1
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Rastegar TF, Khan IA, Christopher-Stine L. Decoding the Intricacies of Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2024; 26:260-268. [PMID: 38575845 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-024-01143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperlipidemia is the major cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk factor. Statins are the first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia. Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the main reason for the discontinuation of statins among patients. The purpose of this review is to guide clinicians to recognize the difference between self-limited and autoimmune statin myopathy in addition to the factors that potentiate them. Finally, treatment strategies will be discussed. This review mostly focuses on new data in the past 3 years. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings suggest that SAMS is a complex and multifactorial condition that involves mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immune-mediated mechanisms. Effective management of SAMS requires a thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms, risk factors, and medication history, as well as consideration of alternative treatment options. While statins are effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, their use is associated with a range of adverse effects, including SAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Fallah Rastegar
- Johns Hopkins Myositis Center, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Christopher-Stine
- Johns Hopkins Myositis Center, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Braga JD, Thongngam M, Kumrungsee T. Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut-brain axis. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:16. [PMID: 38565567 PMCID: PMC10987602 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Imbalances of this neurotransmitter are associated with neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Since GABA has long been believed to not cross the blood-brain barrier, the effects of circulating GABA on the brain are neglected. However, emerging evidence has demonstrated that changes in both circulating and brain levels of GABA are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and that changes in GABA levels and microbiota composition play a role in modulating mental health. This recent research has raised the possibility that GABA may be a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. This review article will cover up-to-date information about GABA-producing microorganisms isolated from human gut and food sources, explanation why those microorganisms produce GABA, food factors inducing gut-GABA production, evidence suggesting GABA as a mediator linking between gut microbiota and mental health, including anxiety, depression, stress, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and novel information regarding homocarnosine-a predominant brain peptide that is a putative downstream mediator of GABA in regulating brain functions. This review will help us to understand how the gut microbiota and GABA-homocarnosine metabolism play a significant role in brain functions. Nonetheless, it could support further research on the use of GABA production-inducing microorganisms and food factors as agents to treat neurological and psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Natural Resources, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Masubon Thongngam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
- Smart Agriculture, Graduate School of Innovation and Practice for Smart Society, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
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3
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Jin YH, Mah JH. Culture-dependent and -independent analyses of bacterial compositions and its contributions to formation of γ-aminobutyric acid and poly-γ-glutamic acid in Cheonggukjang. Food Res Int 2024; 179:114026. [PMID: 38342543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
This study was performed to unveil bacterial compositions and their contributions to the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) in Cheonggukjang. To predict possible key factors contributing to the content of the bioactive compounds in Cheonggukjang, commercial products were analyzed for various parameters. The content of GABA and γ-PGA showed a negative (R2 = 0.61 - 0.73) and positive correlation (R2 = 0.53 - 0.96) with antioxidative activity. Consistently, GABA content showed a moderate negative correlation with γ-PGA content (R2 = 0.58). Among the physicochemical and microbial parameters, only salinity showed a moderate negative correlation with γ-PGA content (R2 = 0.75), which might be due to the inhibition of bacterial growth. It was also suggested that multiple factors (including bacterial species) were involved in the formation of GABA and γ-PGA in Cheonggukjang. To reveal dominant bacterial species and further presume their contributions to the bioactive compound formation in Cheonggukjang, both culture-independent (metagenomic) and -dependent (culturomic) methods were used. Culture-independent method showed that Bacillus piscis was dominant (23.37 - 94.89 %), followed by B. hisashii (0.00 - 62.45 %) and B. coagulans (0.00 - 13.82 %). Considering the quantitative speciation data on the bioactive compound content in Cheonggukjang (and bacterial production capability) together, it was further elucidated that B. piscis contributed primarily to the bioactive compound formation. Unlike this, culture-dependent analysis revealed that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis were dominant (30.0 - 47.6 and 17.5 - 39.5 %, respectively). Based on the quantitative speciation data on the bacterial production capability of GABA and γ-PGA, B. subtilis was the primarily contributing bacterial species to the bioactive compound formation. Consequently, it was observed that the bacterial compositions and their contributions to the bioactive compound formation determined by the two methods differed considerably, i.e., B. piscis and B. subtilis were identified to be prominent bacterial contributors, respectively, depending on the method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Jin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Iorizzo M, Paventi G, Di Martino C. Biosynthesis of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Fermented Food Production. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:200-220. [PMID: 38248317 PMCID: PMC10814391 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, given the important role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human health, scientists have paid great attention to the enrichment of this chemical compound in food using various methods, including microbial fermentation. Moreover, GABA or GABA-rich products have been successfully commercialized as food additives or functional dietary supplements. Several microorganisms can produce GABA, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Among GABA-producing microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used in the production of many fermented foods. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) is a LAB species that has a long history of natural occurrence and safe use in a wide variety of fermented foods and beverages. Within this species, some strains possess not only good pro-technological properties but also the ability to produce various bioactive compounds, including GABA. The present review aims, after a preliminary excursus on the function and biosynthesis of GABA, to provide an overview of the current uses of microorganisms and, in particular, of L. plantarum in the production of GABA, with a detailed focus on fermented foods. The results of the studies reported in this review highlight that the selection of new probiotic strains of L. plantarum with the ability to synthesize GABA may offer concrete opportunities for the design of new functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (C.D.M.)
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5
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Khoo T, Lilleker JB, Thong BYH, Leclair V, Lamb JA, Chinoy H. Epidemiology of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:695-712. [PMID: 37803078 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogeneous group of systemic autoimmune diseases that affect the skeletal muscles and can also involve the skin, joints, lungs and heart. The epidemiology of IIM is obscured by changing classification criteria and the inherent shortcomings of case identification using healthcare record diagnostic coding. The incidence of IIM is estimated to range from 0.2 to 2 per 100,000 person-years, with prevalence from 2 to 25 per 100,000 people. Although the effects of age and gender on incidence are known, there is only sparse understanding of ethnic differences, particularly in indigenous populations. The incidence of IIM has reportedly increased in the twenty-first century, but whether this is a genuine increase is not yet known. Understanding of the genetic risk factors for different IIM subtypes has advanced considerably. Infections, medications, malignancy and geography are also commonly identified risk factors. Potentially, the COVID-19 pandemic has altered IIM incidence, although evidence of this occurrence is limited to case reports and small case series. Consideration of the current understanding of the epidemiology of IIM can highlight important areas of interest for future research into these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Khoo
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK
| | - James B Lilleker
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Bernard Yu-Hor Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valérie Leclair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Janine A Lamb
- Epidemiology and Public Health Group, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hector Chinoy
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK.
