1
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Li W, Ehrich M. Effect of chlorpyrifos on VEGF gene expression. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110573. [PMID: 37263558 PMCID: PMC10527174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF; 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)-phosphorothioate), a cholinesterase inhibitor, compromised the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when used at low concentrations during our previous experiments in vitro. To determine if BBB leakage would also occur in vivo, we used FITC-dextrans to evaluate BBB permeability in CPF-dosed mice. Results indicated BBB leakages that were evident at 2 h after treatment with 70 mg/kg CPF ip. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent vasopermeability factor, is a signaling protein that promotes the growth of new blood vessels, we investigated the possible involvement of VEGF in BBB disruption by CPF. We found that VEGF serum concentration was significantly increased at 24 h after CPF exposure. To further explore VEGF involving BBB disruption by CPF treatment, the receptor antagonist for VEGF (sFlt-1) was used for pretreatment before CPF exposure. After sFlt-1 pretreatment, gene expressions of the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin5 and occludin were significantly downregulated at 1, 2, and 3 h, but returned to control levels at 24 h after CPF treatment. These results suggest that VEGF is involved in BBB disruption by CPF through BBB-TJs regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Szafran BN, Nichols J, Nicaise A, Borazjani A, Carr RL, Wilson JR, Ross MK, Kaplan BLF. Cnr1 -/- has minimal impact on chlorpyrifos-mediated effects in the mouse endocannabinoid system, but it does alter lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine levels in splenocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 375:110425. [PMID: 36858108 PMCID: PMC10150269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide that can inhibit endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolizing enzymes in animal models at levels that do not significantly alter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies indicated that repeated low-level CPF exposure in developing rats increased the levels of eCBs in the brain. Because eCBs play a role in immune homeostasis through their engagement with cannabinoid receptors, we investigated the role of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1, encoded by the Cnr1 gene) on the CPF-mediated effects in the spleen and lung of neonatal and adult female mice. We treated neonatal and adult female Cnr1-/- mice with 2.5 mg/kg oral CPF or vehicle for 7 days. Tissues were harvested 4 h after the last CPF dose to evaluate eCB metabolic enzyme activity, levels of eCBs, and tissue immunophenotype. There were a small number of genotype-dependent alterations noted in the endpoints following CPF treatment that were specific to age and tissue type, and differences in eCB metabolism caused by CPF treatment did not correlate to changes in eCB levels. To explore the role of CB1 in CPF-mediated effects on immune endpoints, in vitro experiments were performed with WT murine splenocytes exposed to chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO; oxon metabolite of CPF) and challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While CPO did not alter LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, inactivation of CB1 by the antagonist SR141716A augmented LPS-induced IFN-γ levels. Additional experiments with WT and Cnr1-/- murine splenocytes confirmed a role for CB1 in altering the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. We conclude that CPF-mediated effects on the eCB system are not strongly dependent on CB1, although abrogation of CB1 does alter LPS-induced cytokine levels in splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Szafran
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - James Nichols
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Ashleigh Nicaise
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Russell L Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Juliet R Wilson
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Abstract
Environmental agents of exposure can damage proteins, affecting protein function and cellular protein homeostasis. Specific residues are inherently chemically susceptible to damage from individual types of exposure. Amino acid content is not completely predictive of protein susceptibility, as secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins strongly influence the reactivity of the proteome to individual exposures. Because we cannot readily predict which proteins will be affected by which chemical exposures, mass spectrometry-based proteomic strategies are necessary to determine the protein targets of environmental toxins and toxicants. This review describes the mechanisms by which environmental exposure to toxins and toxicants can damage proteins and affect their function, and emerging omic methodologies that can be used to identify the protein targets of a given agent. These methods include target identification strategies that have recently revolutionized the drug discovery field, such as activity-based protein profiling, protein footprinting, and protein stability profiling technologies. In particular, we highlight the necessity of multiple, complementary approaches to fully interrogate how protein integrity is challenged by individual exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Genereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Thosapornvichai T, Huangteerakul C, Jensen AN, Jensen LT. Mitochondrial dysfunction from malathion and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with degeneration of GABAergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104000. [PMID: 36252730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity resulting from off-target effects, beyond acetylcholine esterase inhibition, for the commonly used organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPS) and malathion (MA) was investigated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans model systems. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction were observed in yeast following exposure to CPS and MA, suggesting this organelle is a major target. In the C. elegans model, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway showed the most robust induction from CPS and MA treatment among stress responses examined. GABAergic neurodegeneration was observed with CPS and MA exposure. Impaired movement observed in C. elegans exposed to CPS and MA may be the result of motor neuron damage. Our analysis suggests that stress from CPS and MA results in mitochondrial dysfunction, with GABAergic neurons sensitized to these effects. These findings may aid in the understanding of toxicity from CPS and MA from high concentration exposure leading to insecticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand.
