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Einhorn V, Haase H, Maares M. Interaction and competition for intestinal absorption by zinc, iron, copper, and manganese at the intestinal mucus layer. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127459. [PMID: 38640745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Trace elements such as zinc, manganese, copper, or iron are essential for a wide range of physiological functions. It is therefore crucial to ensure an adequate supply of these elements to the body. Many previous investigations have dealt with the role of transport proteins, in particular their selectivity for, and competition between, different ions. Another so far less well investigated major factor influencing the absorption of trace elements seems to be the intestinal mucus layer. This gel-like substance covers the entire gastrointestinal tract and its physiochemical properties can be mainly assigned to the glycoproteins it contains, so-called mucins. Interaction with mucins has already been demonstrated for some metals. However, knowledge about the impact on the respective bioavailability and competition between those metals is still sketchy. This review therefore aims to summarize the findings and knowledge gaps about potential effects regarding the interaction between gastrointestinal mucins and the trace elements iron, zinc, manganese, and copper. Mucins play an indispensable role in the absorption of these trace elements in the neutral to slightly alkaline environment of the intestine, by keeping them in a soluble form that can be absorbed by enterocytes. Furthermore, the studies so far indicate that the competition between these trace elements for uptake already starts at the intestinal mucus layer, yet further research is required to completely understand this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Einhorn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Maares
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Trace Age-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Berlin, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany.
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2
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Zhang SS, Zhang NN, Guo S, Liu SJ, Hou YF, Li S, Ho CT, Bai NS. Glycosides and flavonoids from the extract of Pueraria thomsonii Benth leaf alleviate type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:3931-3945. [PMID: 35289350 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty glycoside derivatives and nine flavonoids from the leaves of Pueraria (P. thomsonii) were isolated by column chromatography and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of twenty glycosides and nine flavonoids from the extract of P. thomsonii leaf (PL) were 173.3 mg g-1 and 134.7 mg g-1, respectively. Two flavonoids with the highest content were robinin (49.28 mg g-1) and puerarin (42.87 mg g-1). Six flavonoids, i.e. puerarin, robinin, rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, and kaempferol showed more inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase than acarbose. PL could effectively increase the level of insulin, decrease the content of fasting blood glucose, reduce lipid accumulation in plasma, ameliorate oxidative injury and inflammation, and relieve liver and kidney damage in diabetic mice. Moreover, PL could increase intestinal probiotics to improve metabolic disorders caused by diabetes and decrease the level of Clostridium celatum to relieve inflammation. This study suggested that PL or its glycoside derivatives and flavonoids regulating glycolipid metabolism and inflammation levels might have the potential to be used to control type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Niu-Niu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Sen Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Shao-Jing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xinwang Road, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yu-Fei Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Shiming Li
- College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
| | - Nai-Sheng Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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3
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Wright L, Joyce P, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Mimicking the Gastrointestinal Mucus Barrier: Laboratory-Based Approaches to Facilitate an Enhanced Understanding of Mucus Permeation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34784462 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucus layer plays a significant role in maintaining gut homeostasis and health, offering protective capacities against the absorption of harmful pathogens as well as commensal gut bacteria and buffering stomach acid to protect the underlying epithelium. Despite this, the mucus barrier is often overlooked during preclinical pharmaceutical development and may pose a significant absorption barrier to high molecular weight or lipophilic drug species. The complex chemical and physical nature of the dynamic mucus layer has proven problematic to reliably replicate in a laboratory setting, leading to the development of multiple mucus models with varying complexity and predictive capacity. This, coupled with the wide range of analysis methods available, has led to a plethora of possible approaches to quantifying mucus permeation; however, the field remains significantly under-represented in biomedical research. For this reason, the development of a concise collation of the available approaches to mucus permeation is essential. In this review, we explore widely utilized mucus mimics ranging in complexity from simple mucin solutions to native mucus preparations for their predictive capacity in mucus permeation analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the diverse range of laboratory-based models available for the analysis of mucus interaction and permeability with a specific focus on in vitro, ex vivo, and in situ models. Finally, we highlight the predictive capacity of these models in correlation with in vivo pharmacokinetic data. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the available technologies to analyze mucus permeation, facilitating the efficient selection of appropriate tools for further advancement in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Wright
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Bradley Building, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Bradley Building, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Barnes
