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Feng M, Xie Y, Mao W, Lu Y, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang C. Efficient biodegradation of tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate by a novel strain Amycolatopsis sp. FT-1: Process optimization, mechanism studies and toxicity changes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130149. [PMID: 36252405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a newly isolated strain Amycolatopsis sp. FT-1 was confirmed to be an efficient tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) degrader. The maximum degradation efficiency of 100 % was achieved when glucose concentration was 6.0 g/L, TCPP concentration was 1.1 mg/L, pH was 6.3 and temperature was 35 °C. Proteome analysis indicated that TCPP was transformed into diester, monoester and ketone product through hydrolysis by phosphoesterase and oxidation mediated by proteins involved in bio-Fenton reaction. The increased expression of proteins serving as organic hydroperoxides scavenger and two subunits of xanthine dehydrogenase enabled Amycolatopsis sp. FT-1 to defend against TCPP-induced oxidative damage. Meanwhile, proteins involved in the resistance to proteotoxic stress were found to be up-regulated, including Hsp70 protein, ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, elongation factor G and trehalose synthesis-related enzymes. The overexpression of TetR/AcrR family transcriptional regulator and multidrug efflux transporter also benefited the survival of Amycolatopsis sp. FT-1 under TCPP stress. Luminescent bacteria test showed that biotoxicity of TCPP was remarkably decreased after biodegradation by Amycolatopsis sp. FT-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the biotransformation of TCPP by pure strain and to offer important insights into the proteomic mechanisms of TCPP microbial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yantian Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanqin Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanwu Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
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Salt Stress Response of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Involves Complex Trehalose Metabolism Utilizing a Novel Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase (TPS)/Trehalose-6-Phosphate Phosphatase (TPP) Pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01565-20. [PMID: 33008820 PMCID: PMC7688234 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01565-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been described to synthesize trehalose via the maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (TreY) and maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (TreZ) pathway, and the trehalose glycosyltransferring synthase (TreT) pathway has been predicted. Deletion mutant analysis of strains with single and double deletions of ΔtreY and ΔtreT in S. acidocaldarius revealed that in addition to these two pathways, a third, novel trehalose biosynthesis pathway is operative in vivo: the trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase/T6P phosphatase (TPS/TPP) pathway. In contrast to known TPS proteins, which belong to the GT20 family, the S. acidocaldarius TPS belongs to the GT4 family, establishing a new function within this group of enzymes. This novel GT4-like TPS was found to be present mainly in the Sulfolobales The ΔtreY ΔtreT Δtps triple mutant of S. acidocaldarius, which lacks the ability to synthesize trehalose, showed no altered phenotype under standard conditions or heat stress but was unable to grow under salt stress. Accordingly, in the wild-type strain, a significant increase of intracellular trehalose formation was observed under salt stress. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a salt stress-mediated induction of all three trehalose-synthesizing pathways. This demonstrates that in Archaea, trehalose plays an essential role for growth under high-salt conditions.IMPORTANCE The metabolism and function of trehalose as a compatible solute in Archaea was not well understood. This combined genetic and enzymatic approach at the interface of microbiology, physiology, and microbial ecology gives important insights into survival under stress, adaptation to extreme environments, and the role of compatible solutes in Archaea Here, we unraveled the complexity of trehalose metabolism, and we present a comprehensive study on trehalose function in stress response in S. acidocaldarius This sheds light on the general microbiology and the fascinating metabolic repertoire of Archaea, involving many novel biocatalysts, such as glycosyltransferases, with great potential in biotechnology.
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Su L, Yao K, Wu J. Improved Activity of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Maltooligosyltrehalose Synthase through Directed Evolution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4456-4463. [PMID: 32227942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase) is a key enzyme for the production of trehalose from starch. Thermophilic MTSases offer advantages for trehalose production but suffer from low yield. In this study, directed evolution was used to increase the production of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius MTSase (SaMTSase) in Escherichia coli. Mutant libraries constructed using error-prone polymerase chain reaction were assessed using high-throughput activity assays. Three mutants with enhanced activities were obtained, the best of which (mutant D-4) exhibited 2.4 times greater activity than wild-type SaMTSase. The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of D-4 were also greater than those of wild-type SaMTSase. The D-4 activity (624.7 U·mL-1) produced in a 3 L fermenter was 2.0 times greater than that of wild-type SaMTSase. Because the same trehalose yield was obtained using an equal amount of either D-4 or wild-type SaMTSase activity, using D-4 will significantly lower the cost of trehalose production. The activities of the individual mutations present in the three SaMTSase mutants obtained using directed evolution were analyzed. Mutants F284V and T439A exhibited the greatest increases in enzyme activity. Homology models suggested that the decreased side-chain size, weakened hydrophobicity, and decreased interaction might enhance the flexibility of the loop containing catalytic residue Asp443, which was conducive to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kailin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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Han C, Su L, Hong R, Wu S, Wu J. A comparative study of maltooligosyltrehalose synthase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius expressed