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Rodrigues P, Oliva-Teles L, Guimarães L, Carvalho AP. Occurrence of Pharmaceutical and Pesticide Transformation Products in Freshwater: Update on Environmental Levels, Toxicological Information and Future Challenges. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 260:14. [PMCID: PMC9734374 DOI: 10.1007/s44169-022-00014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and pesticides are recognized micropollutants in freshwater systems. Their ever-increasing frequency of detection, levels found and little information available about their effects on non-target organisms, make them emerging contaminants. However, parental compounds are not the only substances of concern. Their metabolites and degradation products, hereby referred to as transformation products, are increasingly detected in freshwater samples and wastewater effluents. In the past years, a wealth of publications provided concentration levels detected in freshwater and some toxicological data, which required critical systematization. This review identified concentrations for 190 transformation products (92 from pesticides and 98 from pharmaceuticals) in water bodies and wastewater effluents. A concentration heatmap was produced to easily spot the substances found at higher levels and plan future research. The very limited available toxicological data link exposure to transformation products to adverse outcomes in humans (genotoxicity and alteration in detoxification processes) and aquatic species (mostly related to apical endpoints). Overall, environmental levels of these transformation products may pose a severe threat to aquatic organisms and need to be further investigated in sound experimental designs, testing for the effects of the single substances as well as of their mixtures. Such toxicological information is highly needed to improve both water treatment technologies and monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rodrigues
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, FCUP – Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - L. Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, FCUP – Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - L. Guimarães
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, FCUP – Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A. P. Carvalho
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, FCUP – Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Želježić D, Žunec S, Bjeliš M, Benković V, Mladinić M, Lovaković Tariba B, Pavičić I, Marjanović Čermak AM, Kašuba V, Milić M, Pizent A, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Kopjar N. Effects of the chloro-s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine on DNA integrity in human and mouse cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19065-19081. [PMID: 29721798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terbuthylazine belongs to the chloro-s-triazine group of herbicides and acts primarily as a photosynthesis inhibitor. The mechanisms of action related to its exposure, relevant both in animals and humans, are still insufficiently investigated. This comprehensive study focused on the outcomes of terbuthylazine exposure at cell level in vitro, and a mice model in vivo. Experiments in vitro were conducted on whole human peripheral blood, isolated lymphocytes, and HepG2 cells exposed for 4 h to terbuthylazine at 8.00, 0.80, and 0.58 ng/mL, which is comparable with current reference values set by the European Commission in 2011. Terbuthylazine cytotoxicity was evaluated using dual fluorescent staining with ethidium bromide and acridine orange on lymphocytes, and CCK-8 colorimetric assay on HepG2 cells. The levels of DNA damage were measured using alkaline and hOGG1-modified comet assays. The potency of terbuthlyazine regarding induction of oxidative stress in vitro was studied using a battery of standard oxidative stress biomarkers. The in vivo experiment was conducted on Swiss albino mice exposed to terbuthlyazine in the form of an active substance and its formulated commercial product Radazin TZ-50 at a daily dose of 0.0035 mg/kg bw for 14 days. Following exposure, the DNA damage levels in leukocytes, bone marrow, liver, and kidney cells of the treated mice were measured using an alkaline comet assay. In vitro results suggested low terbuthylazine cytotoxicity in non-target cells. The highest tested concentration (8.00 ng/mL) reduced lymphocyte viability by 15%, mostly due to apoptosis, while cytotoxic effects in HepG2 cells at the same concentration were negligible. Acute in vitro exposure of human lymphocytes and HepG2 cells to terbuthylazine resulted in low-level DNA instability, as detected by the alkaline comet assay. Further characterization of the mechanisms behind the DNA damage obtained using the hOGG1-modified comet assay indicated that oxidative DNA damage did not prevail in the overall damage. This was further confirmed by the measured levels of oxidative stress markers, which were mostly comparable to control. Results obtained in mice indicate that both the active substance and formulated commercial product of terbuthylazine produced DNA instability in all of the studied cell types. We found that DNA in liver and kidney cells was more prone to direct toxic effects of the parent compound and its metabolites than DNA in leukocytes and bone marrow cells. The overall findings suggest the formation of reactive terbuthylazine metabolites capable of inducing DNA cross-links, which hinder DNA migration. These effects were most pronounced in liver cells in vivo and HepG2 cells in vitro. To provide a more accurate explanation of the observed effects, additional research is needed. Nevertheless, the present study provides evidence that terbuthylazine at concentrations comparable with current reference values possesses toxicological risk because it caused low-level DNA instability, both at cellular and animal organism level, which should be further established in forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Želježić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Bjeliš
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Benković
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Blanka Lovaković Tariba
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vilena Kašuba
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alica Pizent
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Lucić Vrdoljak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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3
