Comparison of major and trace element concentrations in 16 varieties of Cuban mango stem bark (Mangifera indica L.)

Inhibition of Peroxidation Potential and Protein Oxidative Damage by Metal Mangiferin Complexes

Background: Metal coordination complexes of polyphenolic compounds have been claimed to have better antioxidant and protection against protein oxidative damage effects than the isolated ligands. Whereas flavonoids have been extensively studied, xanthones such as mangiferin are lacking extensive research. Methods: Cu (II), Zn (II), and Se (IV) mangiferin complexes were synthesized with different stoichiometric ratios. Products were isolated by preparative chromatography and subjected to spectral analysis by FT-IR, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-ESI-MS. The inhibition effects on peroxidation potential and protein oxidative damage were determined for all the metal–MF complexes. Results: Eight metal–MF complexes were isolated. Cu (II)–MF complexes did not improve MF antioxidant/protective effects; Zn (II) complexes (stoichiometric ratio 1:2) antioxidant/protective effects had no significant differences to MF; Zn (II)– and Se (IV)–MF complexes (stoichiometric ratio 1:3) showed the best inhibition effects on peroxidation potential (49.06% and 32.08%, respectively), and on the protection against protein oxidative damage (14.49% and 20.81%, respectively). Conclusions: The antioxidant/protective effects of Se (IV)– and Zn (II)–MF coordination complexes were significantly improved as compared to isolated MF, when the reaction between the metal salt and MF was performed with a stoichiometric ratio 1:3.

PROMANCOA Modular Technology for the Valorization of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Agricultural Biowastes

PROMANCOA modular technology (PMT) aims at the development of modular agricultural biowaste valorization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivars within the concept of circular economy in agriculture management. The modular design includes four modules: (1) green raw material (GRM) selection and collection, (2) GRM processing, (3) GRM extraction, in order to obtain bioactive green extracts (BGE) and bioactive green ingredients (BGI), and (4) quality control, which lead to formula components for food, feed, nutraceutical and/or cosmeceutical products. PMT was applied to mango stem bark and tree branches, and cocoa pod husk and bean shells, from cultivars of mango and cocoa in provinces of the Dominican Republic (DR). PMT might be applied to other agricultural biowastes, where a potential of value-added BGE/BGI may be present. Alongside the market potential of these bioactive ingredients, the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions of agricultural biowastes would be a significant contribution in order to reduce the greenhouse effect of these residuals.

GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects

Mango stem bark extracts (MSBE) have been used as bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical formulations due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. We performed the MSBE preparative column liquid chromatography, which led to the resolution and identification by GC-MS of 64 volatile compounds: 7 hydrocarbons, 3 alcohols, 1 ether, 3 aldehydes/ketones, 7 phenols, 20 terpenoids (hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives), 9 steroids, 4 nitrogen compounds, and 1 sulphur compound. Major components were β-elemene, α-guaiene, aromadendrene, hinesol, 1-octadecene, β-eudesmol, methyl linoleate, juniper camphor, hinesol, 9-methyl (3β,5α)-androstan-3-ol, γ-sitosterol, β-chamigrene, 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-phenetylalcohol, N-phenyl-2-naphtaleneamine, and several phenolic compounds. The analysis of MSBE, Haden variety, by GC-MS is reported for the first time, which gives an approach to understand the possible synergistic effect of volatile compounds on its antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The identification of relevant bioactive volatile components from MSBE extracts, mainly terpenes from the eudesmane family, will contribute to correlate its chemical composition to previous determined pharmacological effects.

A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango)

Mangifera indica (family Anacardiaceae), commonly known as mango, is a pharmacologically, ethnomedically, and phytochemically diverse plant. Various parts of M. indica tree have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of different ailments, and a number of bioactive phytochemical constituents of M. indica have been reported, namely, polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and amino acids, and so forth. Several studies have proven the pharmacological potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit peel and flesh, roots, and flowers as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiplasmodial, and antihyperlipemic. In the present review, a comprehensive study on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of M. indica has been described.

