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Abstract
In the last decades, a myriad of materials has been synthesized and utilized for the development of sample preparation procedures. The use of their magnetic analogues has gained significant attention and many procedures have been developed using magnetic materials. In this context, the benefits of a new class of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), as non-conventional solvents, have been reaped in sample preparation procedures. MILs combine the advantageous properties of ionic liquids along with the magnetic properties, creating an unsurpassed combination. Owing to their unique nature and inherent benefits, the number of published reports on sample preparation with MILs is increasing. This fact, along with the many different types of extraction procedures that are developed, suggests that this is a promising field of research. Advances in the field are achieved both by developing new MILs with better properties (showing either stronger response to external magnetic fields or tunable extractive properties) and by developing and/or combining methods, resulting in advanced ones. In this advancing field of research, a good understanding of the existing literature is needed. This review aims to provide a literature update on the current trends of MILs in different modes of sample preparation, along with the current limitations and the prospects of the field. The use of MILs in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, single drop microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, etc., is discussed herein among others.
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Wu L, Li Z, Zhang H, Wang Z. Microwave absorption medium-assisted extraction coupled with reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of triazine herbicides in corn and soybean samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4058-4066. [PMID: 32861220 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new extraction method, microwave absorption medium-assisted extraction coupled with reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was developed for the determination of triazine herbicides in corn and soybean samples. Triazine herbicides were extracted with hexane and then directly enriched into the ionic liquid phase. The purification of sample and concentration of target analytes were performed simultaneously. The method combines the advantages of nonpolar solvent dynamic microwave extraction and reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, which could greatly simplify the operation and reduce the whole pretreatment time. The Box-Behnken design was used to the optimization of experimental factors involved in the dynamic microwave-assisted extraction. In the present study, good linearity in the range of 5.00-500.00 µg/kg was obtained. The limits of detection and quantification varying from 1.3 to 4.2 and 4.1 to 13.9 µg/kg were achieved, respectively. The intra- and interday precisions were between 2.7 and 6.9%. The present method was applied to the analysis of corn and soybean samples, and the recoveries of analytes ranged from 80.7 to 106.9% with the relative standard deviations of 2.1-7.8%. The present method shows the potentials of practical applications in the treatment of the complex fatty solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhanchao Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Ziming Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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Identification and quantitative determination of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline using GC-TOF MS combined with HS and HS-SPME pretreatment. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Muhammad R, Ahad K, Mehboob F. Extraction techniques for pesticide residues analysis in edible oils and role of sorbents in cleanup. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Muhammad
- Ecotoxicology Research ProgramNational Agricultural Research Center (NARC) Park Road Islamabad 45500 Pakistan
| | - Karam Ahad
- Ecotoxicology Research ProgramNational Agricultural Research Center (NARC) Park Road Islamabad 45500 Pakistan
| | - Farrakh Mehboob
- Ecotoxicology Research ProgramNational Agricultural Research Center (NARC) Park Road Islamabad 45500 Pakistan
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Zhao L, Szakas T, Churley M, Lucas D. Multi-class multi-residue analysis of pesticides in edible oils by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using liquid-liquid extraction and enhanced matrix removal lipid cartridge cleanup. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1584:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang H, Huang X, Qian H, Lu R, Zhang S, Zhou W, Gao H, Xu D. Vortex-assisted deep eutectic solvent reversed-phase liquid-liquid microextraction of triazine herbicides in edible vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1589:10-17. [PMID: 30591248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four triazine herbicides-namely, simazine, ametryn, prometryn and terbuthylazine-were separated and determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UVD). The deep eutectic solvent (DES) formed by tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl, TBA) and ethylene glycol (EG) was selected as the extraction solvent of vortex-assisted reversed-phase liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-RPLLME). The application of the hydrophilic DES expands the range of choice for LLME. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction recoveries, including the amount of the DES, the sample volume and the vortex time, were investigated and optimized by the design of experiments (DoE) methodology. A quadratic model, namely central composite face-centered (CCF) design featuring 20 runs was used instead of the conventional trial and error approach. Under optimum conditions, the limits of determination (LODs) of the method were 0.60-1.50 μg L-1. The enrichment factors for the analytes ranged from 27 to 31. The extraction recoveries were in the range of 84.1-104.9%, and the intra-day, inter-day and intermediate relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.4%. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of triazine herbicides in vegetable oil samples. The obtained recoveries were in the range of 60.1-107.2% and RSDs were lower than 8.1%. In general, VA-RPLLME can be complementary to the present available methods for the determination of triazine herbicides in vegetable oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazi Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Vegetable Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, NO.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Heng Qian
