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Habran S, Giusti A, Galloy A, Gérard G, Delvaux A, Pigeon O, Remy S. Spatial and temporal variations of currently used pesticides (CUPs) concentrations in ambient air in Wallonia, Belgium. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141241. [PMID: 38242514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most widely used chemicals thus contributing to a global contamination of the environment. Studies in North America and Europe have reported ambient air concentrations of Currently Used Pesticides in rural and urban locations as well as in remote areas. Monitoring pesticides in air is required for a better understanding of human exposure through inhalation and to assess potential health effects related to this exposure pathway. In this study, 46 pesticides were analyzed in ambient air in sampling stations distributed over Wallonia during a year, from May 2015 to May 2016. Different typologies were defined for sampling sites (remote areas, urban sites, agricultural sites, livestock area, and sites with other professional uses). Ambient air was sampled for 14 days with an active air sampler at a flow rate of 4 m³/h. Quartz filters and PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges were used to sample both gas and particulate phase pesticides. On the 46 pesticides studied, 6 insecticides, 18 herbicides and 18 fungicides were detected. Herbicides were measured in 68.3% of samples throughout the year, whereas fungicides and insecticides were measured in 62.6% and 13.2% of the samples, respectively. The highest mean concentrations for all pesticides were measured in spring-summer, whereas few pesticides were measured at low concentrations in winter. Six pesticides were measured in the remote sampling station at lower concentrations than in all other sites highlighting volatility of these pesticides. The highest number of different pesticides and the highest concentrations were measured in agricultural stations, where uses of plant protection products are higher. Finally, less volatile pesticides were only detected near application areas and at low concentrations. Together, these results provide better insight on the spatial and temporal variations of pesticides concentrations in ambient air, which were related to pesticides uses as well to atmospheric volatility and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Habran
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium.
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Galloy
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Guy Gérard
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Alain Delvaux
- Protection, control products and residues Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Pigeon
- Protection, control products and residues Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
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Chen H, Li W, Guo L, Weng H, Wei Y, Guo Q. Residue, dissipation, and safety evaluation of etoxazole and pyridaben in Goji berry under open-field conditions in the China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:517. [PMID: 31352622 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation and residual levels of etoxazole and pyridaben in Goji berry under open field conditions were determined by using GC-NPD (gas chromatography with nitrogen and phosphorus detector) with modified QuEChERS method. At fortification levels of 0.01, 1, and 5 mg/kg in Goji berry, it was shown that recoveries were ranged from 80.40 to 100.9% with relative standard deviation of the method (RSD) for repeatability ranged from 2.20 to 4.25%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation rates of etoxazole and pyridaben were described by using first-order kinetics and its half-life, as they are 7.13 days, 5.77 days, and 5.99 days (etoxazole) and 1.02 day, 0.67 day, 1.02 day (pyridaben). The terminal residues of etoxazole and pyridaben were below the European maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.1 mg/kg) in Goji berry when measured 7 days after the final application, which suggested that the use of these insecticides was safe for humans. This study would help in providing the basic information for developing regulation to guard a safe use of etoxazole and pyridaben in Goji berry and prevent health problem from consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhi Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Weng
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhai Wei
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China.