The potential role of mangiferin in cancer treatment through its immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, apoptopic, and gene regulatory effects

Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-D-glucoside) is a natural bioactive xanthonoid that can be found in many plant species, among which the mango tree (Mangifera indica L), a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal, is one of its primary sources. The use of mangiferin for cancer treatment has attracted the attention of research groups around the World. Single administration of mangiferin or in combination with known anticancer chemicals has shown the potential benefits of this molecule in lung, brain, breast, cervix, and prostate cancers, and leukemia. Mangiferin mechanisms of action against cancer cells through in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo models are discussed besides its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical development and, therefore, clinical trials on cancer targets are still lacking. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):475-491, 2016.

Antimutagenic properties of Mangifera indica L. stem bark extract and evaluation of its effects on hepatic CYP1A1

Mangifera indica stem bark extract (MSBE) is a Cuban natural product which has shown strong antioxidant properties. In this work, the antimutagenic effect of MSBE was tested against 10 well-known mutagens/carcinogens in the Ames test in the absence or presence of metabolic fraction (S9). The chemical mutagens tested included: cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C, bleomycin, cisplatin, dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), sodium azide, 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and picrolonic acid. Protective effects of the extract were also evaluated by comparing the efficiency of S9 fraction obtained from rats treated during 28 days with oral doses of MSBE (50-500 mg/kg) with that obtained from rats treated with vehicle (control) to activate bleomycin and cyclophosphamide in the Ames test. MSBE concentrations between 50 and 500 μg/plate significantly reduced the mutagenicity mediated by all the chemicals tested with the exception of sodium azide. Higher mutagenicity was found when bleomycin and cyclophosphamide (CP) were activated by control S9 than by MSBE S9. In addition, inhibition of CYP1A1 microsomal activity was observed in the presence of MSBE (10-20 μg/ml). We can conclude that besides its potent antioxidant activity previously reported, MSBE may also exert a chemoprotective effect due to its capacity to inhibit CYP activity.

Evaluation of genotoxicity and DNA protective effects of mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone isolated from Mangifera indica L. stem bark extract

Mangiferin is a glucosylxantone isolated from Mangifera indica L. stem bark. Several studies have shown its pharmacological properties which make it a promising candidate for putative therapeutic use. This study was focused to investigate the in vitro genotoxic effects of mangiferin in the Ames test, SOS Chromotest and Comet assay. The genotoxic effects in bone marrow erythrocytes from NMRI mice orally treated with mangiferin (2000 mg/kg) were also evaluated. Additionally, its potential antimutagenic activity against several mutagens in the Ames test and its effects on CYP1A1 activity were assessed. Mangiferin (50-5000 μg/plate) did not increased the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test, nor induced primary DNA damage (5-1000 μg/mL) to Escherichia coli PQ37 cells under the SOS Chromotest. It was observed neither single strand breaks nor alkali-labile sites in blood peripheral lymphocytes or hepatocytes after 1h exposition to 10-500 μg/mL of mangiferin under the Comet assay. Furthermore, micronucleus studies showed mangiferin neither induced cytotoxic activity nor increased the frequency of micronucleated/binucleated cells in mice bone marrow. In short, mangiferin did not induce cytotoxic or genotoxic effects but it protect against DNA damage which would be associated with its antioxidant properties and its capacity to inhibit CYP enzymes.

Mangiferin decreases inflammation and oxidative damage in rat brain after stress

PURPOSE

Stress exposure elicits neuroinflammation and oxidative damage in brain, and stress-related neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases have been associated with cell damage and death. Mangiferin (MAG) is a polyphenolic compound abundant in the stem bark of Mangifera indica L. with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in different experimental settings. In this study, the capacity of MAG to prevent neuroinflammation and brain oxidative damage induced by stress exposure was investigated.

METHODS

Young-adult male Wistar rats immobilized during 6 h were administered by oral gavage with increasing doses of MAG (15, 30, and 60 mg/Kg), respectively, 7 days before stress.

RESULTS

Prior treatment with MAG prevented all of the following stress-induced effects: (1) increase in glucocorticoids (GCs) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plasma levels, (2) loss of redox balance and reduction in catalase brain levels, (3) increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α and its receptor TNF-R1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and synthesis enzymes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), (4) increase in lipid peroxidation.

