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Singh G, Kumar S, Afreen S, Bhalla A, Khurana J, Chandel S, Aggarwal A, Arya SK. Laccase mediated delignification of wasted and non-food agricultural biomass: Recent developments and challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123840. [PMID: 36849073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of microbial laccases is considered as the cleaner and target specific biocatalytic mechanism for the recovery of cellulose and hemicelluloses from nonfood and wasted agricultural, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). The extent of lignin removal by laccase depends on the biochemical composition of biomass and the redox potential (E0) of the biocatalyst. Intensive research efforts are going on all over the world for the recognition of appropriate and easily available agricultural lignocellulosic feedstocks to exploit maximally for the production of value-added bioproducts and biofuels. In such circumstances, laccase can play a major role as a leading biocatalyst and potent substitute for chemical based deconstruction of the lignocellulosic materials. The limited commercialization of laccase at an industrial scale has been feasible due to its full working efficiency mostly expressed in the presence of cost intensive redox mediators only. Although, recently there are some reports that came on the mediator free biocatalysis of enzyme but still not considerably explored and neither understood in depth. The present review will address the various research gaps and shortcomings that acted as the big hurdles before the complete exploitation of laccases at an industrial scale. Further, this article also reveals insights on different microbial laccases and their diverse functional environmental conditions that affect the deconstruction process of LCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Sumbul Afreen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Jyoti Khurana
- Biotechnology Department, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Chandel
- GHG College of Pharmacy, Raikot Road, Ludhiana, -141109, India
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Andlar M, Rezić T, Marđetko N, Kracher D, Ludwig R, Šantek B. Lignocellulose degradation: An overview of fungi and fungal enzymes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:768-778. [PMID: 32624871 PMCID: PMC6999254 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to present current knowledge of the fungi involved in lignocellulose degradation with an overview of the various classes of lignocellulose-acting enzymes engaged in the pretreatment and saccharification step. Fungi have numerous applications and biotechnological potential for various industries including chemicals, fuel, pulp, and paper. The capability of fungi to degrade lignocellulose containing raw materials is due to their highly effective enzymatic system. Along with the hydrolytic enzymes consisting of cellulases and hemicellulases, responsible for polysaccharide degradation, they have a unique nonenzymatic oxidative system which together with ligninolytic enzymes is responsible for lignin modification and degradation. An overview of the enzymes classification is given by the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database as the major database for the identification of the lignocellulolytic enzymes by their amino acid sequence similarity. Finally, the recently discovered novel class of recalcitrant polysaccharide degraders-lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are presented, because of these enzymes importance in the cellulose degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Andlar
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringFaculty of Food Technology and BiotechnologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Tonči Rezić
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringFaculty of Food Technology and BiotechnologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Nenad Marđetko
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringFaculty of Food Technology and BiotechnologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringFaculty of Food Technology and BiotechnologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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Kumar R, Sharma RK, Singh AP. Cellulose based grafted biosorbents - Journey from lignocellulose biomass to toxic metal ions sorption applications - A review. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pathak P, Kaur P, Bhardwaj NK. Chapter 6 Microbial Enzymes for Pulp and Paper Industry. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Forootanfar H, Faramarzi MA. Insights into laccase producing organisms, fermentation states, purification strategies, and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1443-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Forootanfar
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
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Statistical Optimization of Laccase Production and Delignification of Sugarcane Bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in Solid-State Fermentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:181204. [PMID: 26180784 PMCID: PMC4477062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are oxidative enzymes related to the degradation of phenolic compounds, including lignin units, with concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Delignification is a necessary pretreatment step in the process of converting plant biomass into fermentable sugars. The objective of this work was to optimize the production of laccases and to evaluate the delignification of sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state fermentation. Among eight variables (pH, water activity, temperature, and concentrations of CuSO4, (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, asparagine, and yeast extract), copper sulfate and ammonium sulfate concentrations were demonstrated to significantly influence laccase production. The replacement of ammonium sulfate by yeast extract and the addition of ferulic acid as inducer provided increases of 5.7- and 2.0-fold, respectively, in laccase activity. Optimization of laccase production as a function of yeast extract, copper sulfate, and ferulic acid concentrations was performed by response surface methodology and optimal concentrations were 6.4 g/L, 172.6 μM, and 1.86 mM, respectively. Experimentally, the maximum laccase activity of 151.6 U/g was produced at the 5th day of solid-state fermentation. Lignin content in sugarcane bagasse was reduced from 31.89% to 26.36% after 5 days and to 20.79% after 15 days by the biological treatment of solid-state fermentation.