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5
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Concentration-dependent effects of chlorpyrifos oxon on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 78:105268. [PMID: 34756920 PMCID: PMC8710288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) is the active metabolite of the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos. CPO is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and other serine hydrolases including fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). AChE is critical in regulating cholinergic signaling while FAAH catalyzes the inactivation of fatty acid signaling lipids including the endocannabinoid (eCB) N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and eCB-like metabolites (e.g., oleoylethanolamide, OEA). AEA and OEA are both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists that regulate numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. We used the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, which expresses AChE, FAAH and PPAR alpha and gamma subtypes, to evaluate the potential effects of CPO on PPAR-related gene expression in an in vitro human cell system. CPO elicited relatively similar concentration-dependent inhibition of both AChE and FAAH. Marked concentration- and time-dependent changes in the expression of four selected PPAR-related genes, LXRα, ACOX1, ABCG2 and AGPAT2, were noted. These findings suggest chlorpyrifos may influence lipid metabolism through blocking the degradation of eCBs or eCB-like metabolites and in turn affecting PPAR receptor activation. The results highlight the potential for non-cholinesterase actions of this common insecticide metabolite through disruption of PPAR signaling including effects on lipid metabolism, immune function and inflammation.
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Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Roy P, Tyagi RK, Singh D, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Singh SP. Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:149-177. [PMID: 34027568 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants widely used all over the world. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic and often cause detrimental health effects because of their long shelf life and bioaccumulation in the adipose tissues of primates. OCP exposure to humans occurs through skin, inhalation and contaminated foods including milk and dairy products, whereas developing fetus and neonates are exposed through placental transfer and lactation, respectively. In 1960s, OCPs were banned in most developed countries, but because they are cheap and easily available, they are still widely used in most third world countries. The overuse or misuse of OCPs has been rising continuously which pose threats to environmental and human health. This review reports the comparative occurrence of OCPs in human and bovine milk samples around the globe and portrays the negative impacts encountered through the long history of OCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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7
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Persistent proteomic changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in the amygdala of adolescent rats exposed to chlorpyrifos as juveniles. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:234-244. [PMID: 34058248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) remains one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) despite the concerns about its developmental neurotoxicity. Developmental exposure to CPF has long-lasting negative impacts, including abnormal emotional behaviors. These negative impacts are observed at exposure levels do not cause inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the canonical target of OPs. Exposure to CPF at these levels inhibits the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) but it is not clear what the persistent effects of this inhibition are. To investigate this, male rat pups were exposed orally to either corn oil, 0.75 mg/kg CPF, or 0.02 mg/kg PF-04457845 (PF; a specific inhibitor of FAAH) daily from postnatal day 10 (PND10) - PND16. This dosage of CPF does not inhibit brain cholinesterase activity but inhibits FAAH activity. On PND38 (adolescence), the protein expression in the amygdala was determined using a label-free shotgun proteomic approach. The analysis of control vs CPF and control vs PF led to the identification of 44 and 142 differentially regulated proteins, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that most of the proteins with altered expression in both CPF and PF treatment groups were localized in the synapse-related regions, such as presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic density, and synaptic vesicle. The different biological processes affected by both treatment groups included persistent synaptic potentiation, glutamate receptor signaling, protein phosphorylation, and chemical synaptic transmission. These results also indicated disturbances in the balance between glutamatergic (↓ Glutamate AMPA receptor 2, ↓ Excitatory amino acid transporter 2, and ↑ vesicular glutamate transporter 2) and GABAergic signaling (↑ GABA transporter 3 and ↑ glutamate decarboxylase 2). This imbalance could play a role in the abnormal emotional behavior that we have previously reported. These results suggest that there is a similar pattern of expression between CPF and PF, and both these chemicals can persistently alter emotional behavior as a consequence of inhibition of FAAH.
