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Kamel EM, Alkhayl FFA, Alqhtani HA, Bin-Jumah M, Rudayni HA, Lamsabhi AM. Dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of β-glucuronidase by alkaloids from Hibiscus trionum: Integrating in vitro and in silico perspectives. Comput Biol Med 2024; 180:108969. [PMID: 39089106 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
β-Glucuronidase, a crucial enzyme in drug metabolism and detoxification, represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention due to its potential to modulate drug pharmacokinetics and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we assessed the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals from Hibiscus trionum against β-glucuronidase. Grossamide and grossamide K emerged as the most potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.73 ± 0.03 and 1.24 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. The investigated alkaloids effectively inhibited β-glucuronidase-catalyzed PNPG hydrolysis through a noncompetitive inhibition mode, whereas steppogenin displayed a mixed inhibition mechanism. Molecular docking analyses highlighted grossamide and grossamide K as inhibitors with the lowest binding free energy, all compounds successfully docked into the same main binding site occupied by the reference drug Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). We explored the interaction dynamics of isolated compounds with β-glucuronidase through a 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Analysis of various MD parameters revealed that grossamide and grossamide K maintained stable trajectories and demonstrated significant energy stabilization upon binding to β-glucuronidase. Additionally, these compounds exhibited the lowest average interaction energies with the target enzyme. The MM/PBSA calculations further supported these findings, showing the lowest binding free energies for grossamide and grossamide K. These computational results are consistent with experimental data, suggesting that grossamide and grossamide K could be potent inhibitors of β-glucuronidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin M Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A Alqhtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. BOX 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Sun J, Tong LT, Tu PF, Chen LL, Xu X, Song Y, Yang XX, Guo ZB, Zou X, Sun CX, Mi Y, Fan B, Wang FZ. Lignanamides: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, biological activities, extraction methods and synthetic pathway. Food Chem 2024; 460:140459. [PMID: 39059325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Lignanamides are a class of compounds containing amide functional groups in lignans. These compounds have excellent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective, which have shown great potential in terms of food additives, medicine and health supplement. We summarized the recent progress of lignanamides, including chemical constituents, extraction methods, biological activities, and synthetic pathways. The structures were classified according to an updated nomenclature system, can be classified into sixteen types and have certain roles in many respects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidative, which may be important source of materials for functional food. The potential and limitations of different extraction method, chromatographic packing, and synthetic pathway are analyzed. Notably, this review provides an overview of synthesis pathways and applications of lignanamides, further research is needed to improve extraction efficiency and synthesis method, especially in a greener way for better application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Tao Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Song
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bin Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chen-Xin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Mi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
| | - Feng-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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3
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Zhang S, Huang J, Fu J, Qin Y, Zhang X, Yao X, Zhu L, Liu H. Structurally Diverse Phenylpropanamides from Cannabis Fructus and Their Potential Neuroprotective Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12100-12118. [PMID: 38748649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical components and potential health benefits of the fruits of Cannabis sativa L. Fourteen new phenylpropanamides designated as cannabisin I-XIV (1-14) and 40 known analogs were isolated and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and electronic circular dichroism. In vitro bioassay using H2O2-induced PC12 cell damage models demonstrated that hempseeds extract and compounds 1, 3, 15, 26, 30, 36, 41, and 48 exhibited neuroprotective properties. 3,3'-Demethylgrossamide (30) displayed encouraging protection activity, which was further investigated to relieve the oxidative stress and apoptosis of PC12 cells treated with H2O2. The isolation and characterization of these neuroprotective phenylpropanamides from the fruits of C. sativa provide insights into its health-promoting properties as a healthy food and herbal medicine for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jintian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, PR China
| | - Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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4
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Wu Y, Ding C, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Song X, Zhang D. Sesquilignans: Current research and potential prospective. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116445. [PMID: 38701715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignans are widely distributed in nature, primarily found in the xylem and resins of plants, with the constituent units C6-C3, and their dimers are the most common in plants. In recent years, the trimeric sesquilignans have also received increasing attention from scholars. More than 200 derivatives have been isolated and identified from nearly 50 families, most of which are different types (monoepoxy lignans, bisepoxy lignans, benzofuran lignans) connected with simple phenylpropanoids through ether bonds, C-C bonds, and oxygen-containing rings to constitute sesquilignans. Some of them also possess pharmacological properties, including antioxidants, hepatoprotectives, antitumors, anti-inflammatory properties, and other properties. In addition, the chemical structure of sesquilignans is closely related to the pharmacological activity, and chemical modification of methoxylation enhances the pharmacological activity. In contrast, phenolic hydroxyl and hydroxyl glycosides reduce the pharmacological activity. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the chemical diversity, bioactivities, and constitutive relationships to provide a theoretical basis for the more profound development and utilization of sesquilignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Chao Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
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5