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Lesage-Meessen L, Bou M, Sigoillot JC, Faulds CB, Lomascolo A. Essential oils and distilled straws of lavender and lavandin: a review of current use and potential application in white biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3375-85. [PMID: 25761625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Lavandula genus, which includes lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (L. angustifolia × Lavandula latifolia), is cultivated worldwide for its essential oils, which find applications in perfumes, cosmetics, food processing and, more recently, in aromatherapy products. The chemical composition of lavender and lavandin essential oils, usually produced by steam distillation from the flowering stems, is characterized by the presence of terpenes (e.g. linalool and linalyl acetate) and terpenoids (e.g. 1,8-cineole), which are mainly responsible for their characteristic flavour and their biological and therapeutic properties. Lavender and lavandin distilled straws, the by-products of oil extraction, were traditionally used for soil replenishment or converted to a fuel source. They are mineral- and carbon-rich plant residues and, therefore, a cheap, readily available source of valuable substances of industrial interest, especially aroma and antioxidants (e.g. terpenoids, lactones and phenolic compounds including coumarin, herniarin, α-bisabolol, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids). Accordingly, recent studies have emphasized the possible uses of lavender and lavandin straws in fermentative or enzymatic processes involving various microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, for the production of antimicrobials, antioxidants and other bioproducts with pharmaceutical and cosmetic activities, opening up new challenging perspectives in white biotechnology applications.
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Fokina O, Eipper J, Winandy L, Kerzenmacher S, Fischer R. Improving the performance of a biofuel cell cathode with laccase-containing culture supernatant from Pycnoporus sanguineus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 175:445-53. [PMID: 25459854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper oxidoreductases that can be used in biofuel cells to improve cathode performance by cathodic oxygen reduction. Here we present a laccase from the ligninolytic white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus that, in contrast to the Trametes versicolor laccase, can be produced in the absence of inducers in a standard culture medium. After 7days of cultivation the activity of this laccase in culture supernatant reached 2.5U/ml, which is high enough for direct application of the supernatant in biofuel cells. The highest current density of 115.0±3.5μA/cm(2) at 400mV vs. SCE was obtained at pH 5 with a buckypaper cathode with a laccase-containing culture supernatant. The enzyme also showed electrocatalytic activity at pH 6 and 7. These results not only present a new cost-efficient laccase for improving cathode performance, but also show that new laccases with different catalytic properties can be suitable for biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Fokina
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens Eipper
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lex Winandy
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sven Kerzenmacher
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Qiu W, Zhang W, Chen H. Flavonoid-rich plants used as sole substrate to induce the solid-state fermentation of laccase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3583-92. [PMID: 24557954 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High cost becomes the major obstacle for the industrial application of laccase. Many approaches have been applied to enhance the yield and decrease the cost of laccase. Since flavonoids are the natural inducers for laccase production, in this article, flavonoid-rich plants were taken as the sole substrate for the solid-state fermentation of Funalia trogii (Cui 3676). It indicated that flavonoid-rich plants can effectively promote the production of F. trogii laccase without the addition of inducers. The laccase activity was 42.5 IU g(-1) substrate when kudzu vine root was used as the substrate, which was enhanced by 4.46 times than that when bran was used as the substrate. Meanwhile, the solid-state fermentation of laccase could enrich flavonoids, benefiting their extraction. The content of flavonoids extracted from fermented kudzu vine root and Ginkgo biloba leaves was enhanced by 56.41 and 24.11 %, respectively, compared to the unfermented substrate, and the relative reductive ability and scavenging ability of hydroxyl radicals of flavonoids in the fermented residues were essentially unchanged. Thus, flavonoid-rich plants will become a kind of potential substrate for laccase fermentation which is beneficial in enhancing the yield and reducing the cost of laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Deswal D, Gupta R, Nandal P, Kuhad RC. Fungal pretreatment improves amenability of lignocellulosic material for its saccharification to sugars. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chandel AK, Gonçalves BCM, Strap JL, da Silva SS. Biodelignification of lignocellulose substrates: An intrinsic and sustainable pretreatment strategy for clean energy production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:281-93. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.841638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lomascolo A, Uzan-Boukhris E, Sigoillot JC, Fine F. Rapeseed and sunflower meal: a review on biotechnology status and challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1105-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lomascolo A, Uzan-Boukhris E, Herpoël-Gimbert I, Sigoillot JC, Lesage-Meessen L. Peculiarities of Pycnoporus species for applications in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1129-49. [PMID: 22038244 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pycnoporus forms a cosmopolitan group of four species belonging to the polyporoid white-rot fungi, the most representative group of homobasidiomycetes causing wood decay. Pycnoporus fungi are listed as food- and cosmetic-grade microorganisms and emerged in the early 1990s as a genus whose biochemistry, biodegradation and biotechnological properties have since been progressively detailed. First highlighted for their original metabolic pathways involved in the functionalization of plant cell wall aromatic compounds to yield high-value molecules, e.g. aromas and antioxidants, the Pycnoporus species were later explored for their potential to produce various enzymes of industrial interest, such as hydrolases and oxidases. However, the most noteworthy feature of the genus Pycnoporus is its ability to overproduce high redox potential laccase-a multi-copper extracellular phenoloxidase-as the predominant ligninolytic enzyme. A major potential use of the Pycnoporus fungi is thus to harness their laccases for various applications such as the bioconversion of agricultural by-products and raw plant materials into valuable products, the biopulping and biobleaching of paper pulp and the biodegradation of organopollutants, xenobiotics and industrial contaminants. All the studies performed in the last decade show the genus Pycnoporus to be a strong contender for white biotechnology. In this review, we describe the properties of Pycnoporus fungi in relation to their biotechnological applications and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lomascolo
- UMR INRA de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, ESIL, Marseille, France.
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Uzan E, Portet B, Lubrano C, Milesi S, Favel A, Lesage-Meessen L, Lomascolo A. Pycnoporus laccase-mediated bioconversion of rutin to oligomers suitable for biotechnology applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:97-105. [PMID: 21210103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Pycnoporus fungi are white-rot basidiomycetes listed as food- and cosmetic-grade microorganisms. Three high redox potential laccases from Pycnoporus coccineus and Pycnoporus sanguineus were tested and compared, with the commercial Suberase® as reference, for their ability to synthesise natural active oligomers from rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside, one of the best-known naturally occurring flavonoid glycosides). The aim of this work was to develop a process with technical parameters (solvent, temperature, reaction time and raw materials) that were easy to scale up for industrial production and compatible with cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulation guidelines. The aqueous mixture of glycerol/ethanol/buffer described in this study met this requirement and allowed the solubilisation of rutin and its oxidative bioconversion into oligomers. The four flavonoid oligomer mixtures synthesised using laccases as catalysts were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-negative electrospray ionisation-multistage mass spectrometry. Their chromatographic elution profiles were compared and 16 compounds were characterised and identified as dimers and trimers of rutin. The oligorutins were different in Suberase® and Pycnoporus laccase reaction mixtures. They were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ageing activities on specific enzymatic targets such as cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and human matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3). Expressed in terms of IC(50), the flavonoid oligomers displayed a 2.5- to 3-fold higher superoxide scavenging activity than monomeric rutin. Pycnoporus laccase and Suberase® oligorutins led to an inhibition of COX-2 of about 35% and 70%, respectively, while monomeric rutin showed a near-negligible inhibition effect, less than about 10%. The best results on MMP-3 activity were obtained with rutin oligomers from P. sanguineus IMB W006-2 laccase and Suberase® with about 70-75% inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Uzan
