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Filigenzi MS. Mass spectrometry in animal health laboratories: recent history, current applications, and future directions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241270071. [PMID: 39175303 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241270071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has long been considered a cornerstone technique in analytical chemistry. However, the use of MS in animal health laboratories (AHLs) has been limited, however, largely because of the expense involved in purchasing and maintaining these systems. Nevertheless, since ~2020, the use of MS techniques has increased significantly in AHLs. As expected, developments in new instrumentation have shown significant benefits in veterinary analytical toxicology as well as bacteriology. Creative researchers continue to push the boundaries of MS analysis, and MS now promises to impact disciplines other than toxicology and bacteriology. I include a short discussion of MS instrumentation, more detailed discussions of the MS techniques introduced since ~2020, and a variety of new techniques that promise to bring the benefits of MS to disciplines such as virology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Mantelli G, Carollo M, Losso L, Costantini I, Morando E, Bacchion M, Pizzuto M, Spagnuolo L, Ricci G. Laurel but Hardy: unintended poisoning, a case report of oleander misidentification as bay laurel. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:385-388. [PMID: 37885923 PMCID: PMC10598396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nerium oleander is a toxic plant containing cardiac glycosides throughout all its parts, thereby posing severe health risks upon ingestion. The clinical manifestations of oleander poisoning closely resemble those of digoxin toxicity, encompassing a spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cardiac disturbances. This scientific case report describes a case of accidental intoxication resulting from the consumption of an oleander leaves infusion misidentified as bay laurel leaves. Case report An 84-year-old patient consumed an oleander leaves infusion, and after four hours experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. He contacted the poison control center (PCC) and was advised to go to the emergency department (ED). Upon arrival, the patient presented stable vital signs without cardiac irregularities. The PCC recommended the administration of activated charcoal, vigilant monitoring, including electrocardiography (ECG). Subsequent ECGs assessments revealed the presence of third-degree atrioventricular block; in consultation with the PCC, digoxin-specific antibodies and external pacing were necessary. The patient was discharged on the eighth day in good hemodynamic condition, and outpatient follow-up visits showed clinical stability. Discussion This study offers insights for the management of similar cases. The limitations of conventional assays in measuring oleander cardiac glycosides were observed, emphasizing reliance on clinical evaluation. The patient's trajectory, remaining asymptomatic despite severe ECG changes post-ingestion, underscores the importance of prolonged clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mantelli
- USD Poison Control Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Carollo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Losso
- Department of Medical Toxicology Unit and Poison Control Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Costantini
- USD Poison Control Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Elia Morando
- USD Poison Control Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Matilde Bacchion
- USD Poison Control Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Pizzuto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Ricci
- USD Poison Control Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria integrata, Verona, Italy
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Sykes CA, Filigenzi M, Uzal FA, Poppenga RH. Yellow oleander ( Thevetia peruviana) toxicosis in 4 goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:563-567. [PMID: 37496389 PMCID: PMC10467453 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231186190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Four alpine goats developed diarrhea soon after the owner placed plant clippings believed to be yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) into their pen on a suburban property near Palm Desert, CA, USA. A 1-y-old female goat died suddenly ~1 h after eating the plant clippings and was submitted to the San Bernardino Branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System for postmortem examination. The main autopsy and histopathologic findings were myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis, consistent with cardiac glycoside intoxication. Rumen contents were analyzed by LC-MS/MS; peruvoside, a cardiac glycoside, was detected, but oleandrin, the cardiac glycoside of common oleander (Nerium oleander), was not. An LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) analysis revealed the presence of peruvoside and neriifolin in the rumen contents and in a tested plant fragment, indicating that the plant was a member of the Thevetia genus. A clipping from the plant fed to the goats and submitted by the owner was identified as yellow oleander, Thevetia peruviana (also known as Cascabela thevetia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Sykes
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis branches, CA, USA
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis branches, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis branches, CA, USA
