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Zhang W, Xu R, Jin X, Wang Y, Hu L, Zhang T, Du G, Kang Z. Enzymatic Production of Chondroitin Oligosaccharides and Its Sulfate Derivatives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:951740. [PMID: 35910011 PMCID: PMC9326237 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.951740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has a wide range of physiological functions and clinical applications. However, the biosynthesis of chondroitin oligosaccharides (o-CHs) and sulfate derivatives with specific length is always challenging. Herein, we report enzymatic strategies for producing homogeneous o-CHs and its sulfate derivatives from microbial sourced chondroitin. Chondroitin disaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides, and decasaccharides with defined structure were produced by controllably depolymerizing microbial sourced chondroitin with an engineered chondroitinase ABC I. The highest conversion rates of the above corresponding o-CHs were 65.5%, 32.1%, 12.7%, 7.2%, and 16.3%, respectively. A new efficient enzymatic sulfation system that directly initiates from adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and sulfate was developed and improved the sulfation of chondroitin from 8.3% to 85.8% by optimizing the temperature, sulfate and ATP concentration. o-CHs decasaccharide, octasaccharide, hexasaccharide, tetrasaccharide and disaccharide were modified and the corresponding sulfate derivatives with one sulfate group were prepared. The enzymatic approaches constructed here for preparing o-CHs and its sulfate derivatives pave the way for the study of structure-activity relationship and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuerong Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Litao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Guocheng Du, ; Zhen Kang,
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Guocheng Du, ; Zhen Kang,
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Macrophages bind LDL using heparan sulfate and the perlecan protein core. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100520. [PMID: 33684447 PMCID: PMC8027565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a key process in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and largely mediated via smooth-muscle cell-derived extracellular proteoglycans including the glycosaminoglycan chains. Macrophages can also internalize lipids via complexes with proteoglycans. However, the role of polarized macrophage-derived proteoglycans in binding LDL is unknown and important to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We therefore examined the identity of proteoglycans, including the pendent glycosaminoglycans, produced by polarized macrophages to gain insight into the molecular basis for LDL binding. Using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring technique, we established that classically activated macrophage (M1)- and alternatively activated macrophage (M2)-derived proteoglycans bind LDL via both the protein core and heparan sulfate (HS) in vitro. Among the proteoglycans secreted by macrophages, we found perlecan was the major protein core that bound LDL. In addition, we identified perlecan in the necrotic core as well as the fibrous cap of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions in the same regions as HS and colocalized with M2 macrophages, suggesting a functional role in lipid retention in vivo. These findings suggest that macrophages may contribute to LDL retention in the plaque by the production of proteoglycans; however, their contribution likely depends on both their phenotype within the plaque and the presence of enzymes, such as heparanase, that alter the secreted protein structure.
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Biocompatibility and structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans isolated from heads of silver-banded whiting (Sillago argentifasciata Martin & Montalban 1935). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:663-676. [PMID: 32070739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were extracted from heads of silver-banded whiting (SBW) fish and subjected to preliminary biocompatibility testing per ISO 10993: intracutaneous irritation, maximization sensitization, systemic toxicity, and cytotoxicity. When the GAG solution was injected intradermally, the observed irritation was within ISO limits and comparable to a marketed control. There was no evidence of sensitization, systemic toxicity, or cellular toxicity on the test organisms treated with the GAG mixture from SBW fish heads. Fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography has shown three distinct fractions: F1 as low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (190 kDa), F2 (82 kDa) and F3 (64 kDa), both as chondroitin sulfates. Structural characterization by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and disaccharide analysis have shown sulfation ratios at positions C4:C6 of the F2 and F3 fractions respectively as 70:20% and 50:30%, and the balance of non-sulfated and 4,6-di-sulfated units. The preliminary results here suggest that GAG-based extracts from SBW fish heads are suitable alternative products to be used in soft tissue augmentation, although further long-term biocompatibility studies are still required.