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Zang YD, Zang CX, Tian JY, Xu KL, Li C, Li CJ, Yang Y, Ye F, Zhang D, Zhang DM, Ma J. Chiral separation and bioactivities of six pairs of enantiomeric dilignans from Magnolia officinalis var. biloba. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 219:113964. [PMID: 38184162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.113964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Six pairs of enantiomeric dilignans, (+)/(-)-magdiligols A-F, have been isolated from an ethanolic extract of the barks of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculation with DP4+ analysis, and the electronic circular dichroism spectra calculation. (+)/(-)-1-3 possessed a dihydrobenzopyran ring, while a propyl chain of 1 was linked via ether bond. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols D and E ((+)/(-)-4 and 5) were dilignans possessing a furan ring. (+)-Magdiligol B ((+)/(-)-2), (+)/(-)-magdiligol C ((+)/(-)-3), and racemes 2, 3, and 5 showed potential hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced HepG2 cell damage, increased the cell viability from 65.4% to 72.7, 78.7.76.6, 73.9, 77.9 and 73.2%, via decreasing the level of the live enzymes ALH and LDH consistently. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols B-D ((+)/(-)-2-4) and (+)/(-)-magdiligol F ((+)/(-)-6) exhibited significant antioxidative activity. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols B-C ((+)/(-)-2 and 3), (-)-magdiligol D ((-)-4), and (+)-magdiligol E ((+)-5) displayed significant PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values 1.41-3.42 μM. (+)/(-)-Magdiligol B ((+)/(-)-2), and its raceme (2) demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values 1.47, 2.88 and 1.85 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Da Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Esposito T, Pisanti S, Mauro L, Mencherini T, Martinelli R, Aquino RP. Activity of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) Corms against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells: Chemical Study and Molecular Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:252. [PMID: 38203419 PMCID: PMC10778756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is a tuberous plant, also known as taro, employed as food worldwide for its renowned nutritional properties but also traditionally used in several countries for medical purposes. In this study, methanolic extracts were prepared from the corms and leaves of Colocasia, subsequently fractionated via molecular exclusion chromatography (RP-HPLC) and their anti-tumor activity assessed in an in vitro model of gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS cells). Vorm extract and isolated fractions II and III affected AGS cell vitality in a dose-dependent manner through the modulation of key proteins involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle processes, such as caspase 3, cyclin A, cdk2, IkBα, and ERK. To identify bioactive molecules responsible for anti-tumoral activity fractions II and III were further purified via RP-HPLC and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) techniques. The procedure enabled the identification of ten compounds including lignans and neolignans, some isolated for the first time in taro, uncommon megastigmane derivatives, and a gallic acid derivative. However, none of the isolated constituents showed efficacy equivalent to that of the fractions and total extract. This suggests that the whole Colocasia phytocomplex has intriguing anti-tumor activity against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (T.E.); (L.M.); (R.P.A.)
- UNESCO Chair Salerno Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy;
| | - Luciano Mauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (T.E.); (L.M.); (R.P.A.)
- UNESCO Chair Salerno Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Giardino della Minerva, 84121 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Teresa Mencherini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (T.E.); (L.M.); (R.P.A.)
- UNESCO Chair Salerno Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rosanna Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy;
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (T.E.); (L.M.); (R.P.A.)
- UNESCO Chair Salerno Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Antioxidant Activity of Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Chem Nat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-023-03943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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8
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Cheng F, Wu J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li G, Zeng H, He X, Deng G, Tan J, Long H, Zeng P, Liu Y, Zhu G, Chen Z, Xu K. Brasesquilignan A–E, Five New Furofurans Lignans from Selaginella braunii Baker. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196349. [PMID: 36234885 PMCID: PMC9572557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new furofurans lignans, Brasesquilignan A–E (1–5), were isolated from the aqueous ethanol extract of Selaginella braunii Baker. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of NMR and HRESIMS data. Their absolute configurations were determined by CD spectra, enzymatic hydrolysis, and GCMS analysis. Furthermore, all compounds were evaluated for anti-proliferative activities against various human cancer cellsin vitro. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited weak inhibitorypotency against five human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Institute of Chinese MateriaMedica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Hunan QingYa Health Service Limited Company, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Hunan QingYa Health Service Limited Company, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guihua Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Hunan QingYa Health Service Limited Company, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Institute of Chinese MateriaMedica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaoai He
- Haikou People’s Hospital and Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Guiming Deng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Jianbin Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hongping Long
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Puhua Zeng
- Institute of Chinese MateriaMedica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yiheng Liu
- Haikou People’s Hospital and Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Gangzhi Zhu
- Haikou People’s Hospital and Central South University, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Zuhui Chen
- Hunan QingYa Health Service Limited Company, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Hunan QingYa Health Service Limited Company, Changsha 410083, China
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence:
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Rathee P, Kumar S, Kumar D, Kumari B, Yadav SS. Skin hyperpigmentation and its treatment with herbs: an alternative method. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
With an increasing number of patients, those who are facing a lot of skin-related complaints, often referred to as skin of pigmentation patients, are on the rise. Among all the most common complaints in patients with skin of color is hyperpigmentation. So, there is need of herbal formulation for treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Main body
This review article addresses the different types of hyperpigmentation, causes, and its treatment with herbs for the management of the skin hyperpigmentation. As uneven pigmentation of skin or hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition, which occurs when the skin produces more melanin. This can make spots or patches of skin appear darker than surrounding areas. Some forms of hyperpigmentation with post-inflammatory, melasma, and sun spots are more likely to affect areas of face, arms, and legs due to sun exposure and injury. Although the availability of multiple treatments for the condition which leads to some adverse effects, hyperpigmentation continues to present skin care management challenges for dermatologists.