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Bradley Building, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, Bradley Building, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, North Terrace, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
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4
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Liang D, Su W, Tan M. Advances of microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip for analyzing anti-inflammation of food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4418-4434. [PMID: 33480263 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip enables novel means of emulating human intestinal pathophysiology in vitro, which can potentially reduce animal testing and substitute simple 2D culture system. Though a great deal of work has been done in the development of microfluidic platforms for intestinal disease modeling and drug screening, potential investigation of the effect of bioactive food compounds on intestinal inflammation remains largely unexplored. In this review, different biomaterials and chip designs have been explored in the fabrication of intestine-on-a-chip. Other key parameters must be carefully controlled and selected, including shear stress, cell type and cell co-culture spatial configuration, etc. Appropriate techniques to quantify the barrier integrity including trans-epithelial electric resistance, specific tight junction markers and permeability measurements should be standardized and compared with in vivo data. Integration of the gut microbiome and the provision of intestinal-specific environment are the key parameters to realize the in vivo intestinal model simulation and accelerate the screening efficiency of bioactive food compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Liang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wentao Su
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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5
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Maares M, Haase H. A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients 2020; 12:E762. [PMID: 32183116 PMCID: PMC7146416 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc absorption in the small intestine is one of the main mechanisms regulating the systemic homeostasis of this essential trace element. This review summarizes the key aspects of human zinc homeostasis and distribution. In particular, current knowledge on human intestinal zinc absorption and the influence of diet-derived factors on bioaccessibility and bioavailability as well as intrinsic luminal and basolateral factors with an impact on zinc uptake are discussed. Their investigation is increasingly performed using in vitro cellular intestinal models, which are continually being refined and keep gaining importance for studying zinc uptake and transport via the human intestinal epithelium. The vast majority of these models is based on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 in combination with other relevant components of the intestinal epithelium, such as mucin-secreting goblet cells and in vitro digestion models, and applying improved compositions of apical and basolateral media to mimic the in vivo situation as closely as possible. Particular emphasis is placed on summarizing previous applications as well as key results of these models, comparing their results to data obtained in humans, and discussing their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
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6
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Altube MJ, Martínez MMB, Malheiros B, Maffía PC, Barbosa LRS, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Fast Biofilm Penetration and Anti-PAO1 Activity of Nebulized Azithromycin in Nanoarchaeosomes. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:70-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Altube
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina M. B. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Malheiros
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Maffía
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, 1876 Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Maares M, Keil C, Koza J, Straubing S, Schwerdtle T, Haase H. In Vitro Studies on Zinc Binding and Buffering by Intestinal Mucins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2662. [PMID: 30205533 PMCID: PMC6164875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of luminal factors influencing zinc availability and accessibility in the intestine is of great interest when analyzing parameters regulating intestinal zinc resorption. Of note, intestinal mucins were suggested to play a beneficial role in the luminal availability of zinc. Their exact zinc binding properties, however, remain unknown and the impact of these glycoproteins on human intestinal zinc resorption has not been investigated in detail. Thus, the aim of this study is to elucidate the impact of intestinal mucins on luminal uptake of zinc into enterocytes and its transfer into the blood. In the present study, in vitro zinc binding properties of mucins were analyzed using commercially available porcine mucins and secreted mucins of the goblet cell line HT-29-MTX. The molecular zinc binding capacity and average zinc binding affinity of these glycoproteins demonstrates that mucins contain multiple zinc-binding sites with biologically relevant affinity within one mucin molecule. Zinc uptake into the enterocyte cell line Caco-2 was impaired by zinc-depleted mucins. Yet this does not represent their form in the intestinal lumen in vivo under zinc adequate conditions. In fact, zinc-uptake studies into enterocytes in the presence of mucins with differing degree of zinc saturation revealed zinc buffering by these glycoproteins, indicating that mucin-bound zinc is still available for the cells. Finally, the impact of mucins on zinc resorption using three-dimensional cultures was studied comparing the zinc transfer of a Caco-2/HT-29-MTX co-culture and conventional Caco-2 monoculture. Here, the mucin secreting co-cultures yielded higher fractional zinc resorption and elevated zinc transport rates, suggesting that intestinal mucins facilitate the zinc uptake into enterocytes and act as a zinc delivery system for the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jenny Koza
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sophia Straubing
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany.