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Huertas-Pérez JF, Ernest M, Badoud F. Quantification of folpet and phthalimide in tea and herbal infusions by LC- high-resolution MS and GC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:109-119. [PMID: 30601712 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1555379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two methods based on a modified QuEChERS sample preparation and either LC coupled to atmospheric pressure ionisation and high-resolution MS or GC coupled to electron ionisation and tripled quadrupole MS have been assessed for the quantification of folpet and phthalimide in tea and other dry herbal infusions. Both methods have been fully validated in green tea and further checked in black tea, verbena and rooibos, and they performed according to the SANTE/11813/2017 criteria at the target LOQ concentration level (50 µg/kg). These methods allow the accurate quantification of folpet in the selected matrices according to the new EU residue definition, which includes phthalimide. Phthalimide is the main metabolite and degradation product of folpet, although according to recent studies, it could be generated from different sources than folpet breakdown, such as food processing or analysis by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Ernest
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Nestec Ltd , Vers-chez-les-Blanc , Switzerland
| | - Flavia Badoud
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Nestec Ltd , Vers-chez-les-Blanc , Switzerland
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4
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Quantification of folpet and phthalimide in food by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: Overcoming potential analytical artefacts. Food Chem 2018; 260:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Raina-Fulton R. Determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and strobilurin fungicides in particle phase atmospheric samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5152-5162. [PMID: 25961332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of neonicotinoids and strobilurin fungicides in the particle phase fraction of atmosphere samples. Filter samples were extracted with pressurized solvent extraction, followed by a cleanup step with solid phase extraction. Method detection limits for the seven neonicotinoid insecticides and six strobilurin fungicides were in the range of 1.0-4.0 pg/m(3). Samples were collected from June to September 2013 at two locations (Osoyoos and Oliver) in the southern Okanagan Valley Agricultural Region of British Columbia, where these insecticides and fungicides are recommended for use on tree fruit crops (apples, pears, cherries, peaches, apricots) and vineyards. This work represents the first detection of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin in particle phase atmospheric samples collected in the Okanagan Valley in Canada. The highest particle phase atmospheric concentrations were observed for imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin at 360.0, 655.6, and 1908.2 pg/m(3), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina-Fulton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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7
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Heterogeneous reaction of particulate chlorpyrifos with NO 3 radicals: Products, pathways, and kinetics. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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El Masri A, Al Rashidi M, Laversin H, Chakir A, Roth E. A mechanistic and kinetic study of the heterogeneous degradation of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon under the influence of atmospheric oxidants: ozone and OH-radicals. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos in the heterogeneous phase of the atmosphere is quickly removed by reaction with OH radicals (∼2 day) whereas its degradation product, chlorpyrifos oxon is more persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. El Masri
- GSMA
- UMR CNRS 7331
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
- U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse
- 51687 Reims, France
| | - M. Al Rashidi
- GSMA
- UMR CNRS 7331
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
- U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse
- 51687 Reims, France
| | - H. Laversin
- GSMA
- UMR CNRS 7331
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
- U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse
- 51687 Reims, France
| | - A. Chakir
- GSMA
- UMR CNRS 7331
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
- U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse
- 51687 Reims, France
| | - E. Roth
- GSMA
- UMR CNRS 7331
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne
- U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles Moulin de la Housse
- 51687 Reims, France
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Charbouillot T, Brigante M, Deguillaume L, Mailhot G. Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Photoreactivity: Correlation Between the Hydroxyl Radical Photoformation and Pesticide Degradation Rate in Atmospherically Relevant Waters. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:32-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Coupling polymer monolith microextraction to gas chromatography: determination of pyrethroids in water samples. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Raina R, Hall P, Sun L. Occurrence and relationship of organophosphorus insecticides and their degradation products in the atmosphere in Western Canada agricultural regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8541-8546. [PMID: 20977269 DOI: 10.1021/es102450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the atmospheric occurrence and seasonal variations of the most frequently detected organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) and their OP oxon degradation products at Bratt's Lake, Saskatchewan in the Canadian Prairies (April 2003 to March 2004, January-December, 2005) and at Abbotsford in the Lower Frazer Valley (LFV) of British Columbia from May 2004 to December, 2005. During 2005 there were 10 OPs, 8 OP oxons, and 6 other OP degradation products measured. The most frequently detected OPs were chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon. At Bratt's Lake the highest atmospheric concentrations were observed for chlorpyrifos, with maximum concentrations observed during July and August in 2003 showing much higher concentrations than those from 2005. This was related to its usage for grasshopper control in the province. At Abbotsford, diazinon and malathion were observed in much higher atmospheric concentrations than chlorpyrifos. Concentrations reached maximum in spring for diazinon and summer for malathion. This study is the first reported study of seasonal variations of OP oxons with their parent OP. Chlorpyrifos oxon concentrations during July were generally low, indicating strong local source contributions. The chlorpyrifos oxon/chlorpyrifos ratio and diazinon oxon/diazinon ratio showed a strong seasonal variation with increasing ratio from spring to summer which was attributed to increasing sunlight hours. Malathion oxon/mathion at both sites was similar and relatively constant throughout the year. The oxon/thion ratio represents a good indicator of age of source or contributions from local versus regional atmospheric sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Trace Analysis Facility, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Liu L, Cheng J, Matsadiq G, Zhou H, Li J. Application of DLLME to the Determination of Pyrethroids in Aqueous Samples. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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TANG F, NI Y, ZHANG H, CHEN J. Applications of large-volume injection for environmental analysis. Se Pu 2010; 28:442-8. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Coscollà C, Yusà V, Beser MI, Pastor A. Multi-residue analysis of 30 currently used pesticides in fine airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5) by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8817-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Kuang H, Miao H, Hou XL, Zhao YF, Shen JZ, Xu CL, Wu YN. Determination of Pyrethroid Residues in Pork Muscle by Immunoaffinity Cleanup and GC-ECD. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Analysis of pesticide residues by fast gas chromatography in combination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6326-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Xu XL, Li L, Zhong WK, He YJ. Multi-Residue Analysis of 205 Crop Pesticides Using Mini-Solid Phase Extraction–Large Volume Injection–GC–MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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Yusà V, Coscollà C, Mellouki W, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Sampling and analysis of pesticides in ambient air. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2972-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gagné JP, Gouteux B, Bertrand MJ. Development of a novel high volume band compression injector for the analysis of complex samples like toxaphene pesticide. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Raina R, Hall P. Comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electron ionization and negative-ion chemical ionization for analyses of pesticides at trace levels in atmospheric samples. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2008; 3:111-25. [PMID: 19609395 PMCID: PMC2701172 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of detection limits of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with both electron ionization (EI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) are presented for over 50 pesticides ranging from organochlorines (OCs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and pre-emergent herbicides used in the Canadian prairies (triallate, trifluralin, ethalfluralin). The developed GC-EI/SIM, GC-NCI/SIM, and GC-NCI/SRM are suitable for the determination of pesticides in air sample extracts at concentrations <100 pg μL−1 (<100 pg m−3 in air). No one method could be used to analyze the range of pre-emergent herbicides, OPs, and OCs investigated. In general GC-NCI/SIM provided the lowest method detection limits (MDLs commonly 2.5–10 pg μL−1) along with best confirmation (<25% RSD of ion ratio), while GC-NCI/SRM is recommended for use where added selectivity or confirmation is required (such as parathion-ethyl, tokuthion, carbofenothion). GC-EI/SRM at concentration <100 pg μL−1 was not suitable for most pesticides. GC-EI/SIM was more prone to interference issues than NCI methods, but gave good sensitivity (MDLs 1–10 pg μL−1) for pesticides with poor NCI response (OPs: sulfotep, phorate, aspon, ethion, and OCs: alachlor, aldrin, perthane, and DDE, DDD, DDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- University of Regina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Trace Analysis Facility (TAF), 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, Canada.
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Analysis of captan, folpet, and captafol in apples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:749-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Raina R, Sun L. Trace level determination of selected organophosphorus pesticides and their degradation products in environmental air samples by liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2008; 43:323-332. [PMID: 18437620 DOI: 10.1080/03601230801941667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new analytical method for determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) along with their degradation products involving liquid chromatography (LC) positive ion electrospray (ESI+) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) with selective reaction monitoring (SRM). Chromatography was performed on a Gemini C6-Phenyl (150 mmx2.0 mm, 3 microm) with a gradient elution using water-methanol with 0.1% formic acid, 2 mM ammonium acetate mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min(-1). The LC separation and MS/MS operating conditions were optimized with a total analysis time less than 40 minutes. Method detection limits of 0.1-5 microg L(-1) for selected organophosphorus pesticides (OP), OP oxon degradation products, and other degradation products: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP); 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidol (IMP); and diethyl phosphate (DEP). Some OPs such as fenchlorphos are less sensitive (MDL 30 microg L(-1)). Calibration curves were linear with coefficients of correlation better than 0.995. A three-point identification approach was adopted with area from first selective reaction monitoring (SRM) transition used for quantitative analysis, while a second SRM transition along with the ratio of areas obtained from the first to second transition are used for confirmation with sample tolerance established by the relative standard deviation of the ratio obtained from standards. This new method permitted the first known detection of OP oxon degradation products including chlorpyrifos oxon at Bratt's Lake, SK and diazinon oxon and malathion oxon at Abbotsford, BC in atmospheric samples. Atmospheric detection limits typically ranged from 0.2-10 pg m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Raina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Trace Analysis Facility (TAF), University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
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24
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Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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