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6
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Yang G, Meng Q, Shi J, Zhou M, Zhu Y, You Q, Xu P, Wu W, Lin Z, Lv H. Special tea products featuring functional components: Health benefits and processing strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1686-1721. [PMID: 36856036 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional components in tea confer various potential health benefits to humans. To date, several special tea products featuring functional components (STPFCs) have been successfully developed, such as O-methylated catechin-rich tea, γ-aminobutyric acid-rich tea, low-caffeine tea, and selenium-rich tea products. STPFCs have some unique and enhanced health benefits when compared with conventional tea products, which can meet the specific needs and preferences of different groups and have huge market potential. The processing strategies to improve the health benefits of tea products by regulating the functional component content have been an active area of research in food science. The fresh leaves of some specific tea varieties rich in functional components are used as raw materials, and special processing technologies are employed to prepare STPFCs. Huge progress has been achieved in the research and development of these STPFCs. However, the current status of these STPFCs has not yet been systematically reviewed. Here, studies on STPFCs have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their potential health benefits and processing strategies. Additionally, other chemical components with the potential to be developed into special teas and the application of tea functional components in the food industry have been discussed. Finally, suggestions on the promises and challenges for the future study of these STPFCs have been provided. This paper might shed light on the current status of the research and development of these STPFCs. Future studies on STPFCs should focus on screening specific tea varieties, identifying new functional components, evaluating health-promoting effects, improving flavor quality, and elucidating the interactions between functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiushuang You
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Yaworski AM, Blyumin M, Chang T, Mammen AL, Greene M. Necrotizing myopathy with elevated anti-HMGCR antibodies following exposure to the supplement Bacopa. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:E1-E3. [PMID: 36416249 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Blyumin
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maxwell Greene
- Neuromuscular Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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8
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Wang CH, Liang WC. Pediatric immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1123380. [PMID: 37021281 PMCID: PMC10067916 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1123380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a type of inflammatory myopathy. Most patients with IMNM produce anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase or anti-signal-recognition particle autoantibodies. IMNM is much rarer in children than in adults. We conducted this mini review focusing on pediatric IMNM to present current evidence regarding its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Our findings indicate that pediatric IMNM often causes severe muscle weakness and is refractory to corticosteroids alone. Furthermore, delayed diagnosis is common because of the clinicopathological similarity between IMNM and inherited myopathy. Raising awareness regarding pediatric IMNM may facilitate early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Wen-Chen Liang,
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9
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Zhang X, Huang H, Sun S, Li D, Sun L, Li Q, Chen R, Lai X, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Wong WL, Wen S. Induction of Apoptosis via Inactivating PI3K/AKT Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells Using Aged Chinese Hakka Stir-Fried Green Tea Extract. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238272. [PMID: 36500365 PMCID: PMC9737789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Food extract supplements, with high functional activity and low side effects, play a recognized role in the adjunctive therapy of human colorectal cancer. The present study reported a new functional beverage, which is a type of Chinese Hakka stir-fried green tea (HSGT) aged for several years. The extracts of the lyophilized powder of five HSGT samples with different aging periods were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The major components of the extract were found to include polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, catechins, gallic acid and caffeine. The tea extracts were also investigated for their therapeutic activity against human colorectal cancer cells, HT-29, an epithelial cell isolated from the primary tumor. The effect of different aging time of the tea on the anticancer potency was compared. Our results showed that, at the cellular level, all the extracts of the aged teas significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, two samples prepared in 2015 (15Y, aged for 6 years) and 2019 (19Y, aged for 2 years) exhibited the highest inhibition rate for 48 h treatment (cell viability was 50% at 0.2 mg/mL). Further, all the aged tea extracts examined were able to enhance the apoptosis of HT-29 cells (apoptosis rate > 25%) and block the transition of G1/S phase (cell-cycle distribution (CSD) from <20% to >30%) population to G2/M phase (CSD from nearly 30% to nearly 10%) at 0.2 mg/mL for 24 h or 48 h. Western blotting results also showed that the tea extracts inhibited cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4 (CDK2, CDK4) and CylinB1 protein expression, as well as increased poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PRAP) expression and Bcl2-associated X (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) ratio. In addition, an upstream signal of one of the above proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signalling, was found to be involved in the regulation, as evidenced by the inhibition of phosphorylated PI3K and AKT by the extracts of the aged tea. Therefore, our study reveals that traditional Chinese aged tea (HSGT) may inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression and promoted apoptosis of colon cancer cells by inactivating PI3K/AKT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haiying Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou 514071, China
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, China
- Correspondence: (W.-L.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuai Wen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization/Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (W.-L.W.); (S.W.)