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runhua Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2#, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Donghui Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Vegetable Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, NO.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
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Su M, Jia L, Wu X, Sun H. Residue investigation of some phenylureas and tebuthiuron herbicides in vegetables by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated selective accelerated solvent extraction-clean up in situ. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4845-4853. [PMID: 29574757 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some trace amounts of urea herbicide residues can be transferred to humans via the food chain, thereby being potentially harmful to human health. The development of a robust analytical methodology for effective sample preparation and simultaneous determination of herbicide residues in vegetable samples is required for achieving food safety. RESULTS The diuron-molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized have excellent affinity and high selectivity to phenylureas (monolinuron, isoproturon, diuron and linuron) and tebuthiuron. A novel automated procedure with better selectivity for vegetable sample treatment was developed by integrated matrix solid-phase dispersion-accelerated solvent extraction clean-up in situ. Five herbicides can be baseline separated with runtime down to 5 min by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9999. The limit of quantification of the method was in the range of 0.8-2.3 µg kg-1 . Diuron residue in cherry tomato sample was found to be 40 µg kg-1 . CONCLUSION The developed method has satisfactory selectivity, good linearity, high sensitivity and accuracy as well as speediness, and can ensure rapid selective extraction and sensitive multi-residue analysis at low microgram per kilogram levels of the herbicides in vegetable food. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Licong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Zhang L, Wang C, Li Z, Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhang D. Extraction of acetanilides in rice using ionic liquid-based matrix solid phase dispersion-solvent flotation. Food Chem 2018; 245:1190-1195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hakme E, Lozano A, Ferrer C, Díaz-Galiano F, Fernández-Alba A. Analysis of pesticide residues in olive oil and other vegetable oils. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li N, Wu L, Nian L, Song Y, Lei L, Yang X, Wang K, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhang H, Yu A, Zhang Z. Dynamic microwave assisted extraction coupled with dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of herbicides in soybeans. Talanta 2015; 142:43-50. [PMID: 26003690 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-polar solvent dynamic microwave assisted extraction was firstly applied to the treatment of high-fat soybean samples. In the dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (D-µ-SPE), the herbicides in the high-fat extract were directly adsorbed on metal-organic frameworks MIL-101(Cr). The effects of several experimental parameters, including extraction solvent, microwave absorption medium, microwave power, volume and flow rate of extraction solvent, amount of MIL-101(Cr), and D-µ-SPE time, were investigated. At the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for the herbicides ranged from 1.56 to 2.00 μg kg(-1). The relative recoveries of the herbicides were in the range of 91.1-106.7%, and relative standard deviations were equal to or lower than 6.7%. The present method was simple, rapid and effective. A large amount of fat was also removed. This method was demonstrated to be suitable for treatment of high-fat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Lijie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Li Nian
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Ying Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Lei Lei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Zhibing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Yanan Street 2055, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinfeng Lu 5, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Aimin Yu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Xu B, Li X, Wang X, Zhang H, Song D. Matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with magnetic ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in oilseeds. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:67-74. [PMID: 26320960 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the determination of six triazine herbicides from oilseeds by matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with magnetic ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MSPD-MIL-DLLME), followed by ultrafast liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UFLC-UV). The MIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([C4mim][FeCl4]), was used as the microextraction solvent to simplify the extraction procedure by magnetic separation. The effects of several important experimental parameters, including type of dispersant, ratio of sample to dispersant, type and volume of collected elution solvent, type and volume of MIL, were investigated. Using the present method, UFLC-UV gave the limits of detection (LODs) of 1.20-2.72 ng g(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) of 3.99-9.06 ng g(-1) for triazine herbicides. The recoveries were ranged from 82.9 to 113.7% and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were equal or lower than 7.7%. The present method is easy-to-use and effective for extraction of triazine herbicides from oilseeds and shows the potentials of practical applications in the treatment of the fatty solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xinpei Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Daqian Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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Li N, Zhang L, Nian L, Cao B, Wang Z, Lei L, Yang X, Sui J, Zhang H, Yu A. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of herbicides in vegetable oil with metal-organic framework MIL-101. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2154-2161. [PMID: 25665636 DOI: 10.1021/jf505760y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive microsolid-phase extraction based on metal-organic framework has been developed and applied to the extraction of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in vegetable oils in this work. The herbicides were directly extracted with MIL-101 from diluted vegetables oils without any further cleanup. The separation and determination of herbicides were carried out on high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of experimental parameters, including volume ratio of n-hexane to oil sample, mass of MIL-101, extraction time, centrifugation time, eluting solvent, and elution time were investigated. The Student's t test was applied to evaluate the selected experimental conditions. The limits of detection for the herbicides ranged from 0.585 to 1.04 μg/L. The recoveries of the herbicides ranged from 87.3 to 107%. Our results showed that the present method is rapid, simple, and effective for extracting herbicides in vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Farajzadeh MA, Feriduni B, Mogaddam MRA. Determination of triazole pesticide residues in edible oils using air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1002-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Behruz Feriduni
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
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Magnetic ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in vegetable oils by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Martini E, Merola G, Tomassetti M, Campanella L. Agent orange herbicides, organophosphate and triazinic pesticides analysis in olive oil and industrial oil mill waste effluents using new organic phase immunosensors. Food Chem 2014; 169:358-65. [PMID: 25236238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New immunosensors working in organic solvent mixtures (OPIEs) for the analysis of traces of different pesticides (triazinic, organophosphates and chlorurates) present in hydrophobic matrices such as olive oil were developed and tested. A Clark electrode was used as transducer and peroxidase enzyme as marker. The competitive process took place in a chloroform-hexane 50% (V/V) mixture, while the subsequent enzymatic final measurement was performed in decane and using tert-butylhydroperoxide as substrate of the enzymatic reaction. A linear response of between about 10nM and 5.0μM was usually obtained in the presence of olive oil. Recovery tests were carried out in commercial or artisanal extra virgin olive oil. Traces of pesticides were also checked in the oily matrix, in pomace and mill wastewaters from an industrial oil mill. Immunosensors show good selectivity and satisfactory precision and recovery tests performed in olive oil gave excellent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Martini
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Merola
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Tomassetti
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Campanella
- Department of Chemistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Liquid-Liquid Extraction/Low-Temperature Purification (LLE/LTP) Followed by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction (d-SPE) Cleanup for Multiresidue Analysis in Palm Oil by LC-QTOF-MS. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/915048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the extraction of multiresidue pesticides from palm oil by liquid-liquid extraction/low-temperature purification (LLE/LTP) coupled with dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) as the cleanup procedure with the determination by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using electrospray as the ionization source (LC-ESI-MS) was carried out. Optimization approaches were studied in terms of d-SPE to select efficiency of type and mass of adsorbents to obtain the highest recovery yield of pesticides and the lowest coextract fat residues in the final extract. The optimal conditions of d-SPE were obtained using 3 g of palm oil, 4 g anhydrous MgSO4, 150 mg of PSA, and 50 mg of GCB (PSA: GCB (3 : 1 w/w)). Recovery study was performed at three concentration levels (25, 50, and 100 ng kg−1), yielding recovery rates between 71.8 and 112.4% except diuron with relative standard deviations of 3.2–15.1%. Detection and quantification limits were lower than 2.7 and 8.2 ng kg−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of market-purchased palm oil samples from two different brands collected in Kuala Lumpur, showing its potential applicability and revealing the presence of some of the target species in the ng g−1range.