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da Silva HAM, de Queiroz INL, Francisco JS, Pomin VH, Pavão MSG, de Brito-Gitirana L. Chondroitin sulfate isolated from the secretion of the venom-producing parotoid gland of Brazilian bufonid. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:548-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang X, Shen Q, Zhang C, Jia W, Han L, Yu Q. Chicken leg bone as a source of chondroitin sulfate. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:191-199. [PMID: 30599999 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, chondroitin sulfate (CS) was extracted from chicken leg bone soup using the heat-resin static adsorption extraction (HSAE) method. The HSAE method was optimized as follows: resin dosage, 10%; adsorption time, 4.3 h; eluent concentration, 2 M; eluent time, 1.3 h, under which the yield of CS1 from the bone soup reached 0.14% and the recovery rate was 67.35%. CS2, as reference, was obtained from the ends of chicken leg bone using enzymatic method. CS1 and CS2, together with other glycosaminoglycans, were confirmed using agarose-gel electrophoresis. The average molecular weight of CS1 and CS2 was 35.81 kDa and 37.18 kDa, respectively. The structures of CS1 and CS2 were compared using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, and no significant difference was observed. Overall, the HSAE method was proposed to be a promising approach for the coproduction of CS and bone soup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qingshan Shen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qunli Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Kim HN, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. Structure-Activity Relationships of Bioengineered Heparin/Heparan Sulfates Produced in Different Bioreactors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050806. [PMID: 28505124 PMCID: PMC6154572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate are structurally-related carbohydrates with therapeutic applications in anticoagulation, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. This study explored the effect of different bioreactor conditions on the production of heparin/heparan sulfate chains via the recombinant expression of serglycin in mammalian cells. Tissue culture flasks and continuously-stirred tank reactors promoted the production of serglycin decorated with heparin/heparan sulfate, as well as chondroitin sulfate, while the serglycin secreted by cells in the tissue culture flasks produced more highly-sulfated heparin/heparan sulfate chains. The serglycin produced in tissue culture flasks was effective in binding and signaling fibroblast growth factor 2, indicating the utility of this molecule in drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications in addition to its well-known anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Review on complement analysis method and the roles of glycosaminoglycans in the complement system. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:590-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bhotmange DU, Singhal RS. Identification of chondroitin-like molecules from biofilm isolates Exiguobacterium indicum A11 and Lysinibacillus sp. C13. J Appl Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26218551 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to investigate whether the bacteria from biofilms can produce chondroitin-like molecules (CLMs). METHODS AND RESULTS Chondroitin belongs to the class of glycosaminoglycans. Forty bacteria from biofilms were isolated and screened for the production of glycosaminoglycans. Two isolates A11 and C13 produced 43 and 26 mg l(-1) of chondroitinase AC II degradable glycosaminoglycans, respectively, suggesting the possibility of production of CLMs by them. These isolates were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing technique and fatty acid methyl ester analysis. These were recognized as Exiguobacterium indicum A11 (NCIM 5531) and Lysinibacillus sp. C13 (NCIM 5532) respectively. These strains were also characterized using polar lipid content and biochemical tests. The identity of the glycosaminoglycans produced was further confirmed using agarose gel electrophoresis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Prokaryotic biofilms were found to be a good source of bacteria synthesizing CLMs. Two wild strains producing significant amount of the same were identified and characterized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study exploring natural biofilms for the production of the therapeutic molecule, chondroitin/glycosaminoglycan. These isolates may be prospective new alternatives to recombinant strains that are reported for the production of chondroitin/glycoaminoglycan at an industrial scale. The production by these wild strains could be commercially attractive if the production is higher and/or can be improved further by strain improvement/process engineering. Further, these are new additions to the scientific literature on glycosaminoglycan-producing micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D U Bhotmange
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, India
| | - R S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, India
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Brühl H, Cihak J, Goebel N, Talke Y, Renner K, Hermann F, Rodriguez-Gomez M, Reich B, Plachý J, Stangassinger M, Mack M. Chondroitin sulfate activates B cells in vitro, expands CD138+ cells in vivo, and interferes with established humoral immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:65-72. [PMID: 24555985 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0913-502r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans have anti-inflammatory properties and interact with a variety of soluble and membrane-bound molecules. Little is known about their effects on B cells and humoral immune responses. We show that CS but not dextran or other glycosaminoglycans induces a pronounced proliferation of B cells in vitro compared with TLR4 or TLR9 ligands. With the use of inhibitors and KO mice, we demonstrate that this proliferation is mediated by the tyrosine kinases BTK and Syk but independent of CD44. Antibodies against Ig-α or Ig-β completely block CS-induced B cell proliferation. Injection of CS in mice for 4-5 days expands B cells in the spleen and results in a marked increase of CD138(+) cells in the spleen that is dependent on BTK but independent of CD4(+) T cells. Long-term treatment with CS for 14 days also increases CD138(+) cells in the bone marrow. When mice were immunized with APC or collagen and treated with CS for up to 14 days during primary or after secondary immune responses, antigen-specific humoral immune responses and antigen-specific CD138(+) plasma cells in the bone marrow were reduced significantly. These data show that CD138(+) cells, induced by treatment with CS, migrate into the bone marrow and may displace other antigen-specific plasma cells. Overall, CS is able to interfere markedly with primary and fully established humoral immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Cihak
- Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Nicole Goebel
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Talke
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Reich
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jîŕi Plachý
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Matthias Mack
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
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Lawrence R, Brown JR, Lorey F, Dickson PI, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan-based biomarkers for mucopolysaccharidoses. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:73-83. [PMID: 23958290 PMCID: PMC3769472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) result from attenuation or loss of enzyme activities required for lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. This review provides a summary of glycan biomarkers that have been used to characterize animal models of MPS, for diagnosis of patients, and for monitoring therapy based on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy. Recent advances have focused on the non-reducing terminus of the glycosaminoglycans that accumulate as biomarkers, using a combination of enzymatic digestion with bacterial enzymes followed by quantitative liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. These new methods provide a simple, rapid diagnostic strategy that can be applied to samples of urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, cultured cells and dried blood spots from newborn infants. Analysis of the non-reducing end glycans provides a method for monitoring enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapies and serves as a discovery tool for uncovering novel biomarkers and new forms of mucopolysaccharidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Fred Lorey
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Hong YM, Park SH, Yoon BY, Choi BD, Choi YJ. Screen of Functional Activity of Polysaccharide and Glycosaminoglycan from Sea Hare (Aplysia kurodai) by Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.1.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yoon BY, Choi BD, Bae DW, Choi YJ. Extraction of Glycosaminoglycan from Sea Hare, Aplysia kurodai, and Its Functional Properties 2. Structural Properties of Purified Glycosaminoglycan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.11.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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