1
|
Cairone F, Salvitti C, Iazzetti A, Fabrizi G, Troiani A, Pepi F, Cesa S. In-Depth Chemical Characterization of Punica granatum L. Seed Oil. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081592. [PMID: 37107387 PMCID: PMC10138243 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit seeds belonging to the pomegranate cultivar "Granata" were subjected to extraction and oily component analysis, with the aim of obtaining information about their composition. The presence of conjugated isomers of linolenic acid (CLNA isomers) in the oily phase extracted from the seeds gives a high added value to this part of the fruit, which is too often considered and treated as waste. The separated seeds were subjected to a classic Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane or extraction with supercritical CO2, assisted by ethanol. The resulting oils were evaluated by 1H and 13C-NMR and AP-MALDI-MS techniques. Differences in the triacylglycerols composition, with particular regard to punicic acid and other CLNA content, were studied in depth. Results showed the prevalence of punicic acid in the triacylglycerol mixture up to the 75%, with clear preponderance in the extract by supercritical fluids. Consequently, other CLNA isomers are, altogether, two-fold less represented in the supercritical extract than in the Soxhlet one. The two oily residues were subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) and to HPLC-DAD analysis for the polyphenolic isolation and characterization. In addition to HPLC analysis, which showed different content and composition, DPPH analysis to evaluate the antiradical potential showed that the extract obtained with supercritical CO2 was much more active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cairone
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Salvitti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' Foundation-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Horká P, Vrkoslav V, Kindl J, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Cvačka J. Structural Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Double and Triple Bonds Using HPLC/APCI-MS 2 with Acetonitrile In-Source Derivatization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216468. [PMID: 34770878 PMCID: PMC8588306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+• ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Horká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-183-303
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
DFT Calculations of 1H NMR Chemical Shifts of Geometric Isomers of Conjugated Linolenic Acids, Hexadecatrienyl Pheromones, and Model Triene-Containing Compounds: Structures in Solution and Revision of NMR Assignments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113477. [PMID: 34200468 PMCID: PMC8201138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A DFT study of the 1H NMR chemical shifts, δ(1H), of geometric isomers of 18:3 conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs), hexadecatrienyl pheromones, and model triene-containing compounds is presented, using standard functionals (B3LYP and PBE0) as well as corrections for dispersion interactions (B3LYP-D3, APFD, M06–2X and ωB97XD). The results are compared with literature experimental δ(1H) data in solution. The closely spaced “inside” olefinic protons are significantly more deshielded due to short-range through-space H…H steric interactions and appear close to or even beyond δ-values of aromatic systems. Several regularities of the computational δ(1H) of the olefinic protons of the conjugated double bonds are reproduced very accurately for the lowest-energy DFT-optimized single conformer for all functionals used and are in very good agreement with experimental δ(1H) in solution. Examples are provided of literature studies in which experimental resonance assignments deviate significantly from DFT predictions and, thus, should be revised. We conclude that DFT calculations of 1H chemical shifts of trienyl compounds are powerful tools (i) for the accurate prediction of δ(1H) even with less demanding functionals and basis sets; (ii) for the unequivocal identification of geometric isomerism of conjugated trienyl systems that occur in nature; (iii) for tackling complex problems of experimental resonance assignments due to extensive signal overlap; and (iv) for structure elucidation in solution.