CONCLUSIONS

These multifaceted protective effects suggest that MAG administration could be a new therapeutic strategy in neurological/neuropsychiatric pathologies in which hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal (HPA) stress axis dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative damage take place in their pathophysiology.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract in a model of colitis

AIM: To investigate the effect of aqueous extract from Mangifera indica L. (MIE) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats.

METHODS: MIE (150 mg/kg) was administered in two different protocols: (1) rectally, over 7 d at the same time as DSS administration; and (2) once daily over 14 d (by oral gavage, 7 d before starting DSS, and rectally for 7 d during DSS administration). General observations of clinical signs were performed. Anti-inflammatory activity of MIE was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Colonic lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, expression of inflammatory related mediators [inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, respectively] and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptors 1 and 2] in colonic tissue were also assessed. Interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-α serum levels were also measured.

RESULTS: The results demonstrated that MIE has anti-inflammatory properties by improvement of clinical signs, reduction of ulceration and reduced MPO activity when administered before DSS. In addition, administration of MIE for 14 d resulted in an increase in GSH and reduction of TBARS levels and iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and TNF R-2 expression in colonic tissue, and a decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels.

CONCLUSION: MIE has anti-inflammatory activity in a DSS-induced rat colitis model and preventive administration (prior to DSS) seems to be a more effective protocol.

In vitro modulation of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein expression by polyphenols from Mangifera indica

Many plant compounds are able to modulate the activity and/or the expression of the major multidrug transporter ABCB1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In this study, mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark extract (MSBE), its main polyphenol mangiferin and the mangiferin aglycone derivative norathyriol, as well as catechin, gallic acid and quercetin, were investigated for their potential ability to influence ABCB1 gene and P-gp expression in HK-2 cells, a proximal tubule line constitutively expressing this transporter. Western blot analysis demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in P-gp in cells cultured in the presence of MSBE for 72 h. Gallic acid and quercetin also decreased the levels of P-gp at all studied concentrations, whereas catechin was almost ineffective. However, in cells exposed to mangiferin (10-200 microM), the P-gp amount showed a concentration- and time-dependent increase, being 2-fold higher than the controls after 72 h. Norathyriol (5 microM) induced P-gp, but the effect decreased at higher concentrations. The changes in the P-gp protein amount were correlated with relative changes in the ABCB1 mRNA content and with the efflux activity of the transporter. The transcriptional inhibitor 1-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) contrasted the increased expression of ABCB1 by mangiferin, suggesting that the increase could be due to transcriptional up-regulation of ABCB1 mRNA. Mangiferin-treated cells overexpressing the transporter were protected against the cytotoxicity of the known P-gp substrate cyclosporine A. However, the opposite effect was not observed in cells pretreated with MSBE. These results demonstrate that MSBE and mango polyphenols, already shown in our previous studies to influence P-gp activity, may also interact with ABCB1/P-gp at the expression level. In particular, we show for the first time that the main mango polyphenol mangiferin up-regulates this multidrug transporter. The molecular mechanisms and the consequences of these effects, including the possibility of interactions with conventional drugs or other herbal constituents, remain to be elucidated.

In vivo acute toxicological studies of an antioxidant extract from Mangifera indica L. (Vimang)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark aqueous extract (MSBE) is a natural product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory effects. Its formulations (e.g., tablets, capsules, syrup, vaginal oval, and suppositories) are known by the brand name of Vimang. In view of the ethnomedical, preclinical, and clinical uses of this extract and the necessity to assess its possible toxicological effect on man, a toxicological analysis of a standard extract is reported in this paper. Acute toxicity was evaluated in mice and rats by oral, dermal, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. The extract, by oral or dermal administration, showed no lethality at the limit doses of 2,000 mg/kg body weight and no adverse effects were found. Deaths occurred with the i.p. administration at 200, but not 20 mg/kg in mice. MSBE was also studied on irritant tests in rabbits, and the results showed that it was nonirritating on skin, ocular, or rectal mucosa. The extract had minimal irritancy following vaginal application.