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10
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Xu J, Wei Y, Li F, Weng X, Wei X. Regulation of fungal community and the quality formation and safety control of Pu-erh tea. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4546-4572. [PMID: 36201379 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pu-erh tea belongs to dark tea among six major teas in China. As an important kind of post-fermented tea with complex microbial composition, Pu-erh tea is highly praised by many consumers owing to its unique and rich flavor and taste. In recent years, Pu-erh tea has exhibited various physiological activities to prevent and treat metabolic diseases. This review focuses on the fungi in Pu-erh tea and introduces the sources, types, and functions of fungi in Pu-erh tea, as well as the influence on the quality of Pu-erh tea and potential safety risks. During the process of fermentation and aging of Pu-erh tea, fungi contribute to complex chemical changes in bioactive components of tea. Therefore, we examine the important role that fungi play in the quality formation of Pu-erh tea. The associations among the microbial composition, chemicals excreted, and potential food hazards are discussed during the pile-fermentation of Pu-erh tea. The quality of Pu-erh tea has exhibited profound changes during the process of pile-fermentation, including color, aroma, taste, and the bottom of the leaves, which are inseparable from the fungus in the pile-fermentation of Pu-erh tea. Specifically, the application prospects of various detection methods of mycotoxins in assessing the safety of Pu-erh tea are proposed. This review aims to fully understand the importance of fungi in the production of Pu-erh tea and further provides new insights into subtly regulating the piling process to improve the nutritional properties and guarantee the safety of Pu-erh tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minghang, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Baoshan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minghang, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanglan Li
- Institute of Food Engineering, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Xuhui, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchu Weng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Baoshan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minghang, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Nakatani Y, Fukaya T, Kishino S, Ogawa J. Production of GABA-enriched tomato juice by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KB1253. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:424-431. [PMID: 36137895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To produce tomato juice with health-promoting functions, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) capable of converting l-glutamic acid in tomatoes into γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was screened from LAB stocks isolated from Japanese pickles. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KB1253 was selected as the highest GABA producer among 74 strains of LAB stocks. gad gene expression and glutamic acid decarboxylation activity increased at low pH (3.0-3.5), whereas the growth decreased. Under optimal reaction conditions using resting cells as catalysts, this strain produced 245.8 ± 3.4 mM GABA. Furthermore, this strain produced 41.0 ± 1.1 mM GABA from l-glutamic acid in tomato juice under optimal fermentation conditions (pH 4.0, 20°Bx). This study may provide the basis for developing health-promoting functional foods rich in GABA from tomatoes and other agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakatani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Product Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., 1-24-11 Nihonbashi-Kakigaracho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0014, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukaya
- Niigata-Agro Food University, 2416, Hiranedai, Tainai, Niigata 959-2702, Japan; International Business Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., 3-21-1 Nihonbashi-Hamacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8461, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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12
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Hu T, Shi S, Ma Q. Modulation effects of microorganisms on tea in fermentation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931790. [PMID: 35983492 PMCID: PMC9378870 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is a popular traditional drink and has been reported to exhibit various health-promoting effects because of its abundance of polyphenols. Among all the tea products, fermented tea accounts for the majority of tea consumption worldwide. Microbiota plays an important role in the fermentation of tea, which involves a series of reactions that modify the chemical constituents and thereby affect the flavor and bioactivities of tea. In the present review, the microorganisms involved in fermented tea and tea extracts in the recent studies were summarized and the modulation effects of microorganisms on tea in fermentation, including polyphenols composition and content, biological activities and sensory characteristics, were also critically reviewed. It is expected that the data summarized could provide some references for the development of microbial fermented tea drinks with specific nutrition and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuoshuo Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Lee XY, Tan JS, Cheng LH. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Enrichment in Plant-Based Food – A Mini Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2097257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Lee
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - J. S. Tan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - L. H. Cheng
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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14
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Gu X, Meng Y, Jin F, Wang L, Ma J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Shi J, Li J, Zhao Y, Tu P, Zheng J. Puerin III alleviates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in high-fat high-sucrose diet-induced hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic ApoE−/− mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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15
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Wong M, Sirisena S, Ng K. Phytochemical profile of differently processed tea: A review. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1925-1942. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Wong
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia
| | - Sameera Sirisena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia
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16
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Li J, Wu S, Yu Q, Wang J, Deng Y, Hua J, Zhou Q, Yuan H, Jiang Y. Chemical profile of a novel ripened Pu-erh tea and its metabolic conversion during pile fermentation. Food Chem 2022; 378:132126. [PMID: 35033721 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ripened Pu-erh tea is a unique tea type produced from microbial fermentation. Recently, a novel ripened Pu-erh tea (NPT) produced using a patented pile fermentation method has become increasingly popular due to its improved flavor and enriched bioactive gallic acid (GA). However, the detailed chemical features of NPT and their formation during pile fermentation remain unclear. Herein, untargeted metabolomics revealed enrichment of GA, amino acids, free sugars and reduction in catechins and flavonol glycosides in NPT. Mainly, GA was 1.99 times higher in NPT than traditional Pu-erh tea (p < 0.001). The metabolic changes were tracked during pile fermentation, and possible pathways were mapped. GA enrichment may be produced from enhanced hydrolysis of galloyl catechins and phenolic acid esters. Degradation of flavonol glycosides and formation of other metabolites were observed. This study will advance our understanding of conversions during pile fermentation and provide new insights into directional manufacturing of high-quality ripened tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinjie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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17
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Characterization of the key active aroma compounds in Pu-erh tea using gas chromatography–time of flight/mass spectrometry–olfactometry combined with five different evaluation methods. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Banerjee S, Poore M, Gerdes S, Nedveck D, Lauridsen L, Kristensen HT, Jensen HM, Byrd PM, Ouwehand AC, Patterson E, Morovic W. Transcriptomics reveal different metabolic strategies for acid resistance and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in select Levilactobacillus brevis strains. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:173. [PMID: 34488774 PMCID: PMC8419935 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the many neurotransmitters in humans, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shows potential for improving several mental health indications such as stress and anxiety. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway for GABAergic effects, as microbially-secreted GABA within the gut can affect host mental health outcomes. Understanding the molecular characteristics of GABA production by microbes within the gut can offer insight to novel therapies for mental health. RESULTS Three strains of Levilactobacillus brevis with syntenous glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) operons were evaluated for overall growth, glutamate utilization, and GABA production in typical synthetic growth media supplemented with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-6108™ (Lbr-6108), formerly known as L. brevis DPC 6108, and Levilactobacillus brevis Lbr-35 ™ (Lbr-35) had similar growth profiles but differed significantly in GABA secretion and acid resistance. Lbr-6108 produced GABA early within the growth phase and produced significantly more GABA than Lbr-35 and the type strain Levilactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 after the stationary phase. The global gene expression during GABA production at several timepoints was determined by RNA sequencing. The GAD operon, responsible for GABA production and secretion, activated in Lbr-6108 after only 6 h of fermentation and continued throughout the stationary phase. Furthermore, Lbr-6108 activated many different acid resistance mechanisms concurrently, which contribute to acid tolerance and energy production. In contrast, Lbr-35, which has a genetically similar GAD operon, including two copies of the GAD gene, showed no upregulation of the GAD operon, even when cultured with MSG. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate whole transcriptome changes in Levilactobacillus brevis during GABA production in different growth phases. The concurrent expression of multiple acid-resistance mechanisms reveals niche-specific metabolic functionality between common human commensals and highlights the complex regulation of GABA metabolism in this important microbial species. Furthermore, the increased and rapid GABA production of Lbr-6108 highlights the strain's potential as a therapeutic and the overall value of screening microbes for effector molecule output.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Poore
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Svetlana Gerdes
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Derek Nedveck
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Phillip M Byrd
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460, Kantvik, Finland
| | - Wesley Morovic
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Danisco USA, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
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Lactic Acid Fermented Green Tea with Levilactobacillus brevis Capable of Producing γ-Aminobutyric Acid. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative activity and bioactive compounds content of lactic acid fermented green tea (LFG) fermented with an outstanding GABA-producing strain under optimised fermentation conditions were evaluated. Levilactobacillus strain GTL 79 was isolated from green tea leaves and selected based on acid production, growth potential, catechin resistance, and GABA production to be applied to LFG. Through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Levilactobacillus brevis. The optimised conditions were defined as fermentation at 37 °C with supplementation of 1% fermentation alcohol, 6% glucose, and 1% MSG and was determined to be most effective in increasing the lactic acid, acetic acid, and GABA content in LFG by 522.20%, 238.72% and 232.52% (or 247.58%), respectively. Initial DPPH scavenging activity of LFG fermented under the optimised conditions was 88.96% and rose to 94.38% by day 5. Polyphenols may contribute to the initial DPPH scavenging activity, while GABA and other bioactive compounds may contribute to the activity thereafter. Consequently, as GABA and other bioactive compounds found in green tea have been reported to have health benefits, future studies may prove that optimally fermented LFG by L. brevis GTL 79 could be useful in the food and health industries.