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa AM, Moretti LK, Simões G, Silva KA, Calado V, Tonon RV, Torres AG. Microencapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil by complex coacervation: Development of a potential functional ingredient for food application. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
5
|
Białek PhD DSc A, Białek PhD M, Lepionka PhD T, Tober E, Czauderna PhD M. The Quality Determination of Selected Commercial Online Purchased Edible Pomegranate Seed Oils With New Argentometric Liquid Chromatography Method. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:351-371. [PMID: 32476512 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1770394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The number of online-purchased dietary supplements of diversified origin is exponentially increasing. Pomegranate seed oils (PSOs)-the main dietary source of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA)-are available as dietary supplements via the Internet. PSO samples (n = 24) were purchased from Internet shops in Poland and China. Chromatographic techniques (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy [GC-MS] for fatty acids [FAs], liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for tocopherols, and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection for conjugated FAs) were used. The GC-MS method enabled the quantification of 45 FAs, which indicates its superiority to previously used methods. Argentometric liquid chromatography with pre-column mild alkaline hydrolysis for analysis of structural isomers of CLnA does not need preliminary derivatization into volatile compounds, which ensures the absence of artifacts and enables the analysis of the entire conjugated FA profile. PSO differed with tocopherols and FA profile. Some PSOs contained negligible amounts of CLnA, and because of that they did not meet the criteria of valuable, unadulterated nutraceuticals. Obtained results indicate that online purchased PSO shipped from distant places of origin could have been stored in inadequate conditions (temperature, humidity), which caused i.a. deterioration of oxidative quality. Unregulated online availability of dietary supplements of low oxidative quality and nutritive value as well as their intake may be a risk rather than a benefit for consumers. Argentometric liquid chromatography can be a simple, selective, and sensitive tool for screening of dietary supplements containing conjugated FAs and should be considered as an essential way of quality assurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek PhD DSc
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Białek PhD
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lepionka PhD
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Food and Nutrition, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Tober
- Department of Animal Improvement and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Marian Czauderna PhD
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren Q, Yang B, Zhu G, Wang S, Fu C, Zhang H, Ross RP, Stanton C, Chen H, Chen W. Antiproliferation Activity and Mechanism of c9, t11, c15-CLNA and t9, t11, c15-CLNA from Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 on Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051225. [PMID: 32182796 PMCID: PMC7179453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) is a type of ω-3 fatty acid which has been proven to have a series of benefits. However, there is no study about the function of Lactobacillus-derived CLNA isomer. Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 has been proven to manifest comprehensive functions and can produce CLNA. To investigate the specific functions of CLNA produced by this probiotic bacterium, two different conjugated α-linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers were successfully isolated. These isoforms, CLNA1 (c9, t11, c15-CLNA, purity 97.48%) and CLNA2 (c9, t11, t15-CLNA, purity 99.00%), both showed the ability to inhibit the growth of three types of colon cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of MDA in Caco-2 cells was increased by CLNA1 or CLNA2, which indicated that lipid peroxidation was related to the antiproliferation activity of CLNAs. An examination of the key protein of pyroptosis showed that CLNA1 induced the cleavage of caspase-1 and gasdermin-D, while CLNA2 induced the cleavage of caspase-4, 5 and gasdermin-D. The addition of relative inhibitors could alleviate the pyroptosis by CLNAs. CLNA1 and CLNA2 showed no effect on caspase-3, 7, 9 and PARP-1, which were key proteins associated with apoptosis. No sub-diploid apoptotic peak appeared in the result of PI single staining test. In conclusion, CLNA1 activated caspase-1 and induced Caco-2 cell pyroptosis, whereas CLNA2 induced pyroptosis through the caspase-4/5-mediated pathway. The inhibition of Caco-2 cells by the two isomers was not related to apoptosis. This is the first study on the function of Lactobacillus-derived CLNA isomer. The inhibition pathway of Lactobacillus-derived CLNA isomer on colon cancer cells were proved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.R.); (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.R.); (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Guangzhen Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Shunyu Wang
- Zhejiang Liziyuan Food Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321015, China; (S.W.); (C.F.)