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8
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Dolui AK, Vijayaraj P. Functional Omics Identifies Serine Hydrolases That Mobilize Storage Lipids during Rice Seed Germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:693-708. [PMID: 32817194 PMCID: PMC7536657 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating proteolipidome dynamics is crucial for understanding the roles of these molecules in plant physiology and disease. Sequence-based functional annotation of the protein is inadequate, since protein activities depend on posttranslational modification. In this study, we applied a gel-free activity-based protein profiling approach to unravel the active lipases, including other Serine hydrolases (SHs), expressed during seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa). We successfully mapped the active sites of 43 active SHs encompassing lipases/esterases, GDSL lipases, proteases, Ser carboxypeptidases, ABHD protein, pectin acetylesterase, and other SHs. The mRNA expression levels of those genes encoding the identified SHs were monitored using microarray analysis. The lipidome analysis revealed distinct patterns of molecular species distribution in individual lipid classes and displayed the metabolic connections between lipid mobilization and rice seedling growth. Changes in the mobilization of storage lipids and their molecular species remodeling were correlated with the expression of the identified lipases and their lipase activity in a time-dependent manner. The physiological significance of the identified SHs was explored during biotic stress with Fusarium verticillioides infection. The fungal infection significantly reduced lipase activity and lipid mobilization, thus impairing the rice seedling. Collectively, our data demonstrate application of the functional proteome strategy along with the shotgun lipidome approach for the identification of active SHs, and thus for deciphering the role of lipid homeostasis during rice seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Kumar Dolui
- Lipid and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Panneerselvam Vijayaraj
- Lipid and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Lipid Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Dolui AK, Vijayakumar AK, Rajasekharan R, Vijayaraj P. Activity-based protein profiling of rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran serine hydrolases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15191. [PMID: 32938958 PMCID: PMC7494864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran is an underutilized agricultural by-product with economic importance. The unique phytochemicals and fatty acid compositions of bran have been targeted for nutraceutical development. The endogenous lipases and hydrolases are responsible for the rapid deterioration of rice bran. Hence, we attempted to provide the first comprehensive profiling of active serine hydrolases (SHs) present in rice bran proteome by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) strategy. The active site-directed fluorophosphonate probe (rhodamine and biotin-conjugated) was used for the detection and identification of active SHs. ABPP revealed 55 uncharacterized active-SHs and are representing five different known enzyme families. Based on motif and domain analyses, one of the uncharacterized and miss annotated SHs (Os12Ssp, storage protein) was selected for biochemical characterization by overexpressing in yeast. The purified recombinant protein authenticated the serine protease activity in time and protein-dependent studies. Os12Ssp exhibited the maximum activity at a pH between 7.0 and 8.0. The protease activity was inhibited by the covalent serine protease inhibitor, which suggests that the ABPP approach is indeed reliable than the sequence-based annotations. Collectively, the comprehensive knowledge generated from this study would be useful in expanding the current understanding of rice bran SHs and paves the way for better utilization/stabilization of rice bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Kumar Dolui
- Lipid and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Arun Kumar Vijayakumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Resource Centre Lucknow, Lucknow, 226018, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Lipid and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Panneerselvam Vijayaraj
- Lipid and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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10
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Glaros T, Dhummakupt ES, Rizzo GM, McBride E, Carmany DO, Wright LKM, Forster JS, Renner JA, Moretz RW, Dorsey R, Marten MR, Huso W, Doan A, Dorsey CD, Phillips C, Benton B, Mach PM. Discovery of treatment for nerve agents targeting a new metabolic pathway. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3249-3264. [PMID: 32720192 PMCID: PMC7415758 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is regarded as the primary toxic mechanism of action for chemical warfare agents. Recently, there have been numerous reports suggesting that metabolic processes could significantly contribute to toxicity. As such, we applied a multi-omics pipeline to generate a detailed cascade of molecular events temporally occurring in guinea pigs exposed to VX. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling resulted in the identification of several enzymes and metabolic precursors involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. All lines of experimental evidence indicated that there was a blockade of the TCA cycle at isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, which converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. Using a primary beating cardiomyocyte cell model, we were able to determine that the supplementation of α-ketoglutarate subsequently rescued cells from the acute effects of VX poisoning. This study highlights the broad impacts that VX has and how understanding these mechanisms could result in new therapeutics such as α-ketoglutarate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Directorate, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Building E3150, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA.
- BioSciences Division, B11 Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, SM30, Mailstop E529, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Dhummakupt
- Research and Technology Directorate, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Building E3150, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Rizzo
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Ethan McBride
- Research and Technology Directorate, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Building E3150, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, NRC Research Associateship Programs, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Daniel O Carmany
- Excet, Inc., 6225 Brandon Ave, Suite 360, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Linnzi K M Wright
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Jeffry S Forster
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Julie A Renner
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Ruth W Moretz
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Russell Dorsey
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Mark R Marten
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Engineering Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walker Huso
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Engineering Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Doan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Engineering Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carrie D Dorsey
- Kirk U.S. Army Health Clinic, 6455 Machine Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21005, USA
| | - Christopher Phillips
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Bernard Benton
- Research and Technology Directorate, Toxicology and Obscurants Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Phillip M Mach
- Research and Technology Directorate, BioSciences Division, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Building E3150, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, 21010, USA.