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Hori K, Koriyama N, Omori H, Kuriyama M, Arishima T, Tsumura K. Simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Strategies for the multi-residue analysis of 100 pesticides by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:164-80. [PMID: 22748376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical strategies for screening, quantitation and confirmation of a group of 100 pesticides in fruit and vegetable samples by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS were developed. The pesticides studied belong to different chemical families of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. A selection of some degradation products was also included. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm and 5 μm particle size), and gradient elution with acetonitrile-water (both with 0.1% formic acid) as mobile phase. LC-MS/MS using highly-selective selected reaction monitoring (H-SRM) acquisition mode monitoring two transitions for each compound showed to be the most sensitive methodology. Quantitation was carried out using matrix-matched standard calibration and good linearity of response was demonstrated (r>0.998). Limits of detection (by acquiring two transitions and with the ion-ratio requirements) ranged between 0.01 and 20 μg/kg were obtained. So, in general, the sensitivity achieved meets the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the European Union regulation for food monitoring programs. Pesticide confirmation was carried out following European Union guidelines. In order to prevent false-positives, further confirmatory strategies were proposed. LC-MS in highly-selective selected ion monitoring (H-SIM) mode with accurate mass measurement was used to obtain an orthogonal criterion (exact mass) for confirmation. Accurate mass measurements were always bellow 0.9 mDa for almost all pesticides studied (similar to those described with TOF instruments). A user reversed energy ramp (RER) product ion scan spectra library was generated by means of a data dependent analysis for routine library searching of pesticides. The combination of LC-MS/MS in H-SRM mode and the generation of the RER product ion scan spectra and library search were then used to achieve further confirmation on pesticide analysis. The LC-MS and LC-MS/MS strategies developed were successfully applied for the analysis and confirmation of pesticides in different types of fruit and vegetables samples, and examples of the screening, quantitation and confirmation of pesticides in these samples are shown in this work.
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Application of HPLC–TOF-MS and HPLC–QTOF-MS/MS for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Fruit and Vegetable Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Tomassetti M, Martini E, Campanella L. New Immunosensors Operating in Organic Phase (OPIEs) for Analysis of Triazinic Pesticides in Olive Oil. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Su R, Xu X, Wang X, Li D, Li X, Zhang H, Yu A. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in peanut oil by dispersive solid phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3423-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Botitsi HV, Garbis SD, Economou A, Tsipi DF. Current mass spectrometry strategies for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:907-939. [PMID: 24737632 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in food and water matrices continues to be an active research area closely related to food safety and environmental issues. This review discusses the most widely applied mass spectrometric (MS) approaches to pesticide residues analysis over the last few years. The main techniques for sample preparation remain solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. The QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) approach is being increasingly used for the development of multi-class pesticide residues methods in various sample matrices. MS detectors-triple quadrupole (QqQ), ion-trap (IT), quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT), time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)-have been established as powerful analytical tools sharing a primary role in the detection/quantification and/or identification/confirmation of pesticides and their metabolites. Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have enabled coupling of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and fast gas chromatography (GC) with MS detectors, and faster analysis for a greater number of pesticides. The newly developed "ambient-ionization" MS techniques (e.g., desorption electrospray ionization, DESI, and direct analysis in real time, DART) hyphenated with high-resolution MS platforms without liquid chromatography separation, and sometimes with minimum pre-treatment, have shown potential for pesticide residue screening. The recently introduced Orbitrap mass spectrometers can provide high resolving power and mass accuracy, to tackle complex analytical problems involved in pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Botitsi