| | - Chengli Fu
- Zhejiang Liziyuan Food Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321015, China; (S.W.); (C.F.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.R.); (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - R. Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (R.P.R.); (C.S.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.R.); (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85197239
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.R.); (B.Y.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa A, Silva L, Torres A. Chemical composition of commercial cold-pressed pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil from Turkey and Israel, and the use of bioactive compounds for samples’ origin preliminary discrimination. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Pamisetty A, Rangaswamy MJ, Singh RP. Preparation of high purity triacylglycerol of punicic acid from pomegranate seeds. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Pamisetty
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysuru 570020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
| | | | - Ravendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysuru 570020 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bioactivity and biotechnological production of punicic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3537-3549. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
10
|
Alexandri E, Ahmed R, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI, Tsiafoulis CG, Gerothanassis IP. High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1663. [PMID: 28981459 PMCID: PMC6151582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are widely distributed in Nature, and are structurally and functionally a diverse class of molecules with a variety of physicochemical, biological, medicinal and nutritional properties. High resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR have been successfully employed as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids. The objective of this review article is to provide: (i) an overview of the critical 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR parameters for structural and analytical investigations; (ii) an overview of various 1D and 2D NMR techniques that have been used for resonance assignments; (iii) selected analytical and structural studies with emphasis in the identification of major and minor unsaturated fatty acids in complex lipid extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components; (iv) selected investigations of oxidation products of lipids; (v) applications in the emerging field of lipidomics; (vi) studies of protein-lipid interactions at a molecular level; (vii) practical considerations and (viii) an overview of future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Alexandri
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 214412, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bonafé EG, de Figueiredo LC, Martins AF, Monteiro JP, Junior OO, Canesin EA, Maruyama SA, Visentainer JV. Incorporation of conjugated fatty acids into Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3469-3475. [PMID: 27873315 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to improve the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia meat through enriched diets with conjugated isomers of linolenic acid from tung oil. The transfer process of conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) into fish muscle tissue was evaluated by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). RESULTS The results showed that conjugated fatty acids were transferred from enriched diet for muscle tissue of Nile tilapia. Conjugated linoleic acids biosynthesis from conjugated linolenic acids was also observed after 10 days. Other important fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and arachidonic (AA) acids were also identified over time; however, DHA showed the highest concentration when compared with EPA and AA compounds. CONCLUSION Therefore, the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia was improved through feeding with enriched diets. The ingestion of these fish may contribute to reaching adequate levels of daily CFA consumption. Furthermore, other important substances which play an important role in human metabolism, such as EPA, DHA and AA, can also be ingested together with CFA. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elton G Bonafé
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| | - Luana C de Figueiredo
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Martins
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-AP), CEP, Apucarana-PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-LD), CEP, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Johny P Monteiro
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-LD), CEP, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Oscar Os Junior
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, Jd. Universitário, Maringá, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| | - Edmilson A Canesin
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| | - Swami Arêa Maruyama
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, S/N, Jd. Das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| | - Jesuí V Visentainer