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany.
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8
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The effect of proteins from animal source foods on heme iron bioavailability in humans. Food Chem 2016; 196:733-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Effects of silver nanoparticles and ions on a co-culture model for the gastrointestinal epithelium. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26888332 PMCID: PMC4756536 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased incorporation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) into consumer products makes the characterization of potential risk for humans and other organisms essential. The oral route is an important uptake route for NPs, therefore the study of the gastrointestinal tract in respect to NP uptake and toxicity is very timely. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Ag NPs and ions on a Caco-2/TC7:HT29-MTX intestinal co-culture model with mucus secretion, which constitutes an important protective barrier to exogenous agents in vivo and may strongly influence particle uptake. Methods The presence of the mucus layer was confirmed with staining techniques (alcian blue and toluidine blue). Mono and co-cultures of Caco-2/TC7 and HT29-MTX cells were exposed to Ag NPs (Ag 20 and 200 nm) and AgNO3 and viability (alamar blue), ROS induction (DCFH-DA assay) and IL-8 release (ELISA) were measured. The particle agglomeration in the media was evaluated with DLS and the ion release with ultrafiltration and ICP-MS. The effects of the Ag NPs and AgNO3 on cells in co-culture were studied at a proteome level with two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time Of Flight/ Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Intracellular localization was assessed with NanoSIMS and TEM. Results The presence of mucus layer led to protection against ROS and decrease in IL-8 release. Both Ag 20 and 200 nm NPs were taken up by the cells and Ag NPs 20 nm were mainly localized in organelles with high sulfur content. A dose- and size-dependent increase in IL-8 release was observed with a lack of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Sixty one differentially abundant proteins were identified involved in cytoskeleton arrangement and cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism/detoxification and stress. Conclusions The presence of mucus layer had an impact on modulating the induced toxicity of NPs. NP-specific effects were observed for uptake, pro-inflammatory response and changes at the proteome level. The low level of overlap between differentially abundant proteins observed in both Ag NPs and AgNO3 treated co-culture suggests size-dependent responses that cannot only be attributed to soluble Ag. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0117-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Béduneau A, Tempesta C, Fimbel S, Pellequer Y, Jannin V, Demarne F, Lamprecht A. A tunable Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture model mimicking variable permeabilities of the human intestine obtained by an original seeding procedure. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:290-8. [PMID: 24704198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Standard monoculture models utilizing Caco-2 monolayers were extensively used to mimic the permeability of the human intestinal barrier. However, they exhibit numerous limitations such as the lack of mucus layer, an overestimation of the P-gp-mediated efflux and a low paracellular permeability. Here, we suggest a new procedure to set up an in vitro model of intestinal barrier to adjust gradually the properties of the absorption barrier. Mucin-secreting HT29-MTX cells were added to Caco-2 absorptive cells in a Transwell® at different time intervals. Effects of seeding day of HT29-MTX on the paracellular permeability of lucifer yellow (LY) and on the P-gp-mediated efflux of rhodamine 123 were investigated. Apparent permeability of the rhodamine 123 in the secretory direction was highly dependent on the seeding day of goblet cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance values and LY transport across the co-cultures in the apical-to-basolateral direction were intermediary between single Caco-2 and HT29-MTX models. Early seeding days of HT29-MTX allowed increasing the fraction of goblet cells in the co-culture. Co-culture permeability was unchanged between 21 and 30 days after Caco-2 seeding, corresponding to the period of use for Caco-2-based cell models. Thus, the HT29-MTX seeding day was a key factor to set up an in vitro intestinal model with tailor-made barrier properties in terms of P-gp expression and paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Béduneau
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Camille Tempesta
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Stéphane Fimbel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Alf Lamprecht
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Germany.