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Tariba Lovaković B, Pizent A, Kašuba V, Kopjar N, Micek V, Mendaš G, Dvoršćak M, Mikolić A, Milić M, Žunec S, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Želježić D. Effects of sub-chronic exposure to terbuthylazine on DNA damage, oxidative stress and parent compound/metabolite levels in adult male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Rodríguez-González N, Uzal-Varela R, González-Castro MJ, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Beceiro-González E. Reliable methods for determination of triazine herbicides and their degradation products in seawater and marine sediments using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7764-7775. [PMID: 28127690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Triazines and their degradation products are transported to the aquatic environment, and once there, the probability to reach the marine environment is very high. In this paper, solid phase extraction (SPE) and extraction by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) to analyse nine triazines (ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, prometryn, propazine, simazine, simetryn, terbuthylazine and terbutryn) and eight degradation products (desethylatrazine, desethyldesisopropylatrazine, desethyl-2-hydroxyatrazine, desethylterbuthylazine, desisopropylatrazine, desisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine, 2-hydroxyatrazine and 2-hidroxyterbuthylazine) in seawater and marine sediments samples were used. The analysis was carried out using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The methods were optimized and validated to achieve a selective and sensitive determination of the analytes from different sample, regardless of its complexity. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed methods provided adequate limits of quantification (0.05-0.45 μg L-1 and 0.23-4.26 μg kg-1 in seawater and marine sediments, respectively). Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation were below 1.41% for all compounds. Recoveries were evaluated, and acceptable values that ranged from 87.5-99.4 and 60.9-99.7% for the seawater and sediment samples, respectively, were obtained. The proposed methods were applied to the analysis of the target compounds in seawater samples and marine sediments from a coastal area of Galicia (NW of Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rodríguez-González
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Campus da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - R Uzal-Varela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Campus da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M J González-Castro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Campus da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Campus da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - E Beceiro-González
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Campus da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
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5
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Koroša A, Auersperger P, Mali N. Determination of micro-organic contaminants in groundwater (Maribor, Slovenia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1419-1431. [PMID: 27395079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Micro-organic (MO) contaminants in groundwater can have adverse effects on both the environment and on human health. They enter the natural environment as a result of various processes, their presence in groundwater is the result of current anthropogenic activity and pollution loads from the past. A study on the occurrence and concentrations levels of selected contaminants in water was performed in the city of Maribor, Slovenia. A total of 56 groundwater and 4 surface water samples were collected in together four rounds in different hydrogeological periods (dry and wet seasons), and a total of 13 selected contaminants were analysed in this study. Carbamazepine, propyphenazone, caffeine, 2-methyl-2H-benzotriazole (2-MBT) and 2.4-dimethyl-2H-benzotriazole (2.4-DMBT) were determined as indicators of urban pollution, while pesticides and their metabolites (atrazine, desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, terbuthylazine, desethylterbuthylazine, metolachlor, simazine, propazine) were mainly defined as indicators of crop production. All of the selected MO contaminants were detected both in the aquifer and Drava River. The most frequently detected MO compounds in groundwater were desethylatrazine (frequency of detection 98.2%; max. concentration 103.0ngL(-1)), atrazine (94.6%; 229ngL(-1)), 2.4-DMBT (92.9%; 273ngL(-1)), carbamazepine (80.4%; 88.00ngL(-1)), desethylterbuthylazine (76.8%; 7.0ngL(-1)) and simazine (76.8%; 29.6ngL(-1)), whereas propyphenazone (14.3%; 10.7ngL(-1)) was the least frequently detected. Detected MO concentrations in the study were compared with results published elsewhere around the world. Concentrations in groundwater indicate specific land use in their recharge areas. On the basis of correlations and the spatial distribution of selected MOs, groundwater origin for every sampling point was determined. Sampling sites were divided into three different groups for which indicative groundwater quality properties were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - P Auersperger
- Public Water Supply Company Vodovod-Kanalizacija, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rodríguez-González N, Beceiro-González E, González-Castro M, Alpendurada M. On-line solid-phase extraction method for determination of triazine herbicides and degradation products in seawater by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1470:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stara A, Zuskova E, Kouba A, Velisek J. Effects of terbuthylazine-desethyl, a terbuthylazine degradation product, on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:733-740. [PMID: 27239716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Terbuthylazine is a widely used triazine pesticide. This, together with one of its degradation products, terbuthylazine-desethyl (TD), are frequently found in quantities exceeding the EU limit of 0.1μg/L in aquatic ecosystems where they might constitute a serious risk to non-target organisms. The sub-chronic effects of TD at 2.9μg/L (real environmental concentration) and at 580μg/L were investigated in a non-target aquatic species, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Gill and hepatopancreas histopathology, alterations in biochemical parameters of haemolymph, oxidative damage to hepatopancreas, and changes in antioxidant biomarkers in muscle and hepatopancreas were recorded at both tested concentrations after 14days exposure. A 14day recovery period in TD-free water was not sufficient for restoration of normal parameters. Chronic terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure affected biochemical profile, and the antioxidant system, caused oxidative stress and histopathological changes in hepatopancreas of red swamp crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Stara