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11
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Steiger AK, Fansler SJ, Whidbey C, Miller CJ, Wright AT. Probe-enabled approaches for function-dependent cell sorting and characterization of microbiome subpopulations. Methods Enzymol 2020; 638:89-107. [PMID: 32416923 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the roles that individual species or communities play within a microbiome is a significant challenge. The complexity and heterogeneity of microbiomes presents a challenge to researchers looking to unravel the function that microbiomes serve within larger environments. While identification of the species and proteins present in a microbiome can be accomplished through genomics approaches, strategies that report on enzyme activity are limited. In this chapter, we describe the application of small molecule chemical probes in the isolation and subsequent characterization of microbiome subpopulations based on enzymatic function. We will cover protocols for labeling microbes with appropriate probes, microbiome sample preparation, and using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate subpopulations based on function. We hope that the strategies outlined here will serve as a resource for researchers studying the functional role that microbiomes play in the gut and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steiger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Sarah J Fansler
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Christopher Whidbey
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Carson J Miller
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States; The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States.
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12
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Silva MH. Effects of low‐dose chlorpyrifos on neurobehavior and potential mechanisms: A review of studies in rodents, zebrafish, and
Caenorhabditis elegans. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:445-479. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn H. Silva
- Retired from a career in regulatory toxicology and risk assessment
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13
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Betori RC, Liu Y, Mishra RK, Cohen SB, Kron SJ, Scheidt KA. Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Telomerase. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:706-717. [PMID: 32017522 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonuceloprotein complex responsible for maintaining telomeres and protecting chromosomal integrity. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is expressed in ∼90% of cancer cells where it confers the capacity for limitless proliferation. Along with its established role in telomere lengthening, telomerase also serves noncanonical extra-telomeric roles in oncogenic signaling, resistance to apoptosis, and enhanced DNA damage response. We report a new class of natural-product-inspired covalent inhibitors of telomerase that target the catalytic active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick C. Betori
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Liu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rama K. Mishra
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott B. Cohen
- Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kron
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Carr RL, Alugubelly N, de Leon K, Loyant L, Mohammed AN, Patterson ME, Ross MK, Rowbotham NE. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase by chlorpyrifos in juvenile rats results in altered exploratory and social behavior as adolescents. Neurotoxicology 2020; 77:127-136. [PMID: 31931040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) is suspected to cause developmental neurotoxicity in children leading to long term effects. Developmental exposure of rat pups to CPF at low levels disrupts degradation of the brain endocannabinoids through the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and decreases the reactivity of juvenile rats in an emergence test. In this study, we further investigated the effects of developmental CPF exposure on behavior but also included exposure to PF-04457845, a specific inhibitor of FAAH, for comparison of behavior altered by FAAH inhibition with behavior altered by CPF. Ten day old rat pups were exposed orally either to 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg/kg CPF or 0.02 mg/kg PF-04457845 daily for 7 days. In an open field (day 23), the high CPF and PF-04457845 groups exhibited increased motor activity but no differences in the time spent in the field's center. In an elevated plus maze (day 29), all treatment groups had increased open arm activity but ethological behaviors associated with anxiety were not altered. Behaviors in the maze associated with increased general activity and exploratory drive were increased. Social interactions (day 36) were measured and all treatment groups exhibited increased levels of play behavior. The similarities in behavior between PF-04457845 and CPF suggest that enhanced endocannabinoid signaling during the exposure period plays a role in the persistent alteration of behavior observed following developmental CPF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
| | - Navatha Alugubelly
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Kathryne de Leon
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Louise Loyant
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Afzaal N Mohammed
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Patterson
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Nicole E Rowbotham
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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15
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Lin VS, Volk RF, DeLeon AJ, Anderson LN, Purvine SO, Shukla AK, Bernstein HC, Smith JN, Wright AT. Structure Dependent Determination of Organophosphate Targets in Mammalian Tissues Using Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:414-425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian S. Lin
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Regan F. Volk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Adrian J. DeLeon
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Anderson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Samuel O. Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Anil K. Shukla
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Hans C. Bernstein
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Jordan N. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Aaron T. Wright