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, Jd. Universitário, Maringá, Paraná CEP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amri Z, Lazreg-Aref H, Mekni M, El-Gharbi S, Dabbaghi O, Mechri B, Hammami M. Oil Characterization and Lipids Class Composition of Pomegranate Seeds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2037341. [PMID: 28812011 PMCID: PMC5546132 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2037341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, phenolics content, and oil composition of pomegranate oil seeds (PSO). Quality indices, pigments, phenolics content, and antioxidant activity were determined. PSO was fractioned into polar lipids: glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL). Sterols profile and fatty acids composition of total lipids (TL), GL, and PL were determined by GC/FID. The free acidity, the peroxide value, and the specific extinction coefficients were, respectively, 1.69%, 3.42 in milliequivalents of active oxygen per kilogram of oil, 4.15, and 3.95. PSO is rich in phenols (93.42 mg/Kg) but poor in pigments. The sterols markers were β-sitosterol (77.94%), Δ5-avenasterol (7.45%), and campesterol (6.35%). Oil content was 12.2%, wherein 23.9% were GL and 24.35% were PL. TL were rich in unsaturated fatty acids (63.17%), while saturated fatty acids were more present in PL and GL (71.97% and 66.29%, resp.). Conjugated fatty acids were about 13.30%, 2.03%, and 4.91%, respectively, in TL, PL, and GL. The cis/trans ratio of TL, PL, and GL was, respectively, 49.82%, 42.91%, and 27.39%. Monounsaturated fatty acids were more bound in PL, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were more bound in GL. PSO is a good source of essential fatty acids, phenolics compounds, phytosterols, and lipid-soluble fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amri
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Houda Lazreg-Aref
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Manel Mekni
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sinda El-Gharbi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Dabbaghi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Beligh Mechri
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 “Nutrition-Functional Foods and Vascular Health”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gas Chromatographic Separation and Identification of Jacaric and Punicic 2-Ethyl-1-Hexyl Esters. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-2965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Siano F, Addeo F, Volpe MG, Paolucci M, Picariello G. Oxidative Stability of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Oil to Simulated Gastric Conditions and Thermal Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8369-8378. [PMID: 27762137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) is dominated by punicic acid, a conjugated linolenic acid (18:3ω-5). As a free fatty acid, punicic acid is rapidly oxidized in air and extensively isomerizes upon acid-catalyzed methylation at 90 °C. In contrast, triacylglycerol-bound punicic acid in PSO was unchanged by simulated gastric conditions and was degraded by 5-7% by severe heating (up to 170 °C for 4 h), as herein assessed by gas chromatography, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Total polar compounds of PSO were slightly affected by thermal stress, accounting for 5.71, 6.35, and 9.53% (w/w) in the unheated, heated at mild temperature (50 °C, 2 h), and heated at frying temperature (170 °C, 4 h) PSO, respectively. These findings support from a structural standpoint the potential use of PSO as a health-promoting edible oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Siano
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesco Addeo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli "Federico II" , Parco Gussone, I-80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Volpe
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio , via Port'Arsa 11, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mashhadi Z, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Robust inhibitory effects of conjugated linolenic acids on a cyclooxygenase-related linoleate 10S-dioxygenase: Comparison with COX-1 and COX-2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015. [PMID: 26209563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are many reports of the anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic activities of conjugated linolenic acids (cLNA). They constitute a small percentage of fatty acids in the typical human diet, although up to 80% of the fatty acids in certain fruits such as pomegranate. In the course of studying a bacterial fatty acid dioxygenase (Nostoc linoleate 10S-DOX, an ancient relative of mammalian cyclooxygenases), we detected strong inhibitory activity in a commercial sample of linoleic acid. We identified two cLNA isomers, β-eleostearic (9E,11E,13E-18:3) and β-calendic acid (8E,10E,12E-18:3), as responsible for that striking inhibition with a Ki of ~49nM and ~125nM, respectively, the most potent among eight cLNA tested. We also examined the effects of all eight cLNA on the activity of COX-1 and COX-2. Jacaric acid (8Z,10E,12Z-18:3) and its 12E isomer, 8Z,10E,12E-18:3, strongly inhibit the activity of COX-1 with a Ki of ~1.7 and ~1.1μM, respectively. By contrast, COX-2 was ≤30% inhibited at 10μM concentrations of the cLNA. Identifying the activities of the naturally occurring fatty acids is of interest in terms of understanding their interaction with the enzymes, and for explaining the mechanistic basis of their biological effects. The study also highlights the potential presence of inhibitory fatty acids in commercial lipids prepared from natural sources. Analysis of seven commercial samples of linoleic acid by HPLC and UV spectroscopy is illustrated as supplementary data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mashhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Topkafa M, Kara H, Sherazi STH. Evaluation of the Triglyceride Composition of Pomegranate Seed Oil by RP-HPLC Followed by GC-MS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
Yuan GF, Chen XE, Li D. Conjugated linolenic acids and their bioactivities: a review. Food Funct 2015; 5:1360-8. [PMID: 24760201 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of octadecatrienoic acid (α-linolenic acid, cis9,cis12,cis15-18:3 n-3) found in plant seeds. Three 8,10,12-18:3 isomers and four 9,11,13-18:3 isomers have been reported to occur naturally. CLNA isomers such as punicic acid, α-eleostearic acid and jacaric acid have been attributed to exhibit several health benefits that are largely based on animal and in vitro studies. This review has summarized and updated the evidence regarding the metabolism and bioactivities of CLNA isomers, and comprehensively discussed the recent studies on the effects of anti-carcinogenic, lipid metabolism regulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-obese and antioxidant activities of CLNA isomers. The available results may provide a potential application for CLNA isomers from natural sources, especially edible plant seeds, as effective functional food ingredients and dietary supplements for the above mentioned disease management. Further research, especially human randomized clinical trials, is warranted to investigate the detailed physiological effects, bioactivity and molecular mechanism of CLNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Yuan
