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Dugulin CA, De Rouck G, Cook DJ. Green Malt for a Green Future – Feasibility and Challenges of Brewing Using Freshly Germinated (Unkilned) Malt: A Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1902710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celina A. Dugulin
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, Division of Microbiology, Brewing & Biotechnology, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gert De Rouck
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology, Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David J. Cook
- International Centre for Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, Division of Microbiology, Brewing & Biotechnology, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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2
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A Review on the Source of Lipids and Their Interactions during Beer Fermentation that Affect Beer Quality. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of lipids in wort and beer are important due to their influence on yeast metabolism and beer quality. Barley lipids have long been considered to have adverse effects on beer quality where some long-chain fatty acids are associated with high flavour potential. In addition, beer foam stability can be influenced by the concentration of lipids as well as other factors such as hop acids (e.g., iso-α-acids), proteins, polysaccharides and the presence of metal ions (e.g., nickel). Lipids can also influence yeast protease activity as well as the production of ethanol. This review provides an overview of the effect of climate change on the chemical composition of barley in relation to lipids and the influence of lipids in the process of this raw material in order to produce beer.
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An overview on the role of lipids and fatty acids in barley grain and their products during beer brewing. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Cozzolino D, Roumeliotis S, Eglinton J. Relationships Between Fatty Acid Contents of Barley Grain, Malt, and Wort with Malt Quality Measurements. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-14-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Roumeliotis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1 Glen Osmond SA 5064, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jason Eglinton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1 Glen Osmond SA 5064, Adelaide, Australia
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Bravi E, Benedetti P, Marconi O, Perretti G. Determination of free fatty acids in beer wort. Food Chem 2014; 151:374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Joo YC, Oh DK. Lipoxygenases: Potential starting biocatalysts for the synthesis of signaling compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Bravi E, Marconi O, Perretti G, Fantozzi P. Influence of barley variety and malting process on lipid content of malt. Food Chem 2012; 135:1112-7. [PMID: 22953832 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The lipid content of a beer affects its ability to form a stable head of foam and plays an important role in beer staling. The concentration and the quality of lipids in beer depend on their composition in the raw materials and on the brewing process and they may exert considerable influence on beer quality. This paper presents an investigation of the influence of barley variety and malting process on the lipid content of finished malt. Five barley samples, grown in Italy, representing 4 spring barley and 1 winter barley were used. The samples were micro-malted and analysed. The aim of this research was to verify the influence of different barley varieties on the lipid content of malt and also on the changes in fatty acid (FA) profile during the malting process. Lipid content and FA profile were evaluated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish relationships between the different samples. An evaluation of the correlation between lipid content of barleys and the quality of the resulting malts was also conducted. The data showed that the total lipid content during the malting process decreased significantly as barley was converted into malt. Different barley varieties present different FA contents and different FA patterns. The correlation between the lipid content of barley and the quality of the resulting malt confirmed the negative influence of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bravi
- Department of Economic and Food Sciences, Section of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo n.c.n., 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Cho K, Kim YC, Woo JC, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Yoeun S, Han O. Transgenic expression of dual positional maize lipoxygenase-1 leads to the regulation of defense-related signaling molecules and activation of the antioxidative enzyme system in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:238-245. [PMID: 22325886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of transgenic expression of dual positional maize lipoxygenase-1 on the defense system were analyzed in rice. The activities of hydroperoxidelyase and antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) were increased and high levels of aldehydes including malondialdehyde were produced. The constitutive level of jasmonic was slightly increased and the constitutive salicylic acid level was decreased. Kinetic analysis of wound response indicated that the levels of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are inversely correlated in nully transgenic rice plants, suggesting that there is an antagonistic interaction