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11
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Sigurdsson HH, Kirch J, Lehr CM. Mucus as a barrier to lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:56-64. [PMID: 23727593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex hydrogel, comprising glycoproteins, lipids, salts, DNA, enzymes and cellular debris, covering many epithelial surfaces in the human body. Once secreted, mucin forms a barrier to protect the underlying tissues against the extracellular environment. Mucus can therefore adversely affect the absorption or action of drugs administered by the oral, pulmonary, vaginal, nasal or other routes. Solubility and lipophilicity are key factors determining drug absorption, as a drug has to be soluble in the body fluids at the site of absorption and must also possess enough lipophilicity to permeate the biological membrane. Evidence has accumulated over the past 40 years indicating that poorly soluble drugs will interact with mucus glycoprotein. Studies of the permeability of native or purified mucous gels are important when it comes to understanding the relative importance of hindered diffusion versus drug binding in mucous layers. This review highlights the current understanding of the drug-mucin interaction and also examines briefly the interaction of polymers and particles with the mucus matrix. While the concept of mucoadhesion was thought to provide an intensified and prolonged contact to mucosal absorption sites, mucopenetrating properties are nowadays being discussed for (nano)particulate carriers to overcome the mucus as a barrier and enhance drug delivery through mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon H Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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12
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Cediel G, Olivares M, Gaitán D, Flores S, Brito A, Pizarro F. Effect of trypsin and mucin on heme iron bioavailability in humans. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:37-41. [PMID: 23011661 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the human gastrointestinal tract, trypsin and mucin may affect the absorption of heme iron. However, these interactions have not been well-established. We determined the effect of trypsin and mucin on heme iron absorption in humans. DESIGN Twenty-eight apparently healthy females participated in two studies (14 per study). Study A evaluated the effect of trypsin on iron bioavailability. Subjects ingested 100 mg trypsin and 1.7 g mucin on 5 mg heme iron bioavailability on days 1, 2, 14, and 15, respectively. In study B, which assessed the effect of mucin on heme iron bioavailability, the subjects ingested hemin, hemin plus mucin, hemoglobin (Hb), and Hb plus mucin, on days 1, 2, 14, and 15, respectively. RESULTS In study A, the geometric means ± 1 SD of heme iron absorption were 5.1 % (3.1-8.3), 2.9 % (1.6-5.1), 7.3 % (4.1-13.1), and 6 % (2.7-13) for hemin, hemin plus trypsin, Hb plus trypsin, and Hb plus mucin plus trypsin, respectively. In study B, the geometric means ± 1 SD of heme iron absorption were 16.4 % (10.5-25.7), 13.1 % (9.0-18.9), 13.7 % (9.0-20.7), and 11.8 % (7.6-18.3) for hemin, hemin plus mucin, Hb, and Hb plus mucin, respectively. The ratio increased when Hb plus trypsin was ingested and decreased when hemin plus trypsin was ingested. There were no differences in other ratios with respect to the ratio on day 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Trypsin is the only human gastrointestinal protein that evaluated the affects of heme iron absorption. However, this effect depends on how heme iron is ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cediel
- Micronutrients Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Avda El Líbano 5524, Casilla 13811, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Effects of iron on rainbow trout gill cells in primary culture. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011; 27:311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-011-9189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Effects of zinc exposure on zinc transporter expression in human intestinal cells of varying maturity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50:587-95. [PMID: 20479680 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181d98e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Zinc (Zn) homeostasis in adults is achieved principally through a balance between intestinal absorption and excretion involving adaptive mechanisms programmed by levels of dietary Zn. Zn absorption in infants is not as tightly regulated as that in adults, which may induce potential toxicity in infants due to the relatively high capacity of Zn absorption. We hypothesized that intestinal Zn homeostasis is developmentally regulated and depends on intestinal maturation, which in turn affects Zn transporter regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured human fetal (FHs 74 Int, F) and adult (Caco-2: undifferentiated, U; differentiated, D) intestinal