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He J, Chen X, Shi S, Tang F, Huo N, Gu S. Multivalent nanobody as capture antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in urine. Anal Biochem 2021; 632:114390. [PMID: 34560055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) as capture antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) is greatly hampered by their poor performance after attaching onto polystyrene microplates. Reasons behind those phenomena remain unknown. One of possible explanation is that Nbs with a single domain might lose their accessibility of paratope when adsorbed on the plates. Increasing their binding sites might improve performance in capture Nbs-based ELISA. In this study, anti-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) Nbs was assembled to trivalent form (Nb3) in tandem with flexible linkers (G4S)3. Direct competitive ELISA on the basis of Nb3 and 3-PBA-horseradish peroxidase was developed for detection of 3-PBA in livestock urine. The ELISA had a half-maximum (IC50) inhibition concentration of 0.51 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.02 ng/mL, which was more sensitive than that of the parental Nb with a IC50 of 2.39 ng/mL. The average recoveries of 3-PBA spiked in swine, sheep and dairy cow urine samples by the assay ranged from 89.52% to 114.25% and agreed well with those of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The above results indicated that multivalent Nbs could be treated as the capture antibody in ELISA for routine screening analysis of 3-PBA residues in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Shengrui Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Nairui Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, PR China.
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2
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Zhao Y, Ruan X, Song Y, Smith JN, Vasylieva N, Hammock BD, Lin Y, Du D. Smartphone-Based Dual-Channel Immunochromatographic Test Strip with Polymer Quantum Dot Labels for Simultaneous Detection of Cypermethrin and 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13658-13666. [PMID: 34591463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) are the primary methods used to detect pesticides and their metabolites for biomonitoring of exposure. Although GC-MS and LC-MS can provide accurate and sensitive measurements, these techniques are not suitable for point-of-care or in-field biomonitoring applications. The objective of this work is to develop a smartphone-based dual-channel immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) for on-site biomonitoring of exposure to cypermethrin by simultaneous detection of cypermethrin and its metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Polymer carbon dots (PCDs) with ultrahigh fluorescent brightness were synthesized and used as a signal amplifier in ICTS assay. Cypermethrin (a representative pyrethroid pesticide) and its major metabolite 3-PBA were simultaneously detected to provide more comprehensive analysis of cypermethrin exposure. After competitive immunoreactions between the target sample and the coating antigens preloaded on the test line, the tracer antibody (PCD-conjugated antibody) was quantitatively captured on the test lines. The captured PCDs were inversely proportional to the amount of the target compound in the sample. The red fluorescence on the test line was then recorded using a smartphone-based device capable of conducting image analysis and recording. Under optimal conditions, the sensor showed excellent linear responses for detecting cypermethrin and 3-PBA ranging from 1 to 100 ng/mL and from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL, respectively, and the limits of detection were calculated to be ∼0.35 ng/mL for cypermethrin and ∼0.04 ng/mL for 3-PBA. The results demonstrate that the ICTS device is promising for accurate point-of-care biomonitoring of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Xiaofan Ruan
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yang Song
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Exposure Science and Pathogen Biology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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3
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Buchholz BA, Ahn KC, Huang H, Gee SJ, Stewart BJ, Ognibene TJ, Hammock BD. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolite Measurement, and Biomarker Identification of Dermal Exposure to Permethrin Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:49-59. [PMID: 34460930 PMCID: PMC8404990 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Impregnating military uniforms and outdoor clothing with the insecticide permethrin is an approach to reduce exposure to insect borne diseases and to repel pests and disease vectors such as mosquitos and sandflies, but the practice exposes wearers to prolonged dermal exposure to the pesticide. Key metabolite(s) from a low dose dermal exposure of permethrin were identified using accelerator mass spectrometry. Metabolite standards were synthesized and a high performance liquide chromatography (HPLC) elution protocol to separate individual metabolites in urine was developed. Six human subjects were exposed dermally on the forearm to 25 mg of permethrin containing 1.0 µCi of 14C for 8 h. Blood, saliva and urine samples were taken for 7d. Absorption/elimination rates and metabolite concentrations varied by individual. Average absorption was 0.2% of the dose. Serum concentrations