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20
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Salami M. Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:613120. [PMID: 33642976 PMCID: PMC7904897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.613120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Sakandar HA, Hussain R, Farid Khan Q, Zhang H. Functional microbiota in Chinese traditional Baijiu and Mijiu Qu (starters): A review. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Lee H, Hwangbo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Kim DH, Hong SH, Lee SJ, Assefa F, Kim GY, Park EK, Park JH, Lee BJ, Jeon YJ, Choi YH. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid-Enriched Fermented Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Increases the Length of the Growth Plate on the Proximal Tibia Bone in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194375. [PMID: 32977643 PMCID: PMC7582314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth during childhood and puberty determines an adult’s final stature. Although several prior studies have reported that fermented oyster (FO) consisting of a high amount of gamma aminobutyric acid can be attributed to bone health, there is no research on the efficacy of FO on growth regulation and the proximal tibial growth plate. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of FO oral administration on hepatic and serum growth regulator levels and the development of the proximal tibial growth plate in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Both oral administration of FO (FO 100, 100 mg/kg FO and FO 200, 200 mg/kg FO) and subcutaneous injection of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, 200 μg/kg of rhGH) for two weeks showed no toxicity. Circulating levels of growth hormone (GH) significantly increased in the FO 200 group. The expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were enhanced by FO administration. FO administration promoted the expression of bone morphogenic proteins IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the proximal tibial growth plate. This positive effect of FO resulted in incremental growth of the entire plate length by expanding the proliferating and hypertrophic zones in the proximal tibial growth plate. Collectively, our results suggested that oral administration of FO is beneficial for bone health, which may ultimately result in increased height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Smart Bio-Health, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Su Jeong Lee
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Freshet Assefa
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Joung-Hyun Park
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - Bae-Jin Lee
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-3319
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Dai W, Xie D, Lin Z, Yang C, Peng Q, Tan J, Lin Z. A nontargeted and targeted metabolomics study on the dynamic changes in metabolite levels during the anaerobic treatment of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Microbial bioconversion of the chemical components in dark tea. Food Chem 2020; 312:126043. [PMID: 31896450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Tannin-Tolerant and Extracellular Tannase Producing Bacillus Isolated from Traditional Fermented Tea Leaves and Their Probiotic Functional Properties. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040490. [PMID: 32295023 PMCID: PMC7230891 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 117 Bacillus strains were isolated from Miang, a culture relevant fermented tea of northern Thailand. These strains were collected from 16 sampling sites in north Thailand. In this collection 95 isolates were tannin-tolerant Bacillus capable of growth on nutrient agar supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) total tannins from tea leaves extract (TE). The strains were also positive for pectinase, xylanase and amylase activity, while 91 and 86 isolates were positive for cellulase and β-mannanase, respectively. Only 21 isolates producing extracellular tannase were selected for further characterization. Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that more than 50% (11 of 21 isolates) were Bacillustequilensis, whereas the remaining were B. siamensis (3), B. megaterium (3), B. aryabhattai (3) and B. toyonensis (1). B. tequilensis K34.2 produced the highest extracellular tannase activity of 0.60 U/mL after cultivation at 37 °C for 48 h. In addition, all 21 isolates were resistant to 0.3% (w/v) bile salt, sensitive to gentamicin, erythromycin, vancomycin and kanamycin and also tolerant to acidic condition. Cell hydrophobicity varied from 9.4 to 80.4% and neutralized culture supernatants of some Bacillus isolates showed bacteriocin producing potentiality against Samonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TISTR 292. All tested probiotic properties indicated that B. tequilensis K19.3, B. tequilensis K34.2 and B. siamensis K19.1 had high probiotic potential. This is the first report describing tannin-tolerant Bacillus and their extracellular tannase producing capability in Miang, a traditional fermented tea of Thailand.
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GlnR Negatively Regulates Glutamate-Dependent Acid Resistance in Lactobacillus brevis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02615-19. [PMID: 31953336 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02615-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria often encounter a variety of multiple stresses in their natural and industrial fermentation environments. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is one of the most important acid resistance systems in lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated that GlnR, a nitrogen regulator in Gram-positive bacteria, directly modulated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) conversion from glutamate and was involved in glutamate-dependent acid resistance in Lactobacillus brevis The glnR deletion strain (ΔglnR mutant) achieved a titer of 284.7 g/liter GABA, which is 9.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The cell survival of the glnR deletion strain was significantly higher than that of the wild-type strain under the condition of acid challenge and was positively correlated with initial glutamate concentration and GABA production. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays demonstrated that GlnR inhibited the transcription of the glutamate decarboxylase-encoding gene (gadB), glutamate/GABA antiporter-encoding gene (gadC), glutamine synthetase-encoding gene (glnA), and specific transcriptional regulator-encoding gene (gadR) involved in gadCB operon regulation. Moreover, GABA production and glutamate-dependent acid resistance were absolutely abolished in the gadR glnR deletion strain. Electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays revealed that GlnR directly bound to the 5'-untranslated regions of the gadR gene and gadCB operon, thus inhibiting their transcription. These results revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of GlnR on glutamate-dependent acid resistance in Lactobacillus IMPORTANCE Free-living lactic acid bacteria often encounter acid stresses because of their organic acid-producing features. Several acid resistance mechanisms, such as the glutamate decarboxylase system, F1Fo-ATPase proton pump, and alkali production, are usually employed to relieve growth inhibition caused by acids. The glutamate decarboxylase system is vital for GAD-containing lactic acid bacteria to protect cells from DNA damage, enzyme inactivation, and product yield loss in acidic habitats. In this study, we found that a MerR-type regulator, GlnR, was involved in glutamate-dependent acid resistance by directly regulating the transcription of the gadR gene and gadCB operon, resulting in an inhibition of GABA conversion from glutamate in L. brevis This study represents a novel mechanism for GlnR's regulation of glutamate-dependent acid resistance and also provides a simple and novel strategy to engineer Lactobacillus strains to elevate their acid resistance as well as GABA conversion from glutamate.