cells were used to determine developmental differences in Zn uptake and effects of Zn exposure on Zn transporters. RESULTS Zn uptake rates in F and U cells were higher compared with D cells (F, 9-fold; U, 3-fold). F cells were more intolerant to Zn exposure than were U or D cells (LD50 = 67.9 +/- 5.3; 117.0 +/- 5.2; 224.4 +/- 3.7 micromol/L, respectively). Two mechanisms were involved in developmental regulation of Zn homeostasis: differential Zn transporter expression and differential response to Zn exposure. In F cells, zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT)/iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein (Zip)4 expression was undetectable; Zn (50 micromol/L) increased levels of Zn transporter (ZnT)1, ZnT2, and metallothionein-1 mRNA and ZnT1 protein. U and D cells had higher mRNA expression of ZnT1 (U: 5-fold; D: 7-fold, respectively) and ZnT2 (U: 2-fold; D: 9-fold, respectively) than F cells, and D cells also had higher Zip4 expression (3-fold) than U cells. In U cells, Zn exposure increased Zip4 protein level, but not membrane-associated abundance. However, in D cells, Zn exposure decreased both the Zip4 protein level and membrane-associated abundance. CONCLUSIONS Zn absorption is developmentally regulated through intestinal Zn efflux and sequestration and import mechanisms, which may be responsible for differences in Zn absorption observed between infants and adults.
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Dupont D, Mandalari G, Molle D, Jardin J, Léonil J, Faulks RM, Wickham MSJ, Clare Mills EN, Mackie AR. Comparative resistance of food proteins to adult and infant in vitro
digestion models. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:767-80. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Laparra JM, Glahn RP, Miller DD. Different responses of Fe transporters in Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures than in independent Caco-2 cell cultures. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:971-7. [PMID: 19524686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium is composed of several cell types, mainly enterocytes and goblet (mucin-secreting) cells. This study compares the cellular response of Fe transporters in Caco-2, HT29-MTX, and Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture models for Fe bioavailability. Caco-2 cells in vitro differentiate into enterocyte-like cells and HT29-MTX cell lineage into a mucin-secreting cellular population. Cell cultures were exposed to digests of Fe+3, Fe+3/ascorbic acid, cooked fish (high-available Fe) or white beans (low-available Fe). Cell responses as shown by mRNA expression of the main Fe transporters, DMT1 and DcytB, and cell ferritin formation were monitored. In Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultures, the mucin layer lowered the pool of free Fe to diffuse towards the cell brush border membrane of enterocytes, which was accompanied of an upregulation of DMT1 mRNA expression. In contrast, cultures exposed to digests of fish or white beans showed no significant differences in the regulation of Fe transporters.
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Ito Y, Ichikawa T, Iwai T, Saegusa Y, Ikezawa T, Goso Y, Ishihara K. Effects of tea catechins on the gastrointestinal mucosa in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:12122-12126. [PMID: 19035783 DOI: 10.1021/jf802142n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although tea catechins are known to exert a potent antiulcer effect on the alimentary tract, there is scant information concerning their effects on normal mucus cell functions. Using original anti-mucin monoclonal antibodies, we studied the influences of long-term administration of catechins on the quantity and quality of mucin in rat gastrointestinal mucosa. Administration of 0.5% tea catechins significantly increased the mucin content of the ileum, but not the stomach. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed no remarkable qualitative changes in gastric mucin, but a selective increase and decrease in sulfo- and sialomucins, respectively, in the ileum of rats administered catechins. The ELISA results were consistent with both the immunohistochemical findings and the high-iron diamine-alcian blue staining pattern. These findings indicate that tea catechins modulate ileal mucin metabolism in the ileal mucosa, suggesting that further studies focusing on the ileal epithelium will assist in further elucidation of the mechanism of catechin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ito
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
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Prieto M, Schilrreff P, Tesoriero MD, Morilla M, Romero E. Brain and muscle of Wistar rats are the main targets of intravenous dendrimeric sulfadiazine. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nigsch F, Klaffke W, Miret S. In vitro models for processes involved in intestinal absorption. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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