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Zhang M, Luo L, Dai X, He Y, Ma J. Determination of oleandrin and adynerin in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS and their pharmacokinetic study. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Sykes CA, Uzal FA, Mete A, Ochoa J, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Asin J. Renal Lesions in Horses with Oleander (Nerium oleander) Poisoning. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111443. [PMID: 35681907 PMCID: PMC9179870 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A presumptive postmortem diagnosis of oleander (Nerium oleander) poisoning is made based on the histological observation of cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis, which is considered to be a reliable diagnostic marker, and can be confirmed via the detection of oleandrin in tissues or fluids. However, cardiac lesions may not be present in every case, and autolysis can often preclude the identification of subtle changes in the cardiomyocytes. Several studies of experimental oleander poisoning have noted the presence of renal lesions in multiple mammalian species, and case studies of accidental exposure have found similar, although more variably severe, renal abnormalities. Kidney pathology in horses with oleander poisoning has been only briefly mentioned. In this study, we reviewed 21 cases of spontaneous oleander poisoning in horses, evaluated the kidneys microscopically, and compared the renal microscopic lesions with those detected in 10 horses that died or were euthanized due to other causes to assess if histological renal changes could serve as an additional diagnostic marker for oleander poisoning in horses. We found that microscopic renal lesions, principally mild to moderate tubular changes such as hyaline cast formation, neutrophilic casts, epithelial attenuation and necrosis, as well as mineralization and congestion, occur in horses with oleander poisoning. Most of these changes match the descriptions of lesions previously noted in other species, although with less frequency and severity. Similar lesions were found in horses that died spontaneously due to different causes or were euthanized. We concluded that microscopic renal lesions may be detected in horses with oleander poisoning but they cannot be used as a diagnostic marker that allows differentiation from other disease processes or causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Sykes
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennine Ochoa
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(909)-751-3314
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Gabr NM, Ghaly NS, Mina SA. Structural characterization of three cytotoxic steroidal saponins from the leaves of Agave desmetiana hort. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113057. [PMID: 34942559 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three steroidal saponins detected by LC-MS were isolated from the leaves of Agave desmetiana hort. The three saponins were characterized as; Tigogenin 3 - [{O - β - D - xylopyranosyl (1 → 2) - α - L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 3)}-β-D- glucopyranoside), Tigogenin- 3 - ([O- α -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 3) - β - D - glalactopyranosyl (1 → 2)] - β - D - glucopyranoside) and Tigogenin- 3 - ([{O - α - L - rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4)} - β - D - galactopyranosyl (1 → 3) - β - D - xylopyranosyl (1 → 2)] - β - D - glucopyranoside). Identification and structure elucidation of the isolates were done via 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and chemical methods. Cytotoxic activity for the crude saponins and the three isolated compounds were evaluated against Hepg-2 and Mcf-7 cell lines. Compound 2 proved to be the most cytotoxic against tested cell lines with an IC50 2.97 and 2.49 μg/ml respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwan M Gabr
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Neveen S Ghaly
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Suzan A Mina
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhai J, Dong X, Yan F, Guo H, Yang J. Oleandrin: A Systematic Review of its Natural Sources, Structural Properties, Detection Methods, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:822726. [PMID: 35273501 PMCID: PMC8902680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.822726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin is a highly lipid-soluble cardiac glycoside isolated from the plant Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) and is used as a traditional herbal medicine due to its excellent pharmacological properties. It is widely applied for various disease treatments, such as congestive heart failure. Recently, oleandrin has attracted widespread attention due to its extensive anti-cancer and novel anti-viral effects. However, oleandrin has a narrow therapeutic window and exhibits various toxicities, especially typical cardiotoxicity, which is often fatal. This severe toxicity and low polarity have significantly hindered its application in the clinic. This review describes natural sources, structural properties, and detection methods of oleandrin. Based on reported poisoning cases and sporadic animal experiments, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oleandrin are summarized, so as to infer some possible phenomena, such as enterohepatic circulation. Moreover, the relevant factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of oleandrin are analyzed, and some research approaches that may ameliorate the pharmacokinetic behavior of oleandrin are proposed. With the toxicology of oleandrin being thoroughly reviewed, the development of safe clinical applications of oleandrin may be possible given potential research strategies to decrease toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Zhai
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoru Dong,
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongsong Guo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Shoyama Y. Studies on Natural Products Using Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:43. [PMID: 34842627 PMCID: PMC8628510 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunoblotting system ("eastern blotting") was developed for small-molecule herbal medicines like glycosides, with no conjugation function to the membrane. Briefly, the crude extracts of herb medicines were developed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The small-molecule herbal medicines on TLC plates were transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polyethersulfone (PES) membranes by heating. Antigen components were divided into two categories based on their function, i.e., their membrane recognizing (aglycone part) and fixing (sugar moiety) abilities. This procedure allows for the staining of only target glycosides. Double eastern blotting was developed as a further staining system for two herb medicines using a set of MAbs and substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Shoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