between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Microarray analysis indicated that several defense-related genes encoding antioxidative enzymes and pathogen-related proteins were up-regulated, and the resistance to rice blast fungus was enhanced in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results suggest that maize lipoxygenase-1 expressed in the cytoplasm plays an important role for the regulation of defense system including the antioxidative enzymes in transgenic rice, and that these effects may be mediated by reactive oxygen species generated through the enzyme-initiated catalytic peroxidation mechanism of maize lipoxygenase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Cho K, Han Y, Woo JC, Baudisch B, Klösgen RB, Oh S, Han J, Han O. Cellular localization of dual positional specific maize lipoxygenase-1 in transgenic rice and calcium-mediated membrane association. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:242-248. [PMID: 21763534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dual positional maize lipoxygenase-1 was introduced into rice and T2 transgenic plants were produced. Cellular location of maize lipoxygenase-1 in transgenic rice and effects of calcium ion on membrane association in vitro were analyzed. Localization study by confocal microscopic analysis indicated that the maize lipoxygenase-1 was localized in cytoplasm. Sucrose-density fractionation experiment and in vitro protein transport to chloroplast showed that the maize lipoxygenase-1 can be associated with chloroplast. Secondary structure alignment revealed putative calcium binding sites in the PLAT domain of maize lipoxygenase-1 and the association of the maize lipoxygenase-1 with membranes was mediated by calcium ion in vitro. Our results provide evidences for calcium-mediated translocation of dual positional LOX without chloroplast targeting sequence from cytoplasm to chloroplast in plants for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Cai Y, Liu YJ, Xu H, Hu XY, Xia YM. Soymeal-catalyzed facile and economic bioproduction of soybean oil hydroperoxide. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2010.550001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Partial purification and enzymatic characterization of avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv. Hass) lipoxygenase. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A Substrate Serves as a Hydrogen Atom Donor in the Enzyme-Initiated Catalytic Mechanism of Dual Positional Specific Maize Lipoxygenase-1. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.4.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Foulks JM, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA, McIntyre TM. A yeast PAF acetylhydrolase ortholog suppresses oxidative death. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:434-42. [PMID: 18489912 PMCID: PMC2603548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids containing sn-2 polyunsaturated fatty acyl residues are primary targets of oxidizing radicals, producing proapoptotic and membrane perturbing fragmented phospholipids. The only known phospholipases that specifically select these oxidized and/or short-chained phospholipids as substrates are mammalian group VII phospholipases A2s that were purified and cloned as PAF acetylhydrolases. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a short-chained phospholipid, and whether these enzymes actually are PAF hydrolases or evolved as oxidized phospholipid phospholipases is unknown. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which does not form or use PAF as a signaling molecule, contains an open-reading frame potentially homologous to mammalian group VII phospholipase A2s. We cloned this SPBC106.11c locus and expressed it in distantly related Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lack homologous sequences. The S. pombe locus encoded a functional phospholipase A2, now renamed plg7+, that hydrolyzed PAF and a synthetic oxidized phospholipid. Expression of human type II PAF acetylhydrolase or S. pombe Plg7p enhanced the viability of S. cerevisiae subjected to oxidative stress. We conclude that a single-celled organism with an exceedingly spare genome still expresses an unusually discriminating phospholipase A2, and that selective hydrolysis of phospholipid oxidation products is an early, and critical, way to overcome oxidative membrane damage and oxidant-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Foulks
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
- Department of Internal Medicine and Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Andrew S. Weyrich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of CWRU, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195
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Jang S, Huon T, Kim K, Um E, Han O. Regiochemical and Stereochemical Evidence for Enzyme-Initiated Catalysis in Dual Positional Specific Maize Lipoxygenase-1. Org Lett 2007; 9:3113-6. [PMID: 17629290 DOI: 10.1021/ol0712024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual positional specific maize lipoxygenase-1 catalyzed the formation of racemic mixtures of four possible regioisomers and was strongly inhibited by the radical scavenger, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy radical. Molecular modeling studies indicated that the oxygen-binding cavity is segregated from the substrate-binding cavity. The data suggest that a bis-allylic radical reaction intermediate is generated enzymatically, released from the enzyme active site, and subsequently oxygenated outside of the enzyme active site by a nonenzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkuk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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