Conclusion
Some plants and phytoconstituents, e.g., Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Panax ginseng and genistein, ellagic acids, quercetin, are very useful in herbal cosmetic as anti-hyperpigmentry agents in cosmetic industries. Some of flavonoids and triterpenoids present in plants also show their effect as antioxidant and skin whitening agents. It is expected that this review will compile and improve the existing knowledge on the potential utilization of herbs for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation.
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Zhang JS, Xu DF, Cao XX, Wang YY, Zhang H. Lignans with NO inhibitory activity from Tinospora sinensis. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:500-504. [PMID: 34247773 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new lignan glucosides, tinsinlignans A and B (1 and 2), two new oxyneolignans, tinsinlignans C and D (3 and 4), along with one known analogue (5), were isolated from the stems of Tinospora sinensis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on analysis of spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells and compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 18.5 ± 2.0 and 28.8 ± 1.2 μmol·L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sheng Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - De-Feng Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xin-Xin Cao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yin-Yin Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Tuohongerbieke A, Li J, Sabir G, Xin X, Hu M, Duan X, Liu L, Tang D, Zhu J, Aisa HA. Lignanamides from the roots of Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze and their anti-diabetic, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112648. [PMID: 33454616 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nine undescribed lignanamides, limoniumins A-I, together with ten known lignanamides and two known phenolics were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the roots of Limonium gmelinii (Plumbaginaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS experiments. Limoniumin A is the first hybrid lignanamide of phenylpropanoid and coumarin. All tested lignanamides showed significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase stronger than positive control and remarkable inhibitory effect to PTP1B with IC50 values less than 10 μM. In addition, some lignanamides exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against HeLa and MCF-7 cells and anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 in a dose-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanguli Tuohongerbieke
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Gulnar Sabir
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Material Medica and Ethnomedicine, Urumqi, 830002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Duan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Liu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Material Medica and Ethnomedicine, Urumqi, 830002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone and State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ye XS, Tian WJ, Liu XZ, Zhou M, Zeng DQ, Lin T, Wang GH, Yao XS, Chen HF. Lignans and phenylpropanoids from the roots of Ficus hirta and their cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:3840-3849. [PMID: 33648391 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1892099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One undescribed lignan, one new natural product, along with fourteen known compounds, were isolated from the roots of Ficus hirta. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic technologies, including UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. The cytotoxicity of all the compounds against HeLa and HepG2 cell lines was evaluated and compound 7 showed considerable cytotoxic effect towards HepG2 cells. Also, the apoptotic effect of 7 on HepG2 cells and the effect of 7 on the key proteins (p-JNK and p-p38) in MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathways were studied by flow cytometry and western blotting experiment. As a result, compound 7 induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of JNK and p38. Thus, 7 might trigger HepG2 cells apoptosis via JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Zhong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Quan Zeng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Zhao CC, Chen J, Shao JH, Zhang XH, Gu WY, Shen J, Liu Y. Lignan Constituents from the Fruits of Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri and Their α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11151-11160. [PMID: 32902977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight previously undescribed lignan glycosides, viburmacrosides A-H (1-8), and seven known analogues (9-15) were isolated from Viburnum macrocephalum f. keteleeri fruits through bioactivity-guided fractionation. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical evidence. Using the well-recognized carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as the promising protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), as inhibitory targets, all isolated compounds were tested for their antidiabetic potential in vitro. Compound 4 displayed potent inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 9.9 ± 0.6 and 8.9 ± 0.5 μM against α-glucosidase and PTP1B, respectively. The enzymatic kinetics results suggested that compound 4 competitively inhibited α-glucosidase while it suppressed α-amylase and PTP1B in the mixed-type manner. These findings supported that V. macrocephalum f. keteleeri fruits may be a new functional food resource with antidiabetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wen-Yan Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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14
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Moon SH, Ji SH, Son JL, Shin SJ, Oh S, Kim SH, Bae JM. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta: Potential applications in preventing and treating periodontal diseases. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:1096-1102. [PMID: 32999262 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (CA) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) growth, inflammation, and osteoclastogenesis. CA was effective in inhibiting the growth of P. gingivalis when applied together with an experimental fluoride varnish. CA also significantly decreased the release of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. No significant differences in viability were noted between the cells treated with CA and the controls. In addition, CA significantly attenuated osteoclast differentiation on bone marrow macrophages. In conclusion, CA inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis and showed anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects. Therefore, CA may have the potential to act as a novel natural agent for preventing periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hee Moon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biomaterials and Implant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Sang Hee Ji