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Carfora A, Petrella R, Borriello R, Aventaggiato L, Gagliano-Candela R, Campobasso CP. Fatal poisoning by ingestion of a self-prepared oleander leaf infusion. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 17:120-125. [PMID: 33237522 PMCID: PMC7889672 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An unusual case of poisoning by the ingestion of oleander leaves is reported. A 71 year old male laboratory technician committed suicide at home in this unusual manner. At the death scene a steel pan and other paraphernalia, used for the extraction of oleandrin and other cardiac glycosides from the leaves of the Nerium oleander plant were found.Toxicological investigations for oleandrin, oleandrigenin, neritaloside, and odoroside were performed by LC-MS/MS on all biological samples (peripheral blood, vitreous humor, urine, liver, gastric contents) and on the yellow infusion found at the death scene.In all samples, toxic levels of oleandrin were detected (blood 37.5 ng/mL, vitreous humor 12.6 ng/mL, urine 83.8 ng/mL, liver 205 ng/mg, gastric content 31.2 µg/mL, infusion 38.5 µg/mL). Qualitative results for oleandrigenin, neritaloside, and odoroside were obtained. Oleandrigenin was present in all tissue samples whereas neritaloside and odoroside were absent in the blood and vitreous humor but present in urine, liver, gastric content, and in the leaf brew.The purpose of this study was the identification of oleandrin and its congener oleandrigenin, detected in the vitreous humor. The blood/vitreous humor ratio was also calculated in order to assess of the likely time interval from ingestion to death. According to the toxicological results death was attributed to fatal arrhythmia due to oleander intoxication. The manner of death was classified as suicide through the ingestion of the infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carfora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Unit, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaella Petrella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Unit, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Renata Borriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Unit, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Aventaggiato
- Department Interdisciplinary of Medicine (DIM), Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Gagliano-Candela
- Department Interdisciplinary of Medicine (DIM), Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietro Campobasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Unit, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Ceci L, Girolami F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Nebbia C, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Iarussi F, Carelli G. Outbreak of Oleander ( Nerium oleander) Poisoning in Dairy Cattle: Clinical and Food Safety Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080471. [PMID: 32722138 PMCID: PMC7472096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander is a spontaneous shrub widely occurring in Mediterranean regions. Poisoning is sporadically reported in livestock, mainly due to the ingestion of leaves containing toxic cardiac glycosides (primarily oleandrin). In this study, 50 lactating Fleckvieh cows were affected after being offered a diet containing dry oleander pruning wastes accidentally mixed with fodder. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood sampling were conducted. Dead animals were necropsied, and heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were submitted to histological investigation. Oleandrin detection was performed through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in blood, serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese samples. Severe depression, anorexia, ruminal atony, diarrhea, serous nasal discharge, tachycardia, and irregular heartbeat were the most common clinical signs. The first animal died within 48 h, and a total of 13 cows died in 4 days. Disseminated hyperemia and hemorrhages, multifocal coagulative necrosis of the cardiac muscle fibers, and severe and diffuse enteritis were suggestive of oleander poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese. Our results confirm the high toxicity of oleander in cattle and report for the first time the transfer into milk and dairy products, suggesting a potential risk for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
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Azzalini E, Bernini M, Vezzoli S, Antonietti A, Verzeletti A. A fatal case of self-poisoning through the ingestion of oleander leaves. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 65:133-136. [PMID: 31153008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits and even dangers of plants are known since time began. The ancients used plants and herbs because of their effects on the human body. Poisoning is a logical consequence of their use: history is full of episodes of plants and herbs poisoning, whether intentional or accidental. AIM Oleander poisoning is generally accidental; an intentional assumption of its leaves to commit suicide is uncommon because the population is not aware of the harmfulness of its cardiotoxic glycosides, therefore we report a fatal case of self-poisoning through the voluntary ingestion of oleander leaves. METHODS A diagnosis of oleander self-poisoning was highly suspected on the basis of the circumstantial evidence and the autopsy findings. Toxicological investigations were performed on the samples collected during the autopsy and aimed at confirm the presence of oleandrin at a toxic level. RESULTS The autopsy revealed a piece of oleander leaf on the posterior third of the tongue's body and several plant residues, similar to the one recovered on the tongue, into the gastric content; petechiae on the deep surface of the scalp, multi-organ congestion, and pulmonary edema were also observed. The histological study corroborated the pulmonary edema macroscopically observed but did not provide any other information. The detection of oleandrin in biological cadaveric samples revealed high, fatal, concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Cases of voluntary ingestion of oleander with a suicidal intent prove to be uncommon: in the case reported the victim was aware about the possibility to commit suicide through the ingestion of oleander leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Azzalini