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27
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Santos-Espinosa A, Beltrán-Barrientos LM, Reyes-Díaz R, Mazorra-Manzano MÁ, Hernández-Mendoza A, González-Aguilar GA, Sáyago-Ayerdi SG, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova AF. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in milk fermented by specific wild lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from artisanal Mexican cheeses. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to screen wild GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from artisanal Mexican cheeses and to evaluate the fermentation conditions for the enhancement of the GABA yield in fermented milk.
Methods
A qualitative test was carried out to select the GABA-producing LAB and the GABA was quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in fermented milk (FM). Two inoculum concentrations (107 and 109 CFU/mL), two incubation temperatures (30 and 37 °C), three glutamate concentrations (1, 3, and 5 g/L), and three pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) concentrations (0, 100, and 200 μM) were assessed to establish suitable conditions to enhance the GABA yield in FM.
Results
Results showed that, from a total of 94 LAB strains, fermented milk with two Lactococcus lactis strains (L-571 or L-572) presented the highest GABA production. However, 37 °C of incubation and 109 CFU/mL and 3 g/L of glutamate significantly led the highest GABA yield in FM with L-571. Further studies are needed to establish the optimum conditions for producing GABA by this strain, and in vivo studies may reveal its potential use as GABA-producing culture.
Conclusion
These results highlight the importance of wild LAB strains in order to generate new alternatives and opportunities in the development of functional foods containing GABA.
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The Influence of Submerged Fermentation of Inonotus obliquus with Control Atmosphere Treatment on Enhancing Bioactive Ingredient Contents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:412-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Le PH, Le TT, Raes K. Effects of pH and heat treatment on the stability of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated soymilk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hong Le
- Research Group VEG‐i‐TEC Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
- Department of Chemical Engineering Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Thien Trung Le
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Food Science and Technology Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research Group VEG‐i‐TEC Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Belgium
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Wang B. Study on the Correlation between Microorganism and Quality Formation of Pu’ er Tea during Fermentation. IOP CONFERENCE SERIES: EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2019; 332:032055. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/332/3/032055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pu’ er tea is a solid-state fermented tea by microorganisms, and its fermentation can not be separated from the role of microorganisms. The dynamic changes of microorganisms in the fermentation process of Pu’ er tea have an important effect on the quality of Pu’ er tea. In this paper, the correlation between microorganism activity and its metabolites and the flavor quality of Pu’ er tea during the fermentation process of its fermentation is studied by analyzing the changes of microorganisms in the process of Pu’ er tea fermentation at various stages, which has provided a scientific theoretical guidance for the fermentation process of Pu’ er tea.
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Park YJ, Oh TS, Jang MJ. Effect of adding amino acids on the production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) by mycelium of Lentinula edodes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2018-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was carried out to investigate the production of a health functional food component through the production of GABA by mycelium of Lentinula edodes (LE) cultured in a medium containing four different amino acids. To confirm the GABA content in the medium, the amount of GABA produced by adding 0.1 M of glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, or lysine to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium was determined. The amount of mycelia in the PDB medium was 4.85 g/L in the amino acid-free medium, 5.12 g/L in the glutamic acid medium, 4.63 g/L in the alanine medium, 4.87 g/L in the glycine medium, and 4.18 g/L in the lysine medium. The amount of amino acid added to the medium did not interfere with the normal growth of LE because the amount of excess amino acid was not significantly different from that of the control. The GABA content was 10.35 mg/L in the control (amino acid-free), 30.29 mg/L in the glutamic acid supplemented medium, 11.70 mg/L in the alanine supplemented medium, 10.62 mg/L in the glycine supplemented medium and 3.96 mg/L in Lysine supplemented medium. These results show that the excess glutamic acid had the highest level of GABA in the mushroom culture medium. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the addition of excess alanine and glycine did not affect the GABA production compared to the control. These results suggest that continuous GABA production could not be achieved by using an ion exchange resin after the disruption of GABA production by biological methods, however, continuous GABA production using the mycelium of LE is possible in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Jin Park
- Green Manure and Legumes Resource Center, Plant resources, Kongju National UniversityYesan, Korea (Republic of)
- Plant Resources, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Tae-Seok Oh
- Plant Resources, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Myoung-Jun Jang
- Plant Resources, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea (Republic of)
- Plant Resources, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea (the Republic of)
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Gong L, Ren C, Xu Y. Deciphering the crucial roles of transcriptional regulator GadR on gamma-aminobutyric acid production and acid resistance in Lactobacillus brevis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:108. [PMID: 31196094 PMCID: PMC6567505 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acid stress leads to decreases of cell vitality and fermentation yield. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is regarded as one of the essential acid-resistance mechanisms in LAB. However, the regulation of GAD system is not well identified in the genus Lactobacillus. Although potential transcriptional regulator gene located upstream of GAD system genes was found in several Lactobacillus species, such as Lactobacillus (L.) brevis, the contribution of the regulator to acid resistance of the genus Lactobacillus has not been experimentally determined. Results The potential transcriptional regulator gene gadR was disrupted by homologous recombination in L. brevis ATCC 367, leading to the decreased expression of gadC and gadB. The inactivation of GadR completely eliminated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production and decreased the glutamate-dependent acid resistance. Moreover, expression of gadC and gadB in the presence of glutamate was increased and glutamate also stimulated the expression of gadR. In addition, L. brevis D17, a strain screened from acidic fermented grains of Chinese liquor production, had much higher expression level of gadR than the typical strain L. brevis ATCC 367. Under the pH-controlled and mixed-feed fermentation, L. brevis D17 achieved a titer of 177.74 g/L and a productivity of 4.94 g/L/h of GABA within 36 h. However, the L. brevis ATCC 367 only achieved a titer of 6.44 g/L and 0.18 g/L/h of GABA although the same fermentation control approach was employed. Conclusions GadR is a positive transcriptional regulator controlling GABA conversion and acid resistance in L. brevis. L. brevis strains with hyper-expressing of gadR are excellent candidates for GABA production in industrial scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1157-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Day JA, Limaye V. Immune-mediated necrotising myopathy: A critical review of current concepts. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49:420-429. [PMID: 31109639 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM) is a relatively recently described form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) that is characterised by progressive proximal weakness and few extra-muscular manifestations. Prominent myonecrosis, muscle fibre regeneration and a relative paucity of intramuscular lymphocytes are seen histologically. Immunological mechanisms are believed to underpin the pathogenesis, and intense immunotherapy is frequently required. Disease is often severe and neuromuscular recovery may be poor. Recently there has been an impressive international research effort to understand and characterise this emerging condition, although much remains unknown. Significant advances in the field include the discovery of specific autoantibodies, increased understanding of the risk factors, clinical characteristics and treatment options owing to a wealth of observational studies, and the development of novel classification criteria. Herein we review the current evidence regarding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, histological features and serological profiles associated with this condition. Diagnostic approaches are discussed, including the role of muscle MRI and antibodies targeting 3‑hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and signal-recognition peptide (SRP), and a review of current treatment recommendations is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Day
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Health Innovation Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Vidya Limaye
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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The effects of five types of tea solutions on epiboly process, neural and cardiovascular development, and locomotor capacity of zebrafish. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:205-217. [PMID: 30520004 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of teas on embryonic development are still known little. The objective of this study was to compare and analyze developmental effects of green tea, delicate flavor oolong tea, strong flavor oolong tea, black tea, and pu'er tea using zebrafish embryos. Embryos were exposed in tea solutions from one-cell stage; the morphology, locomotor capacity, and gene expression of embryos or larvae were analyzed. The results showed that either tea could decrease the length of body and the size of head and eyes. The effect of green tea had the most significant effects on morphology. Only green tea disturbed cell movement, epiboly, and nervous system development. All five tea solutions caused heart structure alternations and lowered heart rates, and effects caused by green tea were severe. Green tea inhibited the formation of dorsal aorta and segmental arteries and decreased the velocity and total movement distance of larvae. In conclusion, the toxicity of green tea to epiboly, neural and cardiovascular development, and locomotor capacity is more severe than that of other teas. Our study played a warning role for safety consumption of teas and provided references for further study of tea's physiological and pharmacological effects and biological activity.
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Ling W, Li S, Zhang X, Xu Y, Gao Y, Du Q, Wang G, Fan W, Sun K, Bian J. Evaluation of Anti-Obesity Activity, Acute Toxicity, and Subacute Toxicity of Probiotic Dark Tea. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040099. [PMID: 30257523 PMCID: PMC6316303 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic dark tea (PDT) is a novel kind of dark tea produced by fresh albino tea leaves and fermented with specific probiotics. Our study demonstrates that PDT can ameliorate high-fat diet-induced overweight and lipid metabolic disorders and shows no acute or subacute toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Daily intragastric administration of 5% PDT infusion for 14 days caused no obvious effect on general physiological features and behaviors of rats. Oral administration of 1%, 2%, and 3% of PDT infusion for six weeks had no influence on the biochemistry and histopathology of rats’ organs and blood, as well as the body weight and ratios of organ/body weight. To investigate its anti-obesity activity, SD rats were randomly divided into four groups, treated with normal diet + water (Group I), high-fat diet + water (Group II), high-fat diet + 3% traditional dark tea infusion (Group III), high-fat diet + 3% PDT infusion (Group IV). After six weeks, the body weight, serum total triacylglycerol (TG) and serum total cholesterol (TC) levels of rats in Group II were significantly increased and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels were significantly decreased compared with those in the other three groups. Both traditional dark tea and PDT treatment effectively counteracted the adverse effect of a high-fat diet in SD rats. These results suggest that PDT could be applied for the prevention of obesity, which ameliorates overweight and lipid metabolic disorders and which shows no acute or subacute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Canter for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Shungeng Li
- Tianmu Lake Longxin Agricultural Ecological Park in Liyang City of Jiangsu Province, Liyang 213334, China.
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Yongquan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qizhen Du
- College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Linan 311300, China.
| | - Guangguang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Canter for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Wentong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Canter for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Canter for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Canter for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a type of autoimmune myopathy characterized by relatively severe proximal weakness, myofiber necrosis with minimal inflammatory cell infiltrate on muscle biopsy, and infrequent extra-muscular involvement. Here, we will review the characteristics of patients with IMNM. RECENT FINDINGS Anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) and anti-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) autoantibodies are closely associated with IMNM and define unique subtypes of patients. Importantly, the new European Neuromuscular Centre criteria recognize anti-SRP myopathy, anti-HMGCR myopathy, and autoantibody-negative IMNM as three distinct subtypes of IMNM. Anti-SRP myopathy patients have more severe muscle involvement, have more common extra-muscular features, and may respond best to immunosuppressive regimens that include rituximab. In contrast, anti-HMGCR myopathy is often associated with statin exposure and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment may be an effective treatment, even as monotherapy. Both anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR myopathy tend to be most severe in younger patients. Furthermore, children with these forms of IMNM may present with dystrophy-like features which are potentially reversible with immunosuppressant treatment. IMNM patients with either autoantibody may experience fatty replacement of muscle soon after disease onset, suggesting that intense and early immunosuppressant therapy may provide the best chance to avoid long-term disability. IMNM is composed of anti-SRP myopathy, anti-HMGCR myopathy, and autoantibody-negative IMNM. Both anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR myopathy can cause severe weakness, especially in younger patients. Anti-SRP myopathy patients tend to have the most severe weakness and most prevalent extra-muscular features. Autoantibody-negative IMNM remains poorly described.