Protective role of Mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris peel extracts in chemically induced hypothyroidism

An investigation was made to evaluate the pharmacological importance of fruit peel extracts of Mangifera indica (MI), Citrullus vulgaris (CV) and Cucumis melo (CM) with respect to the possible regulation of tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO), thyroid dysfunctions, lipid and glucose metabolism. Pre-standardized doses (200mg/kg of MI and 100mg/kg both of CV and CM), based on the maximum inhibition in hepatic LPO, were administered to Wistar albino male rats for 10 consecutive days and the changes in tissue (heart, liver and kidney) LPO and in the concentrations of serum triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxin (T(4)), insulin, glucose, alpha-amylase and different lipids were examined. Administration of three test peel extracts significantly increased both the thyroid hormones (T(3) and T(4)) with a concomitant decrease in tissue LPO, suggesting their thyroid stimulatory and antiperoxidative role. This thyroid stimulatory nature was also exhibited in propylthiouracil (PTU) induced hypothyroid animals. However, only minor influence was observed in serum lipid profile in which CM reduced the concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while CV decreased triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C). When the combined effects of either two (MI+CV) or three (MI+CV+CM) peel extracts were evaluated in euthyroid animals, serum T(3) concentration was increased in response to MI+CV and MI+CV+CM treatments, while T(4) level was elevated by the combinations of first two peels only. Interestingly, both the categories of combinations increased T(4) levels, but not T(3) in PTU treated hypothyroid animals. Moreover, a parallel increase in hepatic and renal LPO was observed in these animals, suggesting their unsafe nature in combination. In conclusion the three test peel extracts appear to be stimulatory to thyroid functions and inhibitory to tissue LPO but only when treated individually.

Possible amelioration of atherogenic diet induced dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia by the peel extracts of Mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris fruits in rats

Hitherto unknown efficacy of the peel extracts of Mangifera indica (MI), Cucumis melo (CM) and Citrullus vulgaris (CV) fruits in ameliorating the diet-induced alterations in dyslipidemia, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus have been investigated in rats. In one study, out of 4 different doses (50-300 mg/kg), 200 mg/kg of MI and 100 mg/kg for other two peel extracts could inhibit lipidperoxidation (LPO) maximally in liver. In the second experiment rats were maintained on pre-standardized atherogenic diet CCT (supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% 2-thiouracil) to induce dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus and the effects of the test peel extracts (200 mg/kg of MI and 100 mg/kg for CM and CV for 10 consecutive days) were studied by examining the changes in tissue LPO (in heart, liver and kidney), concentrations of serum lipids, thyroid hormones, insulin and glucose. Rats, treated simultaneously with either of the peel extracts reversed the CCT-diet induced increase in the levels of tissue LPO, serum lipids, glucose, creatinine kinase-MB and decrease in the levels of thyroid hormones and insulin indicating their potential to ameliorate the diet induced alterations in serum lipids, thyroid dysfunctions and hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus. A phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of a high amount of polyphenols and ascorbic acid in the test peel extracts suggesting that the beneficial effects could be the result of the rich content of polyphenols and ascorbic acid in the studied peels.

Lack of in vivo embryotoxic and genotoxic activities of orally administered stem bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. (Vimang)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark aqueous extract (MSBE) is a new natural product with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects known by the brand name of its formulations as Vimang. Previously, the oral toxicity studies of the extract showed a low toxicity potential up to 2000 mg/kg. This work reports the results about teratogenic and genotoxicologic studies of MSBE. For embryotoxicity study, MSBE (20, 200, or 2000 mg/kg/day) was given to Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage on days 6-15 of gestation. For genotoxicity, MSBE was administered three times during 48 h to NMRI mice. Cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. No maternal or developmental toxicities were observed when the rats were killed on day 20th. The maternal body-weight gain was not affected. No dose-related effects were observed in implantations, fetal viability or external fetal development. Skeletal and visceral development was similar among fetuses from all groups. No genotoxicity was observed in bone marrow erythrocytes and liver cells after administration. MSBE appears to be neither embryotoxic nor genotoxic as measured by bone marrow cytogenetics in rodents.