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marzia Bernini
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sara Vezzoli
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Antonietti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Verzeletti
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
India has a very high incidence of poisoning. While most cases are due to chemicals or drugs or envenomation by venomous creatures, a significant proportion also results from consumption or exposure to toxic plants or plant parts or products. The exact nature of plant poisoning varies from region to region, but certain plants are almost ubiquitous in distribution, and among these, Oleander and Datura are the prime examples. These plants are commonly encountered in almost all parts of India. While one is a wild shrub (Datura) that proliferates in the countryside and by roadsides, and the other (Oleander) is a garden plant that features in many homes. Incidents of poisoning from these plants are therefore not uncommon and may be the result of accidental exposure or deliberate, suicidal ingestion of the toxic parts. An attempt has been made to review the management principles with regard to toxicity of these plants and survey the literature in order to highlight current concepts in the treatment of poisoning resulting from both plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay V Pillay
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Poison Control Centre, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anu Sasidharan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Forensic Pathology Unit, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Dasgupta A, Welsh KJ, Hwang SA, Johnson M, Actor JK. Bidirectional (negative/positive) interference of oleandrin and oleander extract on a relatively new Loci digoxin assay using Vista 1500 analyzer. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:16-20. [PMID: 24375780 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleander interferes with serum digoxin measurements using various immunoassays. The potential interference of oleander and its active ingredient, oleandrin, with a relatively new homogenous sequential chemiluminescent digoxin assay based on luminescent oxygen channeling technology (LOCI digoxin assay, Siemens Diagnostics) has not been previously reported. METHODS Aliquots of a digoxin-free serum pool were supplemented with increasing concentrations of oleandrin, or with oleander extract, followed by measuring the apparent digoxin concentrations using the LOCI digoxin assay using Vista 1500 analyzer. Mice were fed oleandrin or oleander extract, and their blood digoxin levels at 1 and 2 h were measured with the LOCI digoxin assay. In addition, two digoxin serum pools were prepared by combining sera of patients receiving digoxin; aliquots of both pools were supplemented with oleandrin or oleander extract and digoxin concentrations were again measured. Attempts to overcome this interference were made by measuring free digoxin concentration using a third digoxin pool. RESULTS Significant apparent digoxin concentrations were observed after supplementing aliquots of the drug-free serum pool with oleandrin or oleander extract. Mice fed with oleandrin or oleander extract also showed apparent digoxin levels 1 and 2 h after feeding. Digoxin values were also falsely lower or elevated (bidirectional interference) when aliquots of digoxin serum pools were further supplemented with oleandrin or oleander extract depending on concentration; this interference was not eliminated by free digoxin monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Oleandrin interferes with LOCI digoxin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas
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14
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Renier AC, Kass PH, Magdesian KG, Madigan JE, Aleman M, Pusterla N. Oleander toxicosis in equids: 30 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:540-9. [PMID: 23363288 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.4.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical, laboratory analysis, and necropsy findings for equids with oleander toxicosis and to identify factors associated with outcome. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 30 equids. PROCEDURES Medical records of equids with detectable concentrations of oleandrin in serum, plasma, urine, or gastrointestinal fluid samples and equids that had not received cardiac glycoside drugs but had detectable concentrations of digoxin in serum were identified via a medical records database search. Descriptive statistics were calculated for medical history, physical examination, laboratory analysis, and necropsy variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify physical examination and laboratory analysis factors significantly associated with outcome. RESULTS 3 of 30 (10.0%) equids died before or immediately after arrival at the hospital. Of the other 27 equids, 23 (85.2%) had gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, azotemia was detected for 19 (70.4%), and a cardiac arrhythmia was ausculted for 18 (66.7%). Mortality rate for all equids was 50.0%; mortality rate for hospitalized equids was 44.4%. The most common cause of death was cardiac dysfunction. Odds of survival to discharge from the hospital were lower for equids with cardiac arrhythmias versus those without arrhythmias and decreased with increasing Hct and serum glucose concentrations. Odds of survival increased with increasing serum chloride concentration and duration of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Equids with oleander toxicosis frequently had simultaneous gastrointestinal tract, cardiac, and renal problems. Oleander intoxication should be a differential diagnosis for equids with colic in geographic areas where oleander is found, especially when azotemia or cardiac arrhythmias are detected concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Renier