- Innovative Target Research Center, Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology.,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University
| | - Ju-Lee Son
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Seong-Jin Shin
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Seunghan Oh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biomaterials and Implant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Innovative Target Research Center, Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology.,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University
| | - Ji-Myung Bae
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biomaterials and Implant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University
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15
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Lignanamides: sources, biosynthesis and potential health benefits - a minireview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1404-1414. [PMID: 32366112 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1759025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignanamides are natural plant secondary metabolites derived from oxidative coupling mechanism with hydroxycinnamic acid amides as intermediates. These compounds display powerful anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemic capacities in vitro, cell culture and in vivo studies. With strong potential to be utilized as protective agents against human chronic diseases, these compounds have attracted the interest of researchers. This review aims to discuss current understanding on the sources, classification, biosynthesis of lignanamides in plants, and importantly their biological activity and potential health benefits. The general biosynthesis pathway for lignanamides is comprehensively summarized, though some details in molecular regulation of the coupling process have yet to be elucidated. Lignanamides deserves additional clinical studies involving animal and human subjects, to prove its health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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16
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Chen G, Zhao W, Li Y, Zhou D, Ding J, Lin B, Li W, Yang Y, Liu J, Hou Y, Li N. Bioactive chemical constituents from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii as potential neuroinflammatory inhibitors. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 171:112233. [PMID: 31911267 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eight previously undescribed and 15 known components, including six neolignans, two monolignan, three sesquineolignans, three dineolignans, eight phenylpropanoids, and one steroid were identified from the seed testa of Vernicia fordii. Their structures were established based on the comprehensive analysis of NMR and ECD data. The anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the isolates were evaluated through nitrite assays in LPS-induced BV2 cells. As a result, isodiverniciasin A, diverniciasin B, diverniciasin C, isoprincepin, princepin, 3, 3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol, (+)-7-epi-sesamin-dicatechol, isoamericanin A, americanin B, 7S, 8R-americanin D, 4-hydroxyl cinnamic aldehyde, 3-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl cinnamic aldehyde and 24R-6β-hydroxy-24- ethylcholest-4-en-3-one exhibited significant inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production and isoprincepin, princepin, americanin B, and 4-hydroxyl cinnamic aldehyde suppressed the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in over-activated microglia. The results suggested that bioactive ingredients from the seed testa of V. fordii can serve as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.
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17
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Nigro E, Crescente G, Formato M, Pecoraro MT, Mallardo M, Piccolella S, Daniele A, Pacifico S. Hempseed Lignanamides Rich-Fraction: Chemical Investigation and Cytotoxicity towards U-87 Glioblastoma Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E1049. [PMID: 32110947 PMCID: PMC7179246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weak but noteworthy presence of (poly)phenols in hemp seeds has been long overshadowed by the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and digestible proteins, considered responsible for their high nutritional benefits. Instead, lignanamides and their biosynthetic precursors, phenylamides, seem to display interesting and diverse biological activities only partially clarified in the last decades. Herein, negative mode HR-MS/MS techniques were applied to the chemical investigation of a (poly)phenol-rich fraction, obtained from hemp seeds after extraction/fractionation steps. This extract contained phenylpropanoid amides and their random oxidative coupling derivatives, lignanamides, which were the most abundant compounds and showed a high chemical diversity, deeply unraveled through high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS) tools. The effect of different doses of the lignanamides-rich extract (LnHS) on U-87 glioblastoma cell line and non-tumorigenic human fibroblasts was evaluated. Thus, cell proliferation, genomic DNA damage, colony forming and wound repair capabilities were assessed, as well as LnHS outcome on the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LnHS significantly inhibited U-87 cancer cell proliferation, but not that of fibroblasts, and was able to reduce U-87 cell migration, inducing further DNA damage. No modification in cytokines' expression level was found. Data acquired suggested that LnHS acted in U-87 cells by inducing the apoptosis machinery and suppressing the autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Scarl, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Crescente
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Marialuisa Formato
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Maria Tommasina Pecoraro
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Marta Mallardo
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Scarl, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies, Scarl, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (E.N.); (G.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.P.); (M.M.); (S.P.); (A.D.)