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Zuskova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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Velisek J, Koutnik D, Zuskova E, Stara A. Effects of the terbuthylazine metabolite terbuthylazine-desethyl on common carp embryos and larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:214-220. [PMID: 26363394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of terbuthylazine-desethyl to embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Based on mortality, the lethal concentration of terbuthylazine-desethyl was estimated to be 31days LC50=441.6μg/L. Carp exposed to terbuthylazine-desethyl at 1800μg/L exhibited lower weight and length at 7days of exposure compared to the control group. By day 20, carp exposed to 900μg/L terbuthylazine-desethyl showed lower weight and length compared to control group. Terbuthylazine-desethyl in concentrations (180, 900, and 1800μg/L) caused delay in ontogenetic development. Total superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in all exposed groups. Exposure to 180 and 900μg/L terbuthylazine-desethyl was associated with alteration of the caudal kidney tubular system including peritubular dilatation detachment of epithelial cells from the basal lamina, and focal autolytic disintegration of the tubular epithelia. Chronic terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure affected survival, growth, ontogenetic development, and the antioxidant system and caused pathological changes to the caudal kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Velisek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Dalibor Koutnik
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Zuskova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Stara
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
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Systematic optimisation of coupled microwave-assisted extraction-solid phase extraction for the determination of pesticides in infant milk formula via LC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2012; 134:2473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Determination of terbuthylazine and desethylterbuthylazine in human urine and hair samples by eletrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:875-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ángeles García M, Santaeufemia M, Julia Melgar M. Triazine residues in raw milk and infant formulas from Spanish northwest, by a diphasic dialysis extraction. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Gikas E, Papadopoulos NG, Bazoti FN, Zalidis G, Tsarbopoulos A. Use of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to study the degradation pathways of terbuthylazine (TER) by Typha latifolia in constructed wetlands: identification of a new TER metabolite. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:181-188. [PMID: 22173806 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
S-Triazines are used worldwide as herbicides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Although terbuthylazine (TER) is the second most frequently used S-triazine, there is limited information on its metabolism. For this reason, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) has been developed aiming at the identification of TER and its five major metabolites (desisopropyl-hydroxy-atrazine, desethyl-hydroxy-terbuthylazine, desisopropyl-atrazine, hydroxy-terbuthylazine and desethyl-terbuthylazine) in constructed wetland water samples. The separation of TER and its major metabolites was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C(8) column using a gradient elution of aqueous acetic acid 1% (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B), followed by MS/MS analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The data-depended analysis (DDA) scan approach has been employed and the main degradation pathways of both hydroxyl and chloro (dealkylated and alkylated) metabolites are elucidated through the tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) interpretation of triazine fragments under CID conditions. In addition, another major metabolite of TER, namely N2-tert-butyl-N4-ethyl-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, has been identified. This methodology can be further employed in biodegradation studies of TER, thus assisting the assessment of its environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelos Gikas
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, 13 Levidou str., 145 62 Kifissia, Greece
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Wei H, Li H, Lin JM. Analysis of herbicides on a single C30 bead via a microfluidic device combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:9134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Papadopoulos N, Gikas E, Zalidis G, Tsarbopoulos A. Simultaneous Determination of Herbicide Terbuthylazine and Its Major Hydroxy and Dealkylated Metabolites in Typha latifolia L. Wetland Plant Using SPE and HPLC-DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903320566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
- b Laboratory of Applied Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
| | - Georgios Zalidis
- b Laboratory of Applied Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- a Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
- c Department of Pharmacy , Laboratory of Instrumental Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Patras , Panepistimiopolis, Greece
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Mladinic M, Perkovic P, Zeljezic D. Characterization of chromatin instabilities induced by glyphosate, terbuthylazine and carbofuran using cytome FISH assay. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:130-7. [PMID: 19477249 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Possible clastogenic and aneugenic effects of pesticides on human lymphocytes at concentrations likely to be encountered in residential and occupational exposure were evaluated with (and without) the use of metabolic activation (S9). To get a better insight into the content of micronuclei (MN) and other chromatin instabilities, lymphocyte preparations were hybridized using pancentromeric DNA probes. Frequency of the MN, nuclear buds (NB) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) in cultures treated with glyphosate slightly increased from 3.5microg/ml onward. Presence of S9 significantly elevated cytome assay parameters only at 580microg/ml. No concentration-related increase of centromere (C+) and DAPI signals (DAPI+) was observed for glyphosate treatment. Terbuthylazine treatment showed a dose dependent increase in the number of MN without S9 significant at 0.0008microg/ml and higher. At concentration lower than 1/16 LD50 occurrence of C+MN was significantly elevated regardless of S9, but not dose related, and in the presence of S9 only NBs containing centromere signals were observed. Carbofuran treatment showed concentration-dependent increase in the number of MN. The frequency of C+MN was significant from 0.008microg/ml onward regardless of S9. Results suggest that lower concentrations of glyphosate have no hazardous effects on DNA, while terbuthylazine and carbofuran revealed a predominant aneugenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Mladinic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ji F, Zhao L, Yan W, Feng Q, Lin JM. Determination of triazine herbicides in fruits and vegetables using dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:961-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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