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
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16
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Ge X, Zhou P, Zhang Q, Xia Z, Chen S, Gao P, Zhang Z, Gu L, Guo S. Palladium Single Atoms on TiO
2
as a Photocatalytic Sensing Platform for Analyzing the Organophosphorus Pesticide Chlorpyrifos. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter and Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhonghong Xia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter and Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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17
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Ge X, Zhou P, Zhang Q, Xia Z, Chen S, Gao P, Zhang Z, Gu L, Guo S. Palladium Single Atoms on TiO
2
as a Photocatalytic Sensing Platform for Analyzing the Organophosphorus Pesticide Chlorpyrifos. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:232-236. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter and Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhonghong Xia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter and Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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18
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Leung MCK, Meyer JN. Mitochondria as a target of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: Revisiting common mechanisms of action with new approach methodologies. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:83-92. [PMID: 31315019 PMCID: PMC6766410 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity has been proposed as a potential cause of developmental defects in humans. We evaluated 51 organophosphate and carbamate pesticides using the U.S. EPA ToxCast and Tox21 databases. Only a small number of them bind directly to cholinesterases in the parent form. The hydrophobicity of organophosphate pesticides is correlated significantly to TSPO binding affinity, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in HepG2 cells, and developmental toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio (p < 0.05). Structural analysis suggests that in some cases the Krebs cycle is a potential target of organophosphate and carbamate exposure at early life stages. The results support the hypothesis that mitochondrial effects of some organophosphate pesticides-particularly those that require enzymatic activation to the oxon form-may augment the documented effects of disruption of acetylcholine signaling. This study provides a proof of concept for applying new approach methodologies to interrogate mechanisms of action for cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Lu C, Hu L, Zhao B, Yao Y. Addition of Thiols to Isocyanates Catalyzed by Simple Rare-Earth-Metal Amides: Synthesis of S-Alkyl Thiocarbamates and Dithiocarbamates. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Leung MCK, Silva MH, Palumbo AJ, Lohstroh PN, Koshlukova SE, DuTeaux SB. Adverse outcome pathway of developmental neurotoxicity resulting from prenatal exposures to cannabis contaminated with organophosphate pesticide residues. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 85:12-18. [PMID: 30668982 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that increased use of medical and recreational cannabis may result in increased exposure to contaminants on the cannabis, such as pesticides. Several states are moving towards implementing robust regulation of the sales, cultivation, and manufacture of cannabis products. However, there are challenges with creating health-protective regulations in an industry that, to date, has been largely unregulated. The focus of this publication is a theoretical examination of what may happen when women are exposed pre-conceptually or during pregnancy to cannabis contaminated with pesticides. We propose an adverse outcome pathway of concomitant prenatal exposure to cannabinoids and the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos by curating what we consider to be the key events at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels that result in developmental neurotoxicity. The implications of this adverse outcome pathway underscore the need to elucidate the potential developmental neurotoxicity that may result from prenatal exposure to pesticide-contaminated cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States.
| | - Marilyn H Silva
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Amanda J Palumbo
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Peter N Lohstroh
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Svetlana E Koshlukova
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
| | - Shelley B DuTeaux
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95812, United States
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21
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Liu H, Zhou H, Du H, Xiao Q, Pistolozzi M. Kinetically-controlled mechanism-based isolation of metabolic serine hydrolases in active form from complex proteomes: butyrylcholinesterase as a case study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38505-38519. [PMID: 35540231 PMCID: PMC9075836 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07583f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work an activity-based probe containing a carbamate group was designed to isolate human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE), a metabolic serine hydrolase (mSH), from complex proteomes. The method took advantage of the native interaction mechanism of mSHs with carbamate pseudo-substrates for temporarily capturing the enzyme on a resin functionalized with the carbamate probe and releasing the enzyme in active form after removal of the contaminating proteins. The isolation relied on the possibility of manipulating the carbamylation and decarbamylation kinetics favoring the former during the capture and wash steps and the latter in the release step. The designed probe captured and released all the active hBChE isoenzymes present in plasma with high selectivity (up to ∼2000-fold purification) and reasonable yields (17% to 36%). The parameters affecting the performance were the incubation time used in the load and elution steps, the plasma to resin volumetric ratio, the elution temperature and the nature and concentration of the eluting agent. The carbamate resin could be prepared either by coupling a fully synthesized probe with an activated resin or by building the probe onto the resin by a step-by-step procedure, without major differences in performance between the two routes. The prepared resins allowed to process up to about 8.5 mL of plasma per g of resin with constant performance. Since the method was based on the general catalytic cycle of mSHs, we expect this approach to be applicable to other enzymes of the family, by selecting a suitable target-selective feature to link to the carbamate group. The modulation of the equilibrium between carbamylation and decarbamylation kinetics is used to isolate a model metabolic serine hydrolase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqiao Du