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Wang M, Zhan Z, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Li X. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104360. [PMID: 31629869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Five new lignans mubiesins A - E (1-5), together with twenty-seven known compounds (6-32), were isolated from the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammation portions of Momordica cochinchinensis seeds which were widely used for various tumors and inflammations. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (HR-MS, UV, CD, IR, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR). Their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in vitro. Various lignans and saponins showed the significant activities, they could obviously inhibit the growth of tumor cells and the release of NO and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhibin Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Yang G, Ma H, Wu Y, Zhou B, Zhang C, Chai C, Cao Z. Activation of TRPC6 channels contributes to (+)-conocarpan-induced apoptotic cell death in HK-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:281-290. [PMID: 31054997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Conocarpan (CNCP), a neolignan frequently found in many medicinal and edible plants displays a broad spectrum of bioactivity. Here, we demonstrated that CNCP induced apoptotic cell death in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 19.3 μM) and led to the sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Lower extracellular Ca2+ concentrations from 2.3 mM to 0 mM significantly suppressed the CNCP-induced Ca2+ response by 69.1%. Moreover, the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores using thapsigargin normalized CNCP-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, suggesting that the CNCP-induced Ca2+ response involved both extracellular Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. SAR7334, a TRPC3/6/7 channel inhibitor, but neither Pyr3, a selective TRPC3 channel inhibitor, nor Pico145, a TRPC1/4/5 inhibitor, suppressed the CNCP-induced Ca2+ response by 57.2% and decreased CNCP-induced cell death by 53.4%, suggesting a critical role for TRPC6 channels in CNCP-induced Ca2+ influx and apoptotic cell death. Further electrophysiological recording demonstrated that CNCP directly activated TRPC6 channels by increasing channel open probability with an EC50 value of 6.01 μM. Considered together, these data demonstrate that the direct activation of TRPC6 channels contributes to CNCP-induced apoptotic cell death in HK-2 cells. Our data point out the potential risk of renal toxicity from CNCP if used as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Yanliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Baoping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China
| | - Chengzhi Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
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20
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Chaipon S, Boonmee S, Iwasaki A, Suenaga K, Kato-Noguchi H. (+)-Isoamericanol A: A Plant Growth Inhibitor From Heliotropium indicum. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19845788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant growth inhibitory substance was isolated from Heliotropium indicum by bioassay-guided purification and characterized to be (+)-isoamericanol A. (+)-Isoamericanol A significantly inhibited seedling growth of cress at a concentration greater than 0.1 mM. The concentrations of (+)-isoamericanol A required for 50% growth inhibition of cress roots and hypocotyls were 0.5 and 0.4 mM, respectively. This inhibition indicates that (+)-isoamericanol A had a growth inhibitory activity and may contribute to the allelopathic effect of H. indicum. This report is the first on the plant growth inhibitory activity of (+)-isoamericanol A as an allelopathic substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinapa Chaipon
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Sutjaritpan Boonmee
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Arihiro Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Gupta K, Kumar A, Tomer V, Kumar V, Saini M. Potential of Colocasia leaves in human nutrition: Review on nutritional and phytochemical properties. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12878. [PMID: 31353694 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colocasia esculenta leaves possess vital nutritive and nonnutritive components in significant amounts, but are underutilized, and lesser explored. The chemical composition varies significantly depending upon climatic conditions and other agronomical factors of the location of cultivation and variety. Micronutrients, viz. iron (3.4-11.7 mg 100 g-1 ), copper (0.29-0.8 mg 100 g-1 ), magnesium (170-752 mg 100 g-1 ), potassium (0.4-2.4 g 100 g-1 ), and zinc (0.6-4.2 mg 100 g-1 ) are present in high amounts. The ratio of sodium to potassium (1:40) in the leaves add specifically to the antihypertensive properties. Preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence of its antidiabetic, antihemorrhagic, neuropharmacological properties, and as a remedy for stomach and liver ailments. Assessment of phytochemical compounds like chlorogenic acid, anthraquinones, cinnamic acid derivatives, and other phenolics validates these biological properties. The major limiting factor of this plant is oxalate that can be suppressed through food processing strategies. Colocasia leaves are promising green leafy vegetables with nutritional and clinical potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Colocasia leaves have demonstrated the ability of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, immunoprotective, neuroprotective, and anticarcinogenic activities. The detailed assessment of phytochemical compounds present in various extracts of the leaves shows the presence of active chemical compounds like anthraquinones, apigenin, catechins, cinnamic acid derivatives, vitexin, and isovitexin which are possibly responsible for the exhibited biological properties. Colocasia leaves are rich sources of micronutrients; however, the presence of oxalates can prohibit proper utilization of these nutrients. Various food processing strategies like soaking, cooking, and so on can significantly reduce the antinutritional content and make these nutrients available for utilization. Documentation of traditional uses and food products from Colocasia leaves show that these leaves have immense potential in the functional food product as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Gupta
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Vidisha Tomer
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mona Saini
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Song XQ, Zhu K, Yu JH, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, He F, Cheng ZQ, Jiang CS, Bao J, Zhang H. New Octadecanoid Enantiomers from the Whole Plants of Plantago depressa. Molecules 2018; 23:E1723. [PMID: 30011919 PMCID: PMC6099667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 19 octadecanoid derivatives-four pairs of enantiomers (1⁻8), two racemic/scalemic mixtures (9⁻10), and nine biosynthetically related analogues-were obtained from the ethanolic extract of a Chinese medicinal plant, Plantago depressa Willd. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses, with the absolute configurations of the new compounds assigned by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)-based electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Six of them (1, 3⁻6, and 9) were reported for the first time, while 2, 7, and 8 have been previously described as derivatives and are currently obtained as natural products. Our bioassays have established that selective compounds show in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qing Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Jin-Hai Yu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Fei He
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cheng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Cheng-Shi Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Jie Bao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China.