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, 16 An. Tsocha Street, Athens 115 21, Greece
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Sobhanzadeh E, Bakar NKA, Abas MRB, Nemati K. An efficient extraction and clean-up procedure for pesticide determination in olive oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sobhanzadeh E, Abu Bakar NK, Bin Abas MR, Nemati K. Low temperature followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion-sonication procedure for the determination of multiclass pesticides in palm oil using LC-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1308-1313. [PMID: 21177032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective multiresidue method based on precipitation at low temperature followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion-sonication was developed and validated to determine dimethoate, malathion, carbaryl, simazine, terbuthylazine, atrazine and diuron in palm oil using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by low temperature method were optimized by studying the effect of type and volume of organic solvent (acetonitrile, acetonitrile:n-hexane (3:2 v/v) and acetone) and time of freezing to obtain high recovery yield and low co-extract fat residue in the final extract. The optimal conditions for matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) were obtained using 5 g of palm oil, 2 g of primary secondary amine (PSA) as dispersing sorbent, 1 g of graphitized carbon black (GCB) as clean-up sorbent and 15 mL of acetonitrile as eluting solvent under conditions of 15 min ultrasonication at room temperature. Method validation was performed in order to study sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. Average recoveries at three concentration levels (25, 50 and 100 μg kg(-1)) were found in the range of 72.6-91.3% with relative standard deviations between 5.3% and 14.2%. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 1.5 to 5 μg kg(-1) and from 2.5 to 9 μg kg(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sobhanzadeh
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Lozano A, Fernández-Alba AR, Molina-Díaz A. Large-scale pesticide testing in olives by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry using two sample preparation methods based on matrix solid-phase dispersion and QuEChERS. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6022-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Evaluation of two sample treatment methodologies for large-scale pesticide residue analysis in olive oil by fast liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3736-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hayward DG, Pisano TS, Wong JW, Scudder RJ. Multiresidue method for pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in milk and cream using comprehensive two-dimensional capillary gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5248-5256. [PMID: 20441225 DOI: 10.1021/jf100021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites including most of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in milk and cream is described. The method was single-laboratory validated through milk fortification in quadruplicate with 34 pesticides, isomers, and metabolites including 12 of the insecticide POPs and their metabolites. Whole cow's milk was fortified at 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, or 50 microg/kg wet weight and extracted with acetone/cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (2:1:1) with the addition of Mg(2)SO(4) and NaCl. Fat recovered in the extract accurately reflected the fat content of the milk or cream. All test portions were purified on a gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup on a mixed bed graphitized carbon black (GCB) and primary/secondary amine silica gel (PSA) column before determination using a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph interfaced to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Average recoveries were 77, 72, 73, 66, 77, and 84% for 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, and 50 microg/kg wet weight whole milk, respectively. The average relative standard deviations for 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 10, and 50 microg/kg were 10, 8, 7, 7, 3, and 3%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for all pesticides were 0.2 or 0.4 microg/kg wet weight. An archived cream sample collected in 1982 on Oahu, Hawaii, was found to contain only hepatachlor epoxide (HE) and DDE-p,p' at 380 +/- 24 and 69 +/- 17 microg/kg fat, significantly elevated over the current action level of 50 microg/kg fat for HE.