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Turkmen Z, Mercan S, Cengiz S. An HPTLC method for the determination of oleandrin inNeriumplant extracts and its application to forensic toxicology. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Varga A, Puschner B. Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2012; 3:111-127. [PMID: 30155434 PMCID: PMC6065581 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s28770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study all suspect bovine intoxications submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011 were reviewed. A total of 1199 cases were submitted, but a diagnosis of intoxication was only established in 13.5% of cases. In these cases, overexposures to minerals, metals, and poisonous plants were determined as the most commonly diagnosed poisonings in cattle in California. Nitrate/nitrite poisoning was the most commonly diagnosed plant-associated intoxication, followed by gossypol and oleander. This study details the diagnostic challenges and treatment options for the most commonly diagnosed intoxications. To ensure proper treatment and prevention of new cases, accurate diagnosis is necessary, and therefore this review provides an essential tool for the food animal practitioner. Available toxicological analyses are offered at select laboratories, which can be time consuming and expensive, yet the potential for residues in consumed animal products and implications for human health necessitate testing and consultation. Any potential exposure to a toxicant in cattle should be reviewed to determine whether a residue hazard exists. Therapy focuses on immediate removal of the toxicant from the environment and from the gastrointestinal tract. With few antidotes available, most are cost prohibitive to treat numerous affected cattle. In addition, most antidotes will require extra-label drug use and establishment of meat and milk withdrawal times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Varga
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Large Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,
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Kohls S, Scholz-Böttcher BM, Teske J, Zark P, Rullkötter J. Cardiac glycosides from Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 75:114-27. [PMID: 22196940 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thevetia cardiac glycosides can lead to intoxication, thus they are important indicators for forensic and pharmacologic surveys. Six thevetia cardiac glycosides, including two with unknown structures, were isolated from the seeds of the Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Shum., Apocynaceae). LC-ESI⁺-MS(/MS) analysis under high-resolution conditions used as a qualitative survey of the primary glycosides did not lead to fragmentation of the aglycones. Acid hydrolysis of the polar and non-volatile thevetia glycosides under severe conditions yielded the aglycones of the thevetia glycosides and made them amenable to GC-MS analysis. Comparison of mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the aglycones, as well as high-resolution mass spectrometric and NMR data of four of the primary thevetia glycosides including the two unknowns, revealed the structures of the complete set of six thevetia glycosides. The identified compounds are termed thevetin C and acetylthevetin C and differ by an 18,20-oxido-20,22-dihydro functionality from thevetin B and acetylthevetin B, respectively. The absence of an unsaturated lactone ring renders the glycosides cardio-inactive. The procedures developed in this study and the sets of analytical data obtained will be useful for screening and structure assessment of other, particularly polar, cardiac glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kohls
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Xu H, Shi X, Ji X, Du Y, Zhu H, Zhang L. Qualitative and quantitative determination of nine main active constituents in Pulsatilla cernua by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:308-16. [PMID: 21268254 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel qualitative and quantitative method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of the nine major active constituents in Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. et Opiz., namely anemoside A3 (1), anemoside B4 (2), 23-hydroxybetulinic acid (3), cirenshenoside S (4), pulsatilloside B (5), pulsatilloside C (6), oleanolic acid (7), ajugasterone C (8) and β-ecdysterone (9), respectively. A Sapphire C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution were used during the analysis. The identification and quantification of the analytes were achieved on a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning was employed for quantification with switching electrospray ion source polarity between positive and negative modes in a single run. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r(2) > 0.9948) within the test ranges. The intra and interday variations for nine analytes were less than 3.95 and 3.78%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the investigated compounds in 15 batches of natural and cultured samples of P. cernua. The results indicated that the method was simple, rapid, specific and reliable, which is helpful to comprehensive evaluation of quality of P. cernua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Skhirtladze A, Perrone A, Montoro P, Benidze M, Kemertelidze E, Pizza C, Piacente S. Steroidal saponins from Yucca gloriosa L. rhizomes: LC-MS profiling, isolation and quantitative determination. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:126-135. [PMID: 21094503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of steroidal saponins in the rhizomes of Yucca gloriosa has been detected by LC-MS. On the basis of the LC-MS analysis, five steroidal glycosides, including three spirostane, one furostane and one cholestane glycosides, along with seven known compounds have been isolated and characterized by ESI-MS and by the extensive use of 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Quantitative analysis of the steroidal glycosides in Y. gloriosa rhizomes was performed by an LC-MS method validated according to European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The dried BuOH extract obtained from rhizomes contains more than 25% w/w of glycosides, thus Y. gloriosa rhizomes can be considered a rich source of steroidal glycosides.