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Fan D, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li Z, Pan L, Yang S, Feng Y. New compounds inhibiting lipid accumulation from the stems of Sabia parviflora. Fitoterapia 2018; 128:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Chen CY, Kao CL, Li WJ, Yeh HC, Huang SC, Li HT. Secondary Metabolites from the Roots of Cinnamomum macrostemon. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Cai YS, Sarotti AM, Gündisch D, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM, Turkson J, Cao S. Heliotropiumides A and B, new phenolamides with N -carbamoyl putrescine moiety from Heliotropium foertherianum collected in Hawaii and their biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4630-4634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Chen J, Zhao CC, Shao JH, Fan JD, Huang XH. A New Insecticidal Lignan Glucoside from Galium verum. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-2075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Wang LY, Chen MH, Wu J, Sun H, Liu W, Qu YH, Li YC, Wu YZ, Li R, Zhang D, Wang SJ, Lin S. Bioactive Glycosides from the Twigs of Litsea cubeba. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1808-1818. [PMID: 28541690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The air-dried twigs of Litsea cubeba, a traditional Chinese medicinal tree, afforded 10 new aromatic glycosides (1-10) and 26 known analogues. Their structures were assigned by extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments, and the absolute configurations were resolved by chemical methods, electronic circular dichroism, specific rotation, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 4 is the first example of a naturally occurring homoneolignan glucoside. Compounds 4, 6-8, and the known neolignan glucosides (11, 12, and 14) at respective 10 μM concentrations were found to reduce acetaminophen-induced HepG2 cell injury with 30.5-46.0% inhibitions. Furthermore, compounds 12 and 15 demonstrated moderate inhibitory activities against HDAC1, with IC50 values of 3.6 and 4.6 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Teponno RB, Kusari S, Spiteller M. Recent advances in research on lignans and neolignans. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:1044-92. [PMID: 27157413 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2015Lignans and neolignans are a large group of natural products derived from the oxidative coupling of two C6-C3 units. Owing to their biological activities ranging from antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory to antiviral properties, they have been used for a long time both in ethnic as well as in conventional medicine. This review describes 564 of the latest examples of naturally occurring lignans and neolignans, and their glycosides in some cases, which have been isolated between 2009 and 2015. It comprises the data reported in more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and covers their source, isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivities (where available), and highlights the biosynthesis and total synthesis of some important ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bertrand Teponno
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
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29
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Xu Y, Li LZ, Cong Q, Wang W, Qi XL, Peng Y, Song SJ. Bioactive lignans and flavones with in vitro antioxidant and neuroprotective properties from Rubus idaeus rhizome. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lee S, Moon E, Choi SU, Kim KH. Lignans from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold and Their Biological Evaluation. Chem Biodivers 2017; 13:1391-1396. [PMID: 27447684 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new sesquilignan, euonymolin A (1), and six known lignans, (-)-de-O-methylmagnolin (2), (+)-de-O-methylepimagnolin A (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), (+)-pinoresinol (5), (+)-medioresinol (6), and (+)-lariciresinol 4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), were isolated from the twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (Celastraceae). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, HR-MS analysis and circular dichroism (CD) data, and the literature data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 cell line. All compounds showed cytotoxicity against the SK-MEL-2 cell line with IC50 values of 23.24 - 48.14 μm and inhibited NO production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 6.75 - 23.53 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- Charmzone R&D Center, Charmzone Co., Ltd., 318 Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06177, Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, 305-600, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
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31
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Zhang Y, Liu YB, Li Y, Ma SG, Li L, Qu J, Zhang D, Jiang JD, Yu SS. Phenolic constituents from the roots of Alangium chinense. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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33
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Ou QP, Jiang W, Pan YP, Zheng Y, Qian XP, Jin HZ. Lignans from the Aerial Parts of Lespedeza cuneata. Chem Nat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-016-1804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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He S, Zeng KW, Jiang Y, Tu PF. Nitric oxide inhibitory constituents from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia. Fitoterapia 2016; 112:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Ricklefs E, Girhard M, Urlacher VB. Three-steps in one-pot: whole-cell biocatalytic synthesis of enantiopure (+)- and (-)-pinoresinol via kinetic resolution. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:78. [PMID: 27160378 PMCID: PMC4862135 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pinoresinol is a high-value plant-derived lignan with multiple health supporting effects. Enantiomerically pure pinoresinol can be isolated from natural sources, but with low efficiency. Most chemical and biocatalytic approaches that have been described for the synthesis of pinoresinol furnish the racemic mixture. In this study we devised a three-step biocatalytic cascade for the production of enantiomerically pure pinoresinol from the cheap compound eugenol. Two consecutive oxidations of eugenol through vanillyl-alcohol oxidase and laccase are followed by kinetic resolution of racemic pinoresinol by enantiospecific pinoresinol reductases. Results The addition of the enantiospecific pinoresinol reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana for kinetic resolution of (±)-pinoresinol to an in vitro cascade involving the vanillyl-alcohol oxidase from Penicillium simplicissimum and the bacterial laccase CgL1 from Corynebacterium glutamicum resulted in increasing ee values for (+)-pinoresinol; however, an ee value of 34 % was achieved in the best case. The ee value could be increased up to ≥99 % by applying Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. The optimized process operated in a one-pot “two-cell” sequential mode and yielded 876 µM (+)-pinoresinol with an ee value of 98 %. Switching the reductase to the enantiospecific pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase from Forsythia intermedia enabled the production of 610 µM (−)-pinoresinol with an ee value of 97 %. Conclusion A new approach for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure (+)- and (−)-pinoresinol is described that combines three biotransformation steps in one pot. By switching the reductase in the last step, the whole-cell biocatalysts can be directed to produce either (+)- or (−)-pinoresinol. The products of the reductases’ activity, (−)-lariciresinol and (−)-secoisolariciresinol, are valuable precursors that can also be applied for the synthesis of further lignans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0472-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ricklefs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Girhard
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Xiong H, Zhao F, Bi J, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Chen X, Li Y, Yan R, Zhao Q, Qiao H, Zhang G. Two new compounds from the roots of Ilex pubescens and their cytotoxic activity. J Nat Med 2016; 70:673-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Bioactive lignan constituents from the twigs of Sambucus williamsii. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1877-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Wu YY, Huang XX, Zhang MY, Zhou L, Li DQ, Cheng ZY, Li LZ, Peng Y, Song SJ. Chemical constituents from the tubers of Pinellia ternata (Araceae) and their chemotaxonomic interest. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Cannabisin B, a naturally occurring lignanamide, has been synthesised for the first time in 15% overall yield. The convergent synthesis is based on the Stobbe reaction and Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction as the C–C bond-forming steps to afford the skeleton of the lignanamide which was then condensed with 4-methoxyphenethylamine to obtain Cannabisin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamu Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Huaizheng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Gaochao Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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Xia Y, Li C, Zhang H, Lin J, Chai C. Total Synthesis of a Lignanamide from Aptenia Cordifolia. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14402591178530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(E,E)-N,N-Dityramin-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,5′-dimethoxy-β,3′-bicinnamamide, a lignanamide isolated from Aptenia cordifolia, was synthesised from vanillin and tyramine. The key 8-5′-neolignan intermediate diacid was formed efficiently using oxidative coupling of the ferulic acid derivatives and the ring-opening reaction of a dihydrobenzofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamu Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042,P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042,P.R. China
| | - Huaizheng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042,P.R. China
| | - Jiao Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042,P.R. China
| | - Chen Chai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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41
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Ricklefs E, Girhard M, Koschorreck K, Smit MS, Urlacher VB. Two-Step One-Pot Synthesis of Pinoresinol from Eugenol in an Enzymatic Cascade. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Pilkington LI, Barker D. Synthesis and biology of 1,4-benzodioxane lignan natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1369-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the evolution of synthetic methods towards 1,4-benzodioxane lignan natural products, from early biomimetic approaches to recent enantiospecific syntheses. Additionally, a comprehensive report of their biosynthesis and significant biological activities is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
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43
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Zhu JY, Cheng B, Zheng YJ, Dong Z, Lin SL, Tang GH, Gu Q, Yin S. Enantiomeric neolignans and sesquineolignans from Jatropha integerrima and their absolute configurations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15966g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two pairs of new sesquineolignan enantiomers, 1a/1b and 2a/2b, one pair of new neolignan enantiomer, 4a/4b, and two new neolignans, 3a and 5a, together with seven known analogues were isolated from the trunks of Jatropha integerrima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bao Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yin-Jia Zheng
- School of Health Management