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Yang J, Zhou W, Gu Y, Dai J, Li X, Tai P, Li Y, Ma X, Zhang Y. Protective effect of Pu-erh tea extracts against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:335-342. [PMID: 29556381 PMCID: PMC5844118 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pu-erh tea has become a focus of research due to its reported biological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-immunosenescence. The present study was performed to evaluate the potential gastroprotective function of Pu-erh tea extracts against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups: A normal control, a model control, a cimetidine (0.08 g/kg) group, three Pu-erh tea extracts groups (low, moderate and high-dose; 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 g/kg, respectively, and a green tea powder (1.00 g/kg) group. The normal and model groups were pre-treated with distilled water while the other groups were respectively administered cimetidine, Pu-erh tea extracts and green tea powder for 14 days. Then, absolute ethanol was orally administered to the rats of all groups excluding the normal controls. The effects of the pretreatments on gastric mucosal injury were evaluated by gross assessment of gastric lesions, examination of histopathology and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and asymmetric arginine (ADMA) concentration in gastric mucosal homogenate. Pre-treatment with cimetidine or Pu-erh tea extracts markedly suppressed the formation of ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Furthermore, clear decreases in MPO activity and ADMA concentration in the gastric mucosal homogenate were observed following pretreatment with cimetidine or Pu-erh tea extracts. The anti-gastric ulcer activity of green tea was less than that of Pu-erh tea. Overall, these effects of Pu-erh tea extracts may be due to potential functions in protecting the gastric mucus layer and suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinna Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wangyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tianjin 300410, P.R. China
| | - Yaru Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jinwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tianjin 300410, P.R. China
| | - Ping Tai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tianjin 300410, P.R. China
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tianjin 300410, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Tasly R&D Institute, Tasly Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tianjin 300410, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Effect of Yeast Fermentation of Green Coffee Beans on Antioxidant Activity and Consumer Acceptability. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5967130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the functionality and consumer acceptance of yeast fermented coffee beans. Green coffee beans were fermented for 24 h with three different yeast strains to increase functionality. The yeast fermentation was effective in fortifying the functionality of coffee by significantly increasing antioxidant activity according to the results of ORAC and SOD-like assay (P<0.05). The TPC and TFC contents in the fermented coffee beans were significantly higher than those in the controls (P<0.05). The consumer acceptance for the fermented coffee beans was slightly lower than that of the controls. Fermentation seemed to influence the aroma and flavor of coffee. However, agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that approximately 39% of consumers significantly liked one of the fermented coffees (F3) more than the controls (P<0.05). These consumers indicated that the yeast fermentation of green coffee beans did not generate a negative aroma or flavor and can be attractive with high antioxidant activity.
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γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): Biosynthesis, Role, Commercial Production, and Applications. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64057-4.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Soares MB, Ramalho JB, Izaguirry AP, Pavin NF, Spiazzi CC, Schimidt HL, Mello-Carpes PB, Santos FW. Comparative effect of Camellia sinensis teas on object recognition test deficit and metabolic changes induced by cafeteria diet. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:531-540. [PMID: 29280418 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1418726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Consumption of high-fat and high-sugar diets in Western countries has increased significantly causing major global health problems including metabolic syndrome and obesity. In addition, studies have suggested that obesity can lead to learning and memory deficits. In this context, the use of natural compounds with low costs, minor side effects and increased antioxidant activity, such as teas, could reduce the damages induced by obesity. We investigated the effect of white, green, red, and black teas (Camellia sinensis) and their possible neuroprotective mechanisms in an experimental obesity model induced by a cafeteria diet (CD). Methods: Female Swiss mice (20-30 g) were used; they received a normal diet or a hypercaloric diet (CD) during 8 weeks. Concomitantly, some mice received orally white, green, red, or black teas (1% dose) or water. Results: The mice subjected to CD showed weight gain, body fat accumulation, increased glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides, associated to recognition memory deficits and increased reactive species (RS) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus. All teas significantly reduced AChE activity and partially reduced fat accumulation. Green and red teas reduced memory deficit. White, green, and black teas reduced RS levels, while only green and black tea reduced plasma triglyceride levels. Discussion: According to the results obtained it is possible to conclude that green tea was better than other teas in reducing effects of the CD model, being able to protect a greater number of parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Bucco Soares
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | - Juliana Bernera Ramalho
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | - Aryele Pinto Izaguirry
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | - Natasha Frasson Pavin
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | - Cristiano Chiapinotto Spiazzi
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | - Helen Lidiane Schimidt
- b Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Federal University of Pampa , CEP 97500-970 Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
| | | | - Francielli Weber Santos
- a Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução (Biotech), Campus Uruguaiana, Universidade Federal do Pampa , CEP 97500-970 , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
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Weng YP, Hung PF, Ku WY, Chang CY, Wu BH, Wu MH, Yao JY, Yang JR, Lee CH. The inhibitory activity of gallic acid against DNA methylation: application of gallic acid on epigenetic therapy of human cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 9:361-374. [PMID: 29416619 PMCID: PMC5787471 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenome aberrations have been observed in tobacco-associated human malignancies. (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been proven to modulate gene expression by targeting DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) through a proposed mechanism involving the gallate moiety of EGCG. We show that gallic acid (GA) changes the methylome of lung cancer and pre-malignant oral cell lines and markedly reduces both nuclear and cytoplasmic DNMT1 and DNMT3B within 1 week. GA exhibits stronger cytotoxicity against the lung cancer cell line H1299 than EGCG. We found that GA reactivates the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) signaling pathway may through the demethylation of CCNE2 and CCNB1 in H1299 cells. To improve the epigenetic anti-cancer activities of oolong tea, we identified a fungus, Aspergillus sojae which can efficiently increase the GA content in oolong tea via a 2-week fermentation process. The fungus dramatically increased GA up to 44.8 fold in the post-fermentation oolong tea extract (PFOTE), resulting in enhanced demethylation effects and a significant reduction in the nuclear abundances of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in lung cancer cell lines. PFOTE also showed stronger anti-proliferation activities than oolong tea extract (OTE) and increased sensitivity to cisplatin in H1299 cells. In summary, we demonstrate the potent inhibitory effects of GA on the activities of DNMTs and provide a strong scientific foundation for the use of specialized fermented oolong tea high in GA as an effective dietary intervention strategy for tobacco-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Ping Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ying Yao
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Rui Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Yao Y, Wu M, Huang Y, Li C, Pan X, Zhu W, Huang Y. Appropriately raising fermentation temperature beneficial to the increase of antioxidant activity and gallic acid content in Eurotium cristatum -fermented loose tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gao X, Lv S, Wu Y, Li J, Zhang W, Meng W, Wang C, Meng Q. Volatile components of essential oils extracted from Pu-erh ripe tea by different extraction methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1295256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shidong Lv