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Xiao
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Marco Pistolozzi
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Higher Education Mega Center
- Guangzhou
- People's Republic of China
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22
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Sardarian AR, Dindarloo Inaloo I, Zangiabadi M. An Fe3O4@SiO2/Schiff base/Cu(ii) complex as an efficient recyclable magnetic nanocatalyst for selective mono N-arylation of primary O-alkyl thiocarbamates and primary O-alkyl carbamates with aryl halides and arylboronic acids. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient selective mono N-arylation of primary O-alkyl thiocarbamates and carbamates is reported by a recyclable magnetic Cu(ii) nanocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Sardarian
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946-84795
- Iran
| | | | - Milad Zangiabadi
- Chemistry Department
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946-84795
- Iran
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23
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Chang YC, Ge X, Wang LJ, Lee SS, Paulsen MH, Khan QM, Khalid ZM, Bhalli JA, Waheed U, Simpson CD, Du D, Li L, Lin Y. An ultra low-cost smartphone device for in-situ monitoring of acute organophosphorus poisoning for agricultural workers. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 275:300-305. [PMID: 37576435 PMCID: PMC10422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an ultra-low-cost smartphone device for in situ quantification of OP poisoning severity. The performance of the lens-less smartphone spectrum apparatus (LeSSA) is evaluated using standard human Interleukin-6 (IL-6) immunoassay kits. Upon dose-response curve fitting, LeSSA demonstrates an accuracy of 99.5%. The limit of detection (LOD) of LeSSA was evaluated through comparison of 6.4 pg/ml with standard laboratory grade UV-vis spectrophotometer at 5.5 pg/ml. Evaluating the capacity of LeSSA in spike solution by combining plasma cholinesterase (PChE) and human plasma shows consistency at agreement of 97.6% between LeSSA and the laboratory instrument. For application demonstration, the activity of PChE for 24 agricultural workers' plasma samples was measured with LeSSA, showing exceptional agreement (r2 = 0.92) with the laboratory instrument reference. In addition to near laboratory grade accuracy, the total manufacturing cost of LeSSA is only $20 USD highlighting it's affordability. With LeSSA, clinicians can evaluate OP poisoning severity without the need to transport patient samples to facilities at far distances. Utilizing LeSSA, immediate results can be used for administration of appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chung Chang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Li-Ju Wang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Stephen Sauchi Lee
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Michael H. Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qaiser M. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zafar M. Khalid
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed A. Bhalli
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Christopher D. Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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24
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Inaloo ID, Majnooni S. Eco-Efficient Ultrasonic-Responsive Synthesis of PrimaryO-Alkyl andO-Aryl Thiocarbamates Using Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid [H-NMP][HSO4] in Aqueous Media at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Dindarloo Inaloo
- Chemistry Department; College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71946 84795 Iran
| | - Sahar Majnooni
- Chemistry Department; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
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25
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In Vitro Evaluation of Serine Hydrolase Inhibitors. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/7653_2018_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Smith JN, Tyrrell KJ, Hansen JR, Thomas DG, Murphree TA, Shukla A, Luders T, Madden JM, Li Y, Wright AT, Piehowski PD. Plasma Protein Turnover Rates in Rats Using Stable Isotope Labeling, Global Proteomics, and Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13559-13566. [PMID: 29164873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein turnover is important for general health on cellular and organism scales providing a strategy to replace old, damaged, or dysfunctional proteins. Protein turnover also informs of biomarker kinetics, as a better understanding of synthesis and degradation of proteins increases the clinical utility of biomarkers. Here, turnover rates of plasma proteins in rats were measured in vivo using a pulse-chase stable isotope labeling experiment. During the pulse, rats (n = 5) were fed 13C6-labeled lysine ("heavy") feed for 23 days to label proteins. During the chase, feed was changed to an unlabeled equivalent feed ("light"), and blood was repeatedly sampled from rats over 10 time points for 28 days. Plasma samples were digested with trypsin and analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MaxQuant was used to identify peptides and proteins and quantify heavy/light lysine ratios. A system of ordinary differential equations was used to calculate protein turnover rates. Using this approach, 273 proteins were identified, and turnover rates were quantified for 157 plasma proteins with half-lives ranging 0.3-103 days. For the ∼70 most abundant proteins, variability in turnover rates among rats was low (median coefficient of variation: 0.09). Activity-based protein profiling was applied to pooled plasma samples to enrich serine hydrolases using a fluorophosphonate (FP2) activity-based probe. This enrichment resulted in turnover rates for an additional 17 proteins. This study is the first to measure global plasma protein turnover rates in rats in vivo, measure variability of protein turnover rates in any animal model, and utilize activity-based protein profiling for enhancing turnover measurements of targeted, low-abundant proteins, such as those commonly used as biomarkers. Measured protein turnover rates will be important for understanding of the role of protein turnover in cellular and organism health as well as increasing the utility of protein biomarkers through better understanding of processes governing biomarker kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ned Smith