rose until 12-24 h postdermal application then rapidly declined reaching predose levels by 72 h. Maximum saliva excretion occurred 6 h postdosing. The maximum urinary excretion rate occurred during 12-24 h; average elimination half-life was 56 h. 3-Phenoxybenzyl alcohol glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite identified when analyzing elution fractions, but most of the radioactivity was in still more polar fractions suggesting extensive degradative metabolism and for which there were no standards. Analyses of archived urine samples with the ultra performance liquid chromatography-accelerator mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (UPLC-AMS-MS) system isolated a distinct polar metabolite but it was much diminished from the previous analyses a decade earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Huazhang Huang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Liu D, Shen C, Dong S, Hu X, Lin M, Zhang X, Xu C, Zhong J, Xie Y, Zhang C, Wang D, Liu X. Construction and characterization of a class-specific single-chain variable fragment against pyrethroid metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7345-7354. [PMID: 32666189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are insecticides that are widely used in rural and urban areas worldwide. After entering the environment, pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized or degraded by various biological or abiotic methods. In this study, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) which could simultaneously detect three pyrethroid metabolites was constructed based on a hybridoma raised against 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). By molecular docking, it showed that there were hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, CH-π interaction, and cation-π interaction between 3-PBA and its scFv. All the contact residues contributing to hydrogen bonds are located in VH-CDR2 or its neighboring region, and two of them were mutants of the closest germline sequence. Based on competitive ELISA, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the scFv for 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (PBAld), and 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (PBAlc) were calculated to be 0.55, 0.59, and 0.63 μgmL-1, respectively. The scFv also showed 23.91%, 13.41%, 1.15%, 1.00%, and 0.56% cross-reactivity with phenothrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, beta-cypermethrin, and fenpropathrin. The broad specificity of the scFv may be due to its hapten design. The scFv could be employed in class-specific immunoassays for pyrethroid metabolites with phenoxybenzyl (PB) group. It is also potentially used for characterizing degradation of pyrethroids or detecting PBAlc (PBAld) alone, and the detection results should be confirmed by other selective methods. KEY POINTS: • A scFv which can simultaneously detect 3-PBA, PBAlc, and PBAld was constructed. • Antibody informatics and binding mode of the scFv were obtained. • The reason for its broad specificity was discussed. • It could be used to monitor single or multi-pyrethroid metabolites with PB group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Sa Dong
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Manman Lin
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chongxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yajing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Donglan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Room 213, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Nymann Petersen I, Langgaard Kristensen J, Tortzen C, Breindahl T, Sejer Pedersen D. Synthesis and stability study of a new major metabolite of γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:641-6. [PMID: 23616808 PMCID: PMC3628683 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB) is used as a date-rape drug, which renders the victims unconscious and defenceless. Intoxications are very difficult to detect for forensic scientists due to rapid metabolism to endogenous levels of GHB. We recently discovered a new major metabolite, 2, of GHB (1) that could potentially extend the analytical detection window for GHB intoxications. Herein we disclose synthetic procedures based on a Koenigs-Knorr glucuronidation approach that provides GHB glucuronide 2 and a deuterium-labelled analogue d 4-2 of high purity suitable for analytical chemistry. In addition, we have assessed the stability of GHB glucuronide 2 by mimicking the natural pH range for urine, which is of importance in the development of new analytical methods. Using NMR we show that GHB glucuronide 2 is highly stable towards aqueous hydrolysis within the pH range normally observed for urine even at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nymann Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Langgaard Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Breindahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vendsyssel Hospital, Bispensgade 37, DK-9800 Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pinacho DG, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Molecular Modeling Assisted Hapten Design To Produce Broad Selectivity Antibodies for Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300263m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Pinacho
- Applied Molecular
Receptors
Group (AMRg), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, IQAC-CSIC,
CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Baeza
- Applied Molecular
Receptors