- Kunming Crain & Oil and Feed Product Quality Inspection Center, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanshuang Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangbing Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Meng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxiong Meng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
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Unno K, Noda S, Kawasaki Y, Yamada H, Morita A, Iguchi K, Nakamura Y. Reduced Stress and Improved Sleep Quality Caused by Green Tea Are Associated with a Reduced Caffeine Content. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070777. [PMID: 28753943 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2012.747384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, one of the main components in green tea, can interfere with sleep and block the effect of theanine. Since theanine, the main amino acid in tea leaves, has significant anti-stress effects in animals and humans, we examined the effects of green tea with lowered caffeine content, i.e., low-caffeine green tea (LCGT), on stress and quality of sleep of middle-aged individuals (n = 20, mean age 51.3 ± 6.7 years) in a double-blind crossover design. Standard green tea (SGT) was used as the control. These teas (≥300 mL/day), which were eluted with room temperature water, were consumed over a period of seven days after a single washout term. The level of salivary α-amylase activity (sAA), a stress marker, was significantly lower in participants that consumed LCGT (64.7 U/mL) than in those that consumed SGT (73.9 U/mL). Sleep quality was higher in participants that consumed a larger quantity of LCGT. In addition, a self-diagnostic check for accumulated fatigue was significantly lower in those participants that consumed LCGT than SGT. These results indicate that LCGT intake can reduce stress in middle-aged individuals and improve their quality of sleep. The reduction in caffeine is suggested to be a valid reason for enhancing the anti-stress effect of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
- Tea Science Center, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shigenori Noda
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Division of Drug Evaluation & Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Akio Morita
- Department of Functional Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Iguchi
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoriyuki Nakamura
- Tea Science Center, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Development of matrix effect-free MISPE-UHPLC–MS/MS method for determination of lovastatin in Pu-erh tea, oyster mushroom, and red yeast rice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:367-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lee PMY, Ng CF, Liu ZM, Ho WM, Lee MK, Wang F, Kan HD, He YH, Ng SSM, Wong SYS, Tse LA. Reduced prostate cancer risk with green tea and epigallocatechin 3-gallate intake among Hong Kong Chinese men. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:318-322. [PMID: 28417981 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) in tea may have anti-carcinogenic effect on prostate cells, but this protective effect has less been examined in epidemiology studies. We aimed to investigate the association between prostate cancer (PCA) risk and habitual green tea intake among Chinese men in Hong Kong; meanwhile, the relationship with EGCG was also explored. METHODS We consecutively recruited 404 PCA cases and 395 controls from the same hospital who had complete data on habitual tea consumption, including green, oolong, black and pu'er tea. We reconstructed the level of EGCG intake according to a standard questionnaire and the analytic values for EGCG extracted from the literature published by Lin et al. in 2003. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for tea consumption and EGCG intake using unconditional multiple logistic regression, and examined their exposure--response relationships with PCA risk. RESULTS A total of 32 cases and 50 controls reported habitual green tea drinking, showing an adjusted OR of 0.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37, 0.98). A moderate excess risk was observed among the habitual pu'er tea drinkers (OR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.91). A significantly lower intake of EGCG was observed among cases (54.4 mg) than the controls (72.5 mg), which resulted in an inverse gradient of PCA risk with the increasing intake of EGCG (test for trend, P=0.015). CONCLUSION PCA risk among Chinese men in Hong Kong was inversely associated with green tea consumption and EGCG intake, but these results need to be replicated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Y Lee
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C F Ng
- SH Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Z M Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W M Ho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M K Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - F Wang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H D Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y H He
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - S S M Ng
- SH Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S Y S Wong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L A Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Biotechnological advances and perspectives of gamma-aminobutyric acid production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:64. [PMID: 28247260 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that is widely distributed among various organisms. Since GABA has several well-known physiological functions, such as mediating neurotransmission and hypotensive activity, as well as having tranquilizer effects, it is commonly used as a bioactive compound in the food, pharmaceutical and feed industries. The major pathway of GABA biosynthesis is the irreversible decarboxylation of L-glutamate catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which develops a safe, sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative in comparison with traditional chemical synthesis methods. To date, several microorganisms have been successfully engineered for high-level GABA biosynthesis by overexpressing exogenous GADs. However, the activity of almost all reported microbial GADs sharply decreases at physiological near-neutral pH, which in turn provokes negative effects on the application of these GADs in the recombinant strains for GABA production. Therefore, ongoing efforts in the molecular evolution of GADs, in combination with high-throughput screening and metabolic engineering of particular producer strains, offer fascinating new prospects for effective, environmentally friendly and economically viable GABA biosynthesis. In this review, we briefly introduce the applications in which GABA is used, and summarize the most important methods associated with GABA production. The major achievements and present challenges in the biotechnological synthesis of GABA, focusing on screening and enzyme engineering of GADs, as well as metabolic engineering strategy for one-step GABA biosynthesis, will be extensively discussed.
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Song JH, Miyazaki H, Yoshida S. Simple Method for the Preparation of Teadenols A and B by a Combined Process of Submerged Culture with Aspergillus sp. and Chromatographic Separation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Song
- Department of Life Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hitoshi Miyazaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Shigeki Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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A fermented tea with high levels of gallic acid processed by anaerobic solid-state fermentation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pu-erh Tea Protects the Nervous System by Inhibiting the Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5286-5299. [PMID: 27578019 PMCID: PMC5533841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the major excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS and is essential for numerous key neuronal functions. However, excess glutamate causes massive neuronal death and brain damage owing to excitotoxicity via the glutamate receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is one of the glutamate receptors and represents a promising target for studying neuroprotective agents of potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. Pu-erh tea, a fermented tea, mainly produced in Yunnan province, China, has beneficial effects, including the accommodation of the CNS. In this study, pu-erh tea markedly decreased the transcription and translation of mGluR5 compared to those by black and green teas. Pu-erh tea also inhibited the expression of Homer, one of the synaptic scaffolding proteins binding to mGluR5. Pu-erh tea protected neural cells from necrosis via blocked Ca2+ influx and inhibited protein kinase C (PKC) activation induced by excess glutamate. Pu-erh tea relieved rat epilepsy induced by LiCl-pilocarpine in behavioural and physiological assays. Pu-erh tea also decreased the expression of mGluR5 in the hippocampus. These results show that the inhibition of mGluR5 plays a role in protecting neural cells from glutamate. The results also indicate that pu-erh tea contains biological compounds binding transcription factors and inhibiting the expression of mGluR5 and identify pu-erh tea as a novel natural neuroprotective agent.
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