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kimberly J Tyrrell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Joshua R Hansen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Anil Shukla
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Teresa Luders
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - James M Madden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yunying Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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27
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Abstract
Originally, organophosphorus (OP) toxicology consisted of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by insecticides and chemical threat agents acting as phosphorylating agents for serine in the catalytic triad, but this is no longer the case. Other serine hydrolases can be secondary OP targets, depending on the OP structure, and include neuropathy target esterase, lipases, and endocannabinoid hydrolases. The major OP herbicides are glyphosate and glufosinate, which act in plants but not animals to block aromatic amino acid and glutamine biosynthesis, respectively, with safety for crops conferred by their expression of herbicide-tolerant targets and detoxifying enzymes from bacteria. OP fungicides, pharmaceuticals including calcium retention agents, industrial chemicals, and cytochrome P450 inhibitors act by multiple noncholinergic mechanisms, often with high potency and specificity. One type of OP-containing fire retardant forms a highly toxic bicyclophosphate γ-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist upon combustion. Some OPs are teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic by known mechanisms that can be avoided as researchers expand knowledge of OP chemistry and toxicology for future developments in bioregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112;
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28
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Patel S. A critical review on serine protease: Key immune manipulator and pathology mediator. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:579-591. [PMID: 28236540 PMCID: PMC7126602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is fundamental to survival, so it is not surprising that all living organisms have proteases, especially seine protease. This enzyme in its numerous isoforms and homologues, constitutes the quintessential offence and defence factors, in the form of surface proteins, secreted molecules, gut digestive enzymes, venom in specialised glands or plant latex, among other manifestations. Occurring as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, thrombin, subtilisin etc., it mediates a diverse array of functions, including pathological roles as inflammatory, coagulatory to haemorrhagic. This review emphasizes that despite the superficial differences in mechanisms, most health issues, be they infectious, allergic, metabolic, or neural have a common conduit. This enzyme, in its various glycosylated forms leads to signal misinterpretations, wreaking havoc. However, organisms are endowed with serine protease inhibitors which might restrain this ubiquitous yet deleterious enzyme. Hence, serine proteases-driven pathogenesis and antagonising role of inhibitors is the focal point of this critical review.
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29
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Buntyn RW, Alugubelly N, Hybart RL, Mohammed AN, Nail CA, Parker GC, Ross MK, Carr RL. Inhibition of Endocannabinoid-Metabolizing Enzymes in Peripheral Tissues Following Developmental Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:395-402. [PMID: 28820005 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817725272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Repeated developmental exposure to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) inhibits brain fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity at low levels, whereas at higher levels, it inhibits brain monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity. FAAH and MAGL hydrolyze the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), respectively. Peripherally, AEA and 2-AG have physiological roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and immune function, and altering the normal levels of these lipid mediators can negatively affect these processes. Exposure to CPF alters brain endocannabinoid hydrolysis activity, but it is unclear whether low-level exposure alters this activity in peripheral tissues important in metabolic and immune function. Therefore, rat pups were exposed orally from day 10 to 16 to 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg/kg CPF or 0.02 mg/kg PF-04457845 (a specific FAAH inhibitor). At 12 hours postexposure, FAAH, MAGL, and cholinesterase (ChE) activities were determined. All treatments inhibited FAAH activity in brain, spleen, and liver. CPF inhibited ChE activity in spleen and liver (all dosages) and in brain (highest dosage only). CPF inhibited total 2-AG hydrolysis and MAGL-specific activity in brain and spleen (high dosage only). In liver, total 2-AG hydrolysis was inhibited by all treatments and could be attributed to inhibition of non-MAGL-mediated 2-AG hydrolysis, indicating involvement of other enzymes. MAGL-specific activity in liver was inhibited only by the high CPF dosage, whereas PF-04457845 slightly increased this activity. Overall, exposure to low levels of CPF and to PF-04457845 can alter endocannabinoid metabolism in peripheral tissues, thus potentially affecting physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Buntyn
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Navatha Alugubelly
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Rachel L Hybart
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Afzaal N Mohammed
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Carole A Nail
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Greta C Parker
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Matthew K Ross
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Russell L Carr