- College of Food and Medicine, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bonafé EG, Boeing JS, Matsushita M, Claus T, de Oliveira Santos O, de Oliveira CC, Eberlin MN, Visentainer JV. Evaluation of conjugated fatty acids incorporation in tilapia through
GC
–
FID
and EASI–MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Makoto Matsushita
- Department of ChemistryState University of MaringaMaringaParana StateBrazil
| | - Thiago Claus
- Department of ChemistryState University of MaringaMaringaParana StateBrazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryInstitute of Chemistry, State University of CampinasCampinasSão Paulo StateBrazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cao Y, Chen J, Yang L, Chen ZY. Differential incorporation of dietary conjugated linolenic and linoleic acids into milk lipids and liver phospholipids in lactating and suckling rats. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:685-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
20
|
Kýralan M, Gölükcü M, Tokgöz H. Oil and Conjugated Linolenic Acid Contents of Seeds from Important Pomegranate Cultivars (Punica granatum L.) Grown in Turkey. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Yang L, Cao Y, Chen JN, Chen ZY. Oxidative stability of conjugated linolenic acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4212-4217. [PMID: 19368396 DOI: 10.1021/jf900657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interest in conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as functional lipids is growing. The present study was (i) to study the oxidative stability of individual CLnA isomers and (ii) to compare the oxidative stabilities of CLnA and CLA with their corresponding nonconjugated counterparts, α-linolenic acid (LN) and linoleic acid (LA). The oxidation was carried out in air at 50 °C and monitored by the gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and the oxygen consumption test. First, it was found that CLnA was most unstable followed by CLA, LN, and LA in decreasing order. Second, analyses of silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag(+)-HPLC) demonstrated that t,t,t-CLnA isomers had greater stability than c,t,t-CLnA and c,t,c-CLnA isomers. Finally, both green tea catechins (GTCs) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were capable of preventing the CLnA oxidation, with the former being more effective than the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaufman M, Wiesman Z. Pomegranate oil analysis with emphasis on MALDI-TOF/MS triacylglycerol fingerprinting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10405-13. [PMID: 18004807 DOI: 10.1021/jf072741q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate oil (PGO) is a unique and quite rare edible oil produced from Punica granatum L. seeds. It is considered to be a powerful health-benefiting agent, due to its antioxidative, anticancer, and antilipidemic properties. The aim of this study was to achieve a comprehensive and detailed profile of the different components of PGO. The fatty acid profile and phytosterol composition were determined by GC-MS; the triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions were profiled by the mass spectrometry tool of MALDI-TOF/MS. Results showed linolenic acid (18:3) to be the predominant fatty acid in the PGO (64-83%), as previously reported. The linolenic acid fraction was composed of four different chromatographically separated peaks that are assumed, according to MS data (based on both FAME and DMOX derivatization), to be attributed to different geometric isomers of conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA), punicic acid (18:3: 9-cis,11-trans,13-cis) being the major isomer. The MALDI-TOF/MS finger printing results showed the different TAG compositions present in the PGO, the major ones being LnLnLn and LnLnP. This unique PGO TAG fingerprint enables it to be differentiated from most other common edible oils. Phytosterols were found in quite a high concentration in the PGO (4089-6205 mg/kg), about 3-4-fold higher than in soybean oil. A detailed profile of the phytosterols in the PGO showed a wide variety, the major phytosterols being beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. This study depicts a new detailed analysis of PGO, showing great potential for further research regarding the physiological effects of specific valuable components in pomegranate oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kaufman
- Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen J, Cao Y, Gao H, Yang L, Chen ZY. Isomerization of conjugated linolenic acids during methylation. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 150:136-42. [PMID: 17681289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) need to be converted into their methyl esters when they are analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that methylation under different conditions could cause substantial isomerization of CLnA. The present study was therefore to optimize the acid-catalyzed or base-catalyzed methylation conditions in order to minimize the artifact derived from isomerization. It demonstrated clearly that isomerization was temperature and time-dependent if methylation was conducted by acid catalysis. For the two acid-catalyzed methylation reagents, BF3/methanol caused greater isomerization than H2SO4/methanol. It was found that using H2SO4/methanol as a reagent at 40 degrees C for 10 min was most appropriate to avoid isomerization when free CLnA was methylated. In contrast, base-catalyzed methylation in NaOMe/methanol at 40 degrees C for 10 min could minimize the isomerization of CLnA in triacylglycerol form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|