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ling Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qiong Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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Zhang J, Chen J, Liang Z, Zhao C. New lignans and their biological activities. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1-54. [PMID: 24443425 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lignans, which are widely distributed in higher plants, represent a vast and rather diverse group of phenylpropane derivatives. They have attracted considerable attention due to their pharmacological activities. Some of the lignans have been developed approved therapeutics, and others are considered as lead structures for new drugs. This article is based on our previous review of lignans discovered in the period 2000-2004, and it provides a comprehensive compilation of the 354 new naturally occurring lignans obtained from 61 plant families between 2005 and 2011. We classified five main types according to their structural features, and provided the details of their sources, some typical structures, and diverse biological activities. A tabular compilation of the novel lignans by species is presented at the end. A total of 144 references were considered for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering Drugs & Biological Technology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China (phone: +86-10-58805046; fax: +86-10-58807720)
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Kim KH, Woo KW, Moon E, Choi SU, Kim SY, Choi SZ, Son MW, Lee KR. Identification of antitumor lignans from the seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7746-7752. [PMID: 25020073 DOI: 10.1021/jf501470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the search for antitumor compounds from Korean natural resources, activity-guided fractionation and purification processes were used on seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Air-dried P. nil seeds were extracted with ethanol and separated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Four new lignans, pharbilignans A-D (1-4) were isolated from the most active ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activities of the isolates (1-4) were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15) using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay. Pharbilignan C (3) showed potent cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines with IC50 values of 1.42, 0.16, 0.20, and 0.14 μM, respectively. On the basis of the expanded understanding that inflammation is a crucial cause in tumor progress, we also evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of the isolates (1-4). Pharbilignan C (3) strongly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cell line with an IC50 value of 12.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Shi J, Li CJ, Yang JZ, Ma J, Wang C, Tang J, Li Y, Chen H, Zhang DM. Hepatoprotective coumarins and secoiridoids from Hydrangea paniculata. Fitoterapia 2014; 96:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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New lignans from the bioactive fraction of Sambucus williamsii Hance and proliferation activities on osteoblastic-like UMR106 cells. Fitoterapia 2014; 94:29-35. [PMID: 24462959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new lignans (1, 7-9), together with nine known ones, were isolated from the anti-osteoporosis fraction of the extract of Sambucus williamsii Hance which was eluted by 50% and 95% aqueous ethanol over D101 macroporous resin column. Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configurations of all compounds were determined by application of circular dichroism method. All the compounds were reported for the first time from the Sambucus genus and firstly studied for their proliferation effects on osteoblastic-like UMR 106 cell. The data showed that compounds 2-9 significantly promoted cell proliferation in some dose, especially compounds 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 increased osteoblastic cell numbers by 31.3%, 28.3%, 25.6%, 25.1% and 26.0% at 10(-10) M, 10(-10) M, 10(-7) M, 10(-10) M and 10(-10) M, respectively, which suggested that lignans were the components accounting for the bone protective effects of SWH.
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Pilkington LI, Barker D. Total Synthesis of (-)-Isoamericanin A and (+)-Isoamericanol A. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hasebe A, Nishiwaki H, Akiyama K, Sugahara T, Kishida T, Yamauchi S. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of antifungal (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid using 7-phenyl derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8548-8555. [PMID: 23924382 DOI: 10.1021/jf4015526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and structure on the 7-phenyl group of (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid ((+)-DGA) was clarified by employing 38 synthesized (+)-DGA derivatives. The results were identified by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis employing the Hansch-Fujita method. Some compounds showed higher activity than (+)-DGA. The compound showing highest activity was 3,5-difluorophenyl derivative 37. It was suggested that the small electron-withdrawing group at the meta-position of the 7-phenyl group is important for the higher activity by antifungal test and Hansch-Fujita analysis. The whitening activity of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl derivative 28, 3-hydroxy-4-ethoxyphenyl derivative 29, and 3-hydroxy-4-isopropoxyphenyl derivative 30 against A. alternata Japanese pear pathotype was also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hasebe
- Faculty of Agriculture and ‡Integrated Center for Sciences, Tarumi Station, Ehime University , 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
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Lee C, Lee JW, Jin Q, Lee HJ, Lee SJ, Lee D, Lee MK, Lee CK, Hong JT, Lee MK, Hwang BY. Anti-inflammatory constituents from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6010-4. [PMID: 24035341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new diterpenes (7, 15 and 17) and two new neolignans (19 and 20) along with nineteen known compounds have been isolated from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESI-MS, and CD data. All isolates were tested for their inhibitory activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. Of these, compounds 3, 4, 7, 13, 15, 19, and 24 found to inhibit nitric oxide production with the IC50 values ranging from 11.3 to 24.5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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