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Bandara V, Weinstein SA, White J, Eddleston M. A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning. Toxicon 2010; 56:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Determination of steroidal glycosides in Yucca gloriosa flowers by LC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:791-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Wu X, Li J, Wang Y, Yu S, Lv H, Qu J, Abliz Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Du D. Identification of cardiac glycosides in fractions from Periploca forrestii by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detection/electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:381-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kozikowski TA, Magdesian KG, Puschner B. Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:305-10. [PMID: 19650704 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical and clinicopathologic effects and evaluate outcome associated with oleander toxicosis in New World camelids. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 11 llamas and 1 alpaca. PROCEDURES Medical records from a veterinary medical teaching hospital from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2006, were reviewed. Records of all New World camelids that had detectable amounts of oleandrin in samples of serum, urine, or gastrointestinal fluid were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic data, and outcome of affected camelids. RESULTS 11 llamas and 1 alpaca met the inclusion criteria of the study. Either oleander plants were present where the camelids resided (n = 7) or oleander plant material was identified in the hay fed to the camelids (5). One llama was dead on arrival at the hospital, and another was euthanized upon admission because of financial concerns. Of the 10 treated camelids, 9 had evidence of acute renal failure, 7 had gastrointestinal signs, and 4 had cardiac dysrhythmias on initial evaluation. The overall mortality rate was 25%, but the mortality rate for the 10 camelids that were medically treated was 10%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In New World camelids, oleander intoxication was associated with a triad of clinical effects (ie, renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular dysfunction). Oleander intoxication often represented a herd problem but carried a fair to good prognosis if treated promptly. Oleander toxicosis should be considered a differential diagnosis in sick camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania A Kozikowski
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tiwary AK, Poppenga RH, Puschner B. In vitro study of the effectiveness of three commercial adsorbents for binding oleander toxins. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:213-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650802590314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Wasfi IA, Zorob O, Al katheeri NA, Al Awadhi AM. A fatal case of oleandrin poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 179:e31-6. [PMID: 18602779 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study presents a case of fatal poisoning with oleander leaves in an adult diabetic male. After repeated vomiting, and gastrointestinal distress the patient was admitted at the hospital with cardiac symptoms 1h after the ingestion. Urine samples were assayed immunochemically and by GC-MS for drugs of abuse and for general toxicological screen. Blood was analyzed for alcohol and volatiles by static head space GC-MS. Blood and oleander leaves were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for oleandrin and related compounds, the main cardiac glycosides of Nerium oleander. Oleandrin was detected by LC-MS/MS in the blood sample at a concentration of approximately 10 ng/ml. Another cardiac glycoside with pseudo-molecular ion of m/z 577, a likely structural isomer of oleandrin, was also detected in the blood and oleander leaves. However, by using the response as a function of concentration for oleandrin, this cardiac glycoside was roughly estimated at a concentration of approximately 10 ng/ml in the deceased blood. This would give a total fatal blood concentration of cardiac glycosides of about approximately 20 ng/ml in the deceased blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Wasfi
- Department of Forensic Evidence, Forensic Science Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, PO Box 253, United Arab Emirates.