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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Masson P, Nachon F. Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:26-40. [PMID: 28542985 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing a major cholinergic syndrome. The medical counter-measures of OP poisoning have not evolved for the last 30 years with carbamates for pretreatment, pyridinium oximes-based AChE reactivators, antimuscarinic drugs and neuroprotective benzodiazepines for post-exposure treatment. These drugs ensure protection of peripheral nervous system and mitigate acute effects of OP lethal doses. However, they have significant limitations. Pyridostigmine and oximes do not protect/reactivate central AChE. Oximes poorly reactivate AChE inhibited by phosphoramidates. In addition, current neuroprotectants do not protect the central nervous system shortly after the onset of seizures when brain damage becomes irreversible. New therapeutic approaches for pre- and post-exposure treatments involve detoxification of OP molecules before they reach their molecular targets by administrating catalytic bioscavengers, among them phosphotriesterases are the most promising. Novel generation of broad spectrum reactivators are designed for crossing the blood-brain barrier and reactivate central AChE. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cédex, France
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Carmany D, Walz AJ, Hsu FL, Benton B, Burnett D, Gibbons J, Noort D, Glaros T, Sekowski JW. Activity Based Protein Profiling Leads to Identification of Novel Protein Targets for Nerve Agent VX. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1076-1084. [PMID: 28267914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents continue to be a threat at home and abroad during the war against terrorism. Human exposure to nerve agents such as VX results in a cascade of toxic effects relative to the exposure level including ocular miosis, excessive secretions, convulsions, seizures, and death. The primary mechanism behind these overt symptoms is the disruption of cholinergic pathways. While much is known about the primary toxicity mechanisms of nerve agents, there remains a paucity of information regarding impacts on other pathways and systemic effects. These are important for establishing a comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanisms of OP nerve agents. To identify novel proteins that interact with VX, and that may give insight into these other mechanisms, we used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) employing a novel VX-probe on lysates from rat heart, liver, kidney, diaphragm, and brain tissue. By making use of a biotin linked VX-probe, proteins covalently bound by the probe were isolated and enriched using streptavidin beads. The proteins were then digested, labeled with isobarically distinct tandem mass tag (TMT) labels, and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Quantitative analysis identified 132 bound proteins, with many proteins found in multiple tissues. As with previously published ABPP OP work, monoacylglycerol lipase associated proteins and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) were shown to be targets of VX. In addition to these two and other predicted neurotransmitter-related proteins, a number of proteins involved with energy metabolism were identified. Four of these enzymes, mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (IDH3), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and succinyl CoA (SCS) ligase, were assayed for VX inhibition. Only IDH2 NADP+ activity was shown to be inhibited directly. This result is consistent with other work reporting animals exposed to OP compounds exhibit reduced IDH activity. Though clearly a secondary mechanism for toxicity, this is the first time VX has been shown to directly interfere with energy metabolism. Taken together, the ABPP work described here suggests the discovery of novel protein-agent interactions, which could be useful for the development of novel diagnostics or potential adjuvant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Carmany
- Excet, Inc. , 6225 Brandon Avenue, Suite 360, Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Andrew J Walz
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Fu-Lian Hsu
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Bernard Benton
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - David Burnett
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Jennifer Gibbons
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Daan Noort
- TNO Defense, Security, and Safety, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Glaros
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Jennifer W Sekowski
- Research and Technology Division, US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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New insights on molecular interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with esterases. Toxicology 2017; 376:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Lipases and their inhibitors in health and disease. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Esterases hydrolyze phenyl valerate activity as targets of organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:358-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Masson P. Novel approaches in prophylaxis/pretreatment and treatment of organophosphorus poisoning. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1211652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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36
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Medina-Cleghorn D, Bateman LA, Ford B, Heslin A, Fisher KJ, Dalvie ED, Nomura DK. Mapping Proteome-Wide Targets of Environmental Chemicals Using Reactivity-Based Chemoproteomic Platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:1394-405. [PMID: 26496688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We are exposed to a growing number of chemicals in our environment, most of which have not been characterized in terms of their toxicological potential or mechanisms. Here, we employ a chemoproteomic platform to map the cysteine reactivity of environmental chemicals using reactivity-based probes to mine for hyper-reactive hotspots across the proteome. We show that environmental contaminants such as monomethylarsonous acid and widely used pesticides such as chlorothalonil and chloropicrin possess common reactivity with a distinct set of proteins. Many of these proteins are involved in key metabolic processes, suggesting that these targets may be particularly sensitive to environmental electrophiles. We show that the widely used fungicide chlorothalonil specifically inhibits several metabolic enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism and energetics, leading to dysregulated lipid metabolism in mice. Our results underscore