- UMR 1163 INRA de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, ESIL, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Gupta R, Mehta G, Khasa YP, Kuhad RC. Fungal delignification of lignocellulosic biomass improves the saccharification of cellulosics. Biodegradation 2010; 22:797-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Key drivers influencing the commercialization of ethanol-based biorefineries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1057/jcb.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Uzan E, Nousiainen P, Balland V, Sipila J, Piumi F, Navarro D, Asther M, Record E, Lomascolo A. High redox potential laccases from the ligninolytic fungi Pycnoporus coccineus and Pycnoporus sanguineus suitable for white biotechnology: from gene cloning to enzyme characterization and applications. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:2199-213. [PMID: 19968731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exploitation of natural biodiversity in species Pycnoporus coccineus and Pycnoporus sanguineus to screen for a new generation of laccases with properties suitable for the lignin-processing sector. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty strains originating from subtropical and tropical environments, mainly isolated from fresh specimens collected in situ, were screened for laccase activity. On the basis of levels of enzyme activity and percentage of similarity between protein sequences, the laccases from strains BRFM 938, BRFM 66 and BRFM 902 were selected for purification and characterization. Each BRFM 938, BRFM 66 and BRFM 902 laccase gene encoded a predicted protein of 518 amino acids; the three deduced proteins showed 68.7-97.5% similarity with other Polyporale laccases. The three laccases (59.5-62.9 kDa with 7-10% carbohydrate content) had high redox potentials (0.72-0.75 V vs normal hydrogen electrode at pH 6), remained highly stable up to 75-78 degrees C and at pH 5-7 mixtures, and were resistant to methyl and ethyl alcohols, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations as high as 50% (v/v). The best laccase-1-hydroxybenzotriazole systems permitted almost 100% of various polyphenolic dye decolourization and oxidation of adlerol and veratryl alcohol. CONCLUSIONS The three laccases showed complementary biochemical features. BRFM 938 laccase had the highest thermo- and pH stability, catalytic efficiency towards 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate] and resistance to alcoholic solvents. BRFM 66 laccase had the highest rates of dye decolourization and oxidation of nonphenolic compounds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study identified P. coccineus and P. sanguineus as outstanding producers of high redox potential laccases, easy to purify and scale-up for industrial production. Three new laccases proved to be suitable models for white biotechnology processes and for further molecular breeding to create a new generation of tailor-made enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Uzan
- UMR 1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux INRA-Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL, Case 925, Marseille Cedex, France
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Neifar M, Jaouani A, Ellouze-Ghorbel R, Ellouze-Chaabouni S, Penninckx MJ. Effect of culturing processes and copper addition on laccase production by the white-rot fungusFomes fomentariusMUCL 35117. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:73-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Couto SR, Toca-Herrera JL. Laccase production at reactor scale by filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25:558-69. [PMID: 17706395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laccases have received much attention from researchers during the past decades due to their broad substrate specificity and to the fact that they use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor instead of hydrogen peroxide as used by peroxidases. This makes laccases highly interesting for a wide variety of processes, such as textile dye decolouration, pulp bleaching, effluent detoxification, biosensors and bioremediation. The successful application of laccases to the above-mentioned processes requires the production of large quantities of enzyme at low cost. Filamentous fungi are able to produce laccases in high amounts, however, an efficient production system at bioreactor scale is still lacking. This is mainly due to the fact that laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi is linked to secondary metabolism, which implies that the following drawbacks must be overcome: uncontrolled fungal growth, the formation of polysaccharides around mycelia and the secretion of certain compounds (i.e. proteases) that inactivate laccases. This review summarizes the current status of laccase production by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi at the bioreactor scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rodríguez Couto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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