acid bacteria is an effective way to reduce whey proteins antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhao Bu
- College of Cereal and Food Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
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38
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Bu G, Luo Y, Lu J, Zhang Y. Reduced antigenicity ofβ-lactoglobulin by conjugation with glucose through controlled Maillard reaction conditions. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100903452122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Mills ENC, Sancho AI, Rigby NM, Jenkins JA, Mackie AR. Impact of food processing on the structural and allergenic properties of food allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:963-9. [PMID: 19603402 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent studies that address one of the major unanswered questions in food allergy research: what attributes of food or food proteins contribute to or enhance food allergenicity?
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Clare Mills
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Norwich, NR4 7UA UK.
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Abstract
Food allergies are on the rise in Western countries. With the food allergen labeling requirements in the US and EU, there is an interest in learning how food processing affects food allergens. Numerous foods are processed in different ways at home, in institutional settings, and in industry. Depending on the processing method and the food, partial or complete removal of the offending allergen may be possible as illustrated by reduction of peanut allergen in vitro IgE immunoreactivity upon soaking and blanching treatments. When the allergen is discretely located in a food, one may physically separate and remove it from the food. For example, lye peeling has been reported to produce hypoallergenic peach nectar. Protein denaturation and/or hydrolysis during food processing can be used to produce hypoallergenic products. This paper provides a short overview of basic principles of food processing followed by examples of their effects on food allergen stability. Reviewed literature suggests assessment of processing effects on clinically relevant reactivity of food allergens is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar K Sathe
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1493, USA.
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Pescuma M, Hébert EM, Dalgalarrondo M, Haertlé T, Mozzi F, Chobert JM, Font de Valdez G. Effect of exopolysaccharides on the hydrolysis of beta-lactoglobulin by Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 636 in an in vitro gastric/pancreatic system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5571-5577. [PMID: 19469473 DOI: 10.1021/jf9006505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the peptides generated by hydrolysis of BLG by nonproliferating cells of the strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 636 was carried out. The effect of polysaccharides (pectin, and two EPS synthesized by two Streptococcus thermophilus strains, EPS1190 and EPS804) on BLG digestibility using an in vitro gastric/pancreatic system was analyzed. Polysaccharides are commonly used in the dairy industry to improve food texture; these hydrocolloids may interact with proteins, affecting their digestibility. Nonproliferating cells of Lb. acidophilus CRL 636 were able to hydrolyze 52% of BLG. Twenty-six resulting peptides with molecular masses in the range 544-4119 Da were identified by LC-MS/MS. These peptides resulted mostly from the hydrolysis of the more accessible N-terminal part of BLG. Degradation of BLG by pepsin was poor (8%). When BLG was previously hydrolyzed by Lb. acidophilus CRL 636, peptic hydrolysis was of 54.8%, while when pectin and EPS1190 were added, hydrolysis was higher (58.2 and 57.2%, respectively). Peptides crossing 8 kDa dialysis membranes after trypsin/chymotrypsin hydrolysis were analyzed by HPSEC. The produced peptides were smaller when BLG was hydrolyzed previously by the Lb. acidophilus strain. Moreover, in the presence of pectin, the amount of the larger peptide (3.5 kDa) observed in the size exclusion chromatograms was considerably decreased. Our studies showed that prehydrolysis of BLG by Lb. acidophilus CRL 636 had a positive influence on BLG digestibility and that polysaccharides may change the peptide profile yielded by trypsin/chymotrypsin hydrolysis, releasing smaller size peptides, which are known to be less immune-reactive. Moreover, Lb. acidophilus CRL 636 was able to hydrolyze the main epitopes (41-60, 102-124, and 149-162) of BLG, reducing its allergenic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Pescuma
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos CONICET, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina
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Maier I, Lindner W, Pittner F. Antigenicity of heat-treated and trypsin-digested milk samples studied by an optical immunochip biosensor. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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TZVETKOVA IRENA, DALGALARRONDO MICHÈLE, DANOVA SVETLA, ILIEV ILIA, IVANOVA ISKRA, CHOBERT JEANMARC, HAERTLÉ THOMAS. HYDROLYSIS OF MAJOR DAIRY PROTEINS BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM BULGARIAN YOGURTS. J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Thomas K, Herouet-Guicheney C, Ladics G, Bannon G, Cockburn A, Crevel R, Fitzpatrick J, Mills C, Privalle L, Vieths S. Evaluating the effect of food processing on the potential human allergenicity of novel proteins: International workshop report. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1116-22. [PMID: 17395354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee organized an international workshop in June 2006 in Estoril, Portugal, co-sponsored by the ILSI Research Foundation, ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee and ILSI Europe. The objective was to discuss the effects of food processing on the allergenic potential of proteins and foods. The impact of food processing on the sensitization/induction phases of food allergy, and the bioavailability of allergens to the immune system were presented. Studies evaluating the stability, digestibility, and allergenicity of processed food allergens were identified, and their complexity and limitations discussed. Participants agreed that investigating food allergy mechanisms, validating appropriate methods for identifying allergenic proteins, and refining strategies to assess and manage the risks from food allergy were important before processing considerations are integrated into public-health decision-making for novel proteins. Other factors may also play a role in food allergy and include: food matrix; multiplicity of epitopes; geographic variation in patterns/prevalence of food allergies; and genetic factors, but required further exploration. Food processing may increase or decrease the intrinsic allergenicity of a protein, but current data do not facilitate the identification of specific variables that could be used to reliably determine how processing will influence protein allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karluss Thomas
- International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, One Thomas Circle NW, Ninth Floor, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
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Abstract
Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies in childhood affecting about 1-2% of preschool children and differs in a number of ways from other common childhood food allergies such as cows milk and peanut. Common egg allergens are altered both by heat and gastric enzymes. Compared with peanuts/tree nuts and milk, egg allergy appears less likely to cause severe life-threatening reactions or fatal anaphylaxis. Children are much more likely to outgrow egg allergy by school age as compared with peanut allergy. While the MMR vaccine is no longer contraindicated in egg allergy, influenza vaccine is contraindicated in children with anaphylaxis to egg. An understanding of the similarities and differences in these common food allergies of childhood is helpful in the management of these common and increasing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Wendy Allen
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, and Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Maier I, Okun VM, Pittner F, Lindner W. Changes in peptic digestibility of bovine beta-lactoglobulin as a result of food processing studied by capillary electrophoresis and immunochemical methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:160-7. [PMID: 16877053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Digestion studies constitute a functional tool for allergen characterisation. This strategy for investigating allergenic proteins relates to the observation of increased proteolytic resistance of some proteins recognised to exhibit allergenic potential. beta-Lactoglobulin (betaLG) is one of the major whey proteins, a potent milk allergen and shows a high stability against peptic hydrolysis in its native form. In order to study the impact of milk fermentation process on its digestibility, two complementary analytical methods were applied: capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to quantitatively study proteolytic degradation of betaLG isolated from different fermented bovine milk products, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess differences in immunoreactivity. betaLG, isolated from either raw or pasteurised cow's milk (CM), as expected, showed only minimal digestibility (less than 10% in 2 h). However, when raw milk or pasteurised milk was fermented, the rate of peptic digestion of the protein significantly increased (up to 45% in 2 h). In accordance with changes in digestibility, the immunochemical response for all fermented samples was lower than that of non-fermented references. Raw and pasteurised milk "naturally" fermented in our laboratory only resulted in a slight reduction (betaLG detected is still in the range of milligrams per gram sample), whereas the industrially manufactured sour milk as well as the "Acidophilus milk" reflected a remarkably lower level of immunoreactivity (55-56 microg/g sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maier
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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