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Beyer J, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH. Detection and validated quantification of toxic alkaloids in human blood plasma--comparison of LC-APCI-MS with LC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:621-33. [PMID: 17323418 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poisonings with toxic plants may occur after abuse, intentional or accidental ingestion of plants. For diagnosis of such poisonings, multianalyte procedures were developed for detection and validated quantification of the toxic alkaloids aconitine, atropine, colchicine, coniine, cytisine, nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, physostigmine, and scopolamine in plasma using LC-APCI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. After mixed-mode solid-phase extraction of 1 ml of plasma, the analytes were separated using a C8 base select separation column and gradient elution (acetonitrile/ammonium formate, pH 3.5). Calibration curves were used for quantification with cotinine-d(3), benzoylecgonine-d(3), and trimipramine-d(3) as internal standards. The method was validated according to international guidelines. Both assays were selective for the tested compounds. No instability was observed after repeated freezing and thawing or in processed samples. The assays were linear for coniine, cytisine, nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, from 50 to 1000 ng/ml using LC-APCI-MS and 1 to 1000 ng/ml using LC-ESI-MS/MS, respectively, and for aconitine, atropine, colchicine, physostigmine, and scopolamine from 5 to 100 ng/ml for LC-APCI-MS and 0.1 to 100 ng/ml for LC-ESI-MS/MS, respectively. Accuracy ranged from -38.6 to 14.0%, repeatability from 2.5 to 13.5%, and intermediate precision from 4.8 to 13.5% using LC-APCI-MS and from -38.3 to 8.3% for accuracy, from 3.5 to 13.8%, for repeatability, and from 4.3 to 14.7% for intermediate precision using LC-ESI-MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification was fixed at the lowest calibrator in the linearity experiments. With the exception of the greater sensitivity and higher identification power, LC-ESI-MS/MS had no major advantages over LC-APCI-MS. Both presented assays were applicable for sensitive detection of all studied analytes and for accurate and precise quantification, with the exception of the rather volatile nicotine. The applicability of the assays was demonstrated by analysis of plasma samples from suspected poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Beyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Xing J, Xie C, Lou H. Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:368-78. [PMID: 17317073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids have been extensively investigated because of their biological and physiological significances, as well as their promising clinical uses. It is necessary to monitor them or their metabolites in biological fluids for both pre-clinical studies and routine clinical uses. The successful hyphenation of LC and MS, which was thought as "the bird wants to marry with fish", has been conducted widely in biological samples analysis. This present paper reviewed the feasibility of LC-MS techniques in the identification and quantification of natural products (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and sesquiterpenoids) in biological fluids, dealing with sample preparation, LC techniques, suitability of different MS techniques. Perspective of LC-MS was also discussed to show the potential of this technology. The citations cover the period 2002-2006. We conclude that LC-MS is an extremely powerful tool for the analysis of natural products in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Dasgupta A, Kang E, Datta P. The New Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Digoxin Assay on the ADVIA Integrated Modular System® is Virtually Free From Oleander Interference. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:282-5. [PMID: 16628146 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000195616.69721.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite known toxicity of oleander, this product is used in herbal preparations. Oleander interferes with various digoxin immunoassays. It is possible that a person taking digoxin also may take oleander-containing herbal products, and digoxin immunoassays interfering with oleander cannot be used for therapeutic monitoring of digoxin. Recently, Bayer Diagnostics introduced a new enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunosorbent digoxin assay for application on the ADVIA IMS System (ECLIA-digoxin). We studied potential interference of oleander with this new digoxin assay and found that this assay is virtually free from oleander interference. When aliquots of drug-free serum pools were supplemented with ethyl alcohol extract of oleander leaf or pure oleandrin standard, we observed significant apparent digoxin concentration when measured by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) but minimal digoxin-like immunoreactivity using the ECLIA digoxin assay. Because cross-reactivity should be studied in the presence of primary analyte, we prepared 2 serum pools using sera from patients receiving digoxin. Then aliquots of first digoxin pool were supplemented with oleandrin standard and aliquots of second digoxin pool with oleander extract. We observed significant increases in apparent digoxin concentration in the presence of both oleandrin and oleander extract using the FPIA. However, we observed no statistically significant change in digoxin concentration when ECLIA digoxin assay was used, indicating that this assay is virtually free from oleander interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:134-41. [PMID: 16634291 DOI: 10.1002/pca.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:128-39. [PMID: 16402416 DOI: 10.1002/jms.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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