in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhou Y, Xie G, Chang L, Wang Y, Gao R. Identification of an archaeal maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase encoded by an interrupted gene. Extremophiles 2017; 21:537-549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Characterization of a thermophilic l-arabinose isomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fu CW, Wang YP, Fang TY, Lin TH. Interaction between trehalose and MTHase from Sulfolobus solfataricus studied by theoretical computation and site-directed mutagenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68565. [PMID: 23894317 PMCID: PMC3716775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase) catalyzes the release of trehalose by cleaving the α-1,4-glucosidic linkage next to the α-1,1-linked terminal disaccharide of maltooligosyltrehalose. Computer simulation using the hydrogen bond analysis, free energy decomposition, and computational alanine scanning were employed to investigate the interaction between maltooligosyltrehalose and the enzyme. The same residues that were chosen for theoretical investigation were also studied by site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme kinetic analysis. The importance of residues determined either experimentally or computed theoretically were in good accord with each other. It was found that residues Y155, D156, and W218 of subsites -2 and -3 of the enzyme might play an important role in interacting with the ligand. The theoretically constructed structure of the enzyme-ligand complex was further validated through an ab initio quantum chemical calculation using the Gaussian09 package. The activation energy computed from this latter study was very similar to those reported in literatures for the same type of hydrolysis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-wei Fu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsuei-Yun Fang
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THL); (TYF)
| | - Thy-Hou Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THL); (TYF)
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Lin CJ, Tseng WC, Fang TY. Characterization of a thermophilic L-rhamnose isomerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus ATCC 43494. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8702-8708. [PMID: 21761877 DOI: 10.1021/jf201428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-Rhamnose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.14, l-RhI) catalyzes the reversible aldose-ketose isomerization between L-rhamnose and L-rhamnulose. In this study, the L-rhi gene encoding L-RhI was PCR-cloned from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus ATCC 43494 and then expressed in Escherichia coli. A high yield of active L-RhI, 3010 U/g of wet cells, was obtained after 20 °C induction for 20 h. The enzyme was purified sequentially using heat treatment, nucleic acid precipitation, and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified L-RhI showed an apparent optimal pH of 7 and an optimal temperature at 90 °C. The enzyme was stable at pH values ranging from 4 to 11 and retained >90% activity after a 6 h incubation at 80 °C and pH 7-8. Compared with other previously characterized L-RhIs, the L-RhI from C. saccharolyticus ATCC 43494 has a good thermostability, the widest pH-stable range, and the highest catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(M)) against L-rhamnose, L-lyxose, L-mannose, D-allose, and D-ribose, suggesting that this enzyme has the potential to be applied in rare sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Lin CJ, Tseng WC, Lin TH, Liu SM, Tzou WS, Fang TY. Characterization of a thermophilic L-rhamnose isomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10431-10436. [PMID: 20822145 DOI: 10.1021/jf102063q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
L-rhamnose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.14, L-RhI) catalyzes the reversible aldose-ketose isomerization between L-rhamnose and L-rhamnulose. In this study, the L-Rhi gene encoding L-Rhi was PCR-cloned from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum NTOU1 and then expressed in Escherichia coli. A high yield of the active L-RhI, 9780 U/g of wet cells, was obtained in the presence of 0.2 mM IPTG induction. L-RhI was purified sequentially using heat treatment, nucleic acid precipitation, and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified L-RhI showed an apparent optimal pH of 7 and an optimal temperature at 75 °C. The enzyme was stable at pH values ranging from 5 to 9, and the activity was fully retained after a 2 h incubation at 40-70 °C. L-RhI from T. saccharolyticum NTOU1 is the most thermostable L-RhI to date, and it has a high specific activity (163 U/mg) and an acceptable purity after heat treatment, suggesting that this enzyme has the potential to be used in rare sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Fang TY, Tseng WC, Shih TY, Wang MY. Identification of the essential catalytic residues and selectivity-related residues of maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus ATCC 35092. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5628-5633. [PMID: 18563901 DOI: 10.1021/jf073320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (MTHase) catalyzes the release of trehalose by cleaving the alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage next to the alpha-1,1-linked terminal disaccharide of maltooligosyltrehalose. Mutations at residues D255, E286, and D380 were constructed to identify the essential catalytic residues of MTHase, while mutations at residues W218, A259, Y328, F355, and R356 were constructed to identify selectivity-related residues of the enzyme. The specific activities of the purified D255A, E286A, and D380A MTHases were only 0.15, 0.09 and 0.01%, respectively, of that of wild-type MTHase, suggesting that these three residues are essential catalytic residues. Compared with wild-type MTHase, A259S, Y328F, F355Y, and R356K MTHases had increased selectivity ratios, which were defined as the ratios of the catalytic efficiencies for glucose formation to those for trehalose formation in the hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides and maltooligosyltrehaloses, respectively, while W218A and W218F MTHases had decreased selectivity ratios. When starch digestion was carried out at 75 degrees C and wild-type and mutant MTHases were, respectively, used with isoamylase and maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase), the ratios of initial rates of glucose formation to those of trehalose formation were inversely correlated to the peak trehalose yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuei-Yun Fang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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