Group (AMRg), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, IQAC-CSIC,
CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | - M.-Pilar Marco
- Applied Molecular
Receptors
Group (AMRg), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Nanotechnology, IQAC-CSIC,
CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Ahn KC, Kim HJ, Mccoy MR, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Immunoassays and biosensors for monitoring environmental and human exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2792-802. [PMID: 21105656 PMCID: PMC3070843 DOI: 10.1021/jf1033569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes some of the early work on pyrethroid insecticides in the Casida laboratory and briefly reviews the development and application of immunochemical approaches for the detection of pyrethroid insecticides and their metabolites for monitoring environmental and human exposure. Multiple technologies can be combined to enhance the sensitivity and speed of immunochemical analysis. The pyrethroid assays are used to illustrate the use of some of these immunoreagents such as antibodies, competitive mimics, and novel binding agents such as phage-displayed peptides. The paper also illustrates reporters such as fluorescent dyes, chemiluminescent compounds, and luminescent lanthanide nanoparticles, as well as the application of magnetic separation, and automatic instrumental systems, biosensors, and novel immunological technologies. These new technologies alone and in combination result in an improved ability to both determine if effective levels of pyrethroids are being used in the field and evaluate possible contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mark R. Mccoy
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shirley J. Gee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Corresponding author [telephone (530) 752–7519; fax (530) 752–1537; ]
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Wilkinson SM, Watson MA, Willis AC, McLeod MD. Experimental and Kinetic Studies of the Escherichia coli Glucuronylsynthase: An Engineered Enzyme for the Synthesis of Glucuronide Conjugates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1992-2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101914s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Wilkinson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Morgan A. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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10
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Kimata A, Kondo T, Ueyama J, Yamamoto K, Kamijima M, Suzuki K, Inoue T, Ito Y, Hamajima N. Relationship between dietary habits and urinary concentrations of 3-phenoxybonzoic acid in a middle-aged and elderly general population in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2009; 14:173-9. [PMID: 19568845 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-009-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ingestion of pesticides in the daily diet is assumed to be the main modality of pesticide exposure for most people. A widely used class of pesticides in agricultural or residential settings is pyrethroid. We have examined the relationship between the intake frequency of selected items of vegetables and fruits and urinary metabolites of pyrethroid pesticides in a healthy general population. METHODS A total of 535 residents (184 men and 351 women) who attended a healthcare checkup program conducted in a rural area of Hokkaido, Japan, in August 2005 provided informed consent for their spot urine samples to be used for the determination of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) levels. They also completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding the intake frequency of 12 food items. The concentrations of creatinine-corrected 3-PBA were predicted by the intake frequency of each item, using analysis-of-covariance models to adjust for age, sex, body mass index, and drinking and smoking status. RESULTS Both a significant association between the 3-PBA concentration and the frequency of tomato consumption and a significant positive linear trend was found in female subjects. In contrast, no such association was found in the male subjects. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of tomato consumption was confirmed to strongly predict the urinary pyrethroid metabolite levels in the general population-presumably because tomatoes are most often consumed raw and unpeeled (more so than all other vegetables and fruits analyzed in the current study). However, it should be noted that the 3-PBA levels, even among those subjects with the highest consumption of tomatoes, were far below the levels of toxicological significance, although the health consequences from long-term low-level exposure to pyrethroid requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kimata
- Program in Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
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11
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Wilkinson SM, Liew CW, Mackay JP, Salleh HM, Withers SG, McLeod MD. Escherichia coli Glucuronylsynthase: An Engineered Enzyme for the Synthesis of β-Glucuronides. Org Lett 2008; 10:1585-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Wilkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chu W. Liew
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hamzah M. Salleh
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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