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Valverde A, Aguilera A, Ferrer C, Camacho F, Cammarano A. Analysis of forchlorfenuron in vegetables by LC/TOF-MS after extraction with the buffered QuEChERS method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2818-2823. [PMID: 20141145 DOI: 10.1021/jf904465s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the application of liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS), with electrospray ionization, for residue analysis of forchlorfenuron in tomato, zucchini and watermelon. The assessed method includes a sample preparation step based on the buffered QuEChERS approach. The TOF-MS fragmentation pattern of forchlorfenuron was studied at different fragmention voltages in the range of 120-270 V. Analyses were carried out under full-scan conditions by using the extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of the m/z 248 ion with a 0.2 Da window. The linearity of the analytical response across the studied range of concentrations (10-500 microg/kg) was excellent, obtaining correlation coefficients higher than 0.999, and relative standard deviations of the response factors lower than 14%, for the 15 linear calibration curves of forchlorfenuron evaluated along the complete validation study. No significant matrix effects were observed. The signal-to-noise ratios obtained for the 10 microg/kg forchlorfenuron in matrix matched standards were >70 for all three matrices. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked tomato, zucchini and watermelon blank samples, at three concentration levels (10, 50, and 200 microg/kg) performing five replicates at each level. Forchlorfenuron mean recoveries ranged between 80% and 87% in watermelon and zucchini, and between 65% and 71% in tomato, obtaining in all cases relative standard deviation values lower than 10%. The method readily achieved a lowest validated level of 10 microg/kg, which was fit-for-purpose in residue monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valverde
- Pesticide Residue Research Group, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Almeria, 04071-Almera, Spain.
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Fernández-Alba AR, García-Reyes JF. Large-scale multi-residue methods for pesticides and their degradation products in food by advanced LC-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Şenyuva H, Gilbert J, Öztürkoğlu Ş. Rapid analysis of fungal cultures and dried figs for secondary metabolites by LC/TOF-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 617:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Potato glycoalkaloids in soil-optimising liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for quantitative studies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1182:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Picó Y, Farré ML, Soler C, Barceló D. Identification of unknown pesticides in fruits using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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García-Reyes JF, Hernando MD, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Comprehensive screening of target, non-target and unknown pesticides in food by LC-TOF-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Hernando MD, Ferrer C, Ulaszewska M, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with a quadrupole/linear ion trap instrument for the analysis of pesticide residues in olive oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1815-31. [PMID: 17713761 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of an enhanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the analysis of pesticides in olive oil. One hundred pesticides belonging to different classes and that are currently used in agriculture have been included in this method. The LC-MS method was developed using a hybrid quadrupole/linear ion trap (QqQ(LIT)) analyzer. Key features of this technique are the rapid scan acquisition times, high specificity and high sensitivity it enables when the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode or the linear ion-trap operational mode is employed. The application of 5 ms dwell times using a linearly accelerating (LINAC) high-pressure collision cell enabled the analysis of a high number of pesticides, with enough data points acquired for optimal peak definition in MRM operation mode and for satisfactory quantitative determinations to be made. The method quantifies over a linear dynamic range of LOQs (0.03-10 microg kg(-1)) up to 500 microg kg(-1). Matrix effects were evaluated by comparing the slopes of matrix-matched and solvent-based calibration curves. Weak suppression or enhancement of signals was observed (<15% for most-80-of the pesticides). A study to assess the identification criteria based on the MRM ratio was carried out by comparing the variations observed in standard vs matrix (in terms of coefficient of variation, CV%) and within the linear range of concentrations studied. The CV was lower than 15% when the response observed in solvent was compared to that in olive oil. The limit of detection was < or =10 microg kg(-1) for five of the selected pesticides, < or =5 microg kg(-1) for 14, and < or =1 microg kg(-1) for 81 pesticides. For pesticides where additional structural information was necessary for confirmatory purposes-in particular at low concentrations, since the second transition could not be detected-survey scans for enhanced product ion (EPI) and MS3 were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hernando
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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35
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:547-558. [PMID: 17385794 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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36
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García-Reyes JF, Ferrer C, Gómez-Ramos MJ, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Determination of pesticide residues in olive oil and olives. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Williamson LN, Bartlett MG. Quantitative liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:567-76. [PMID: 17474074 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, time-of-flight (TOF) instruments have increasingly been used as quantitation tools. In addition, because of their high resolving power, they can be used for verification of empirical formulas. Historically, TOF instruments have had limited quantitation capabilities because of their narrow dynamic range. However, recent advances have improved these limitations. This review covers the rationale for using TOF for LC detection, and describes the many methods currently in the literature for the quantitation of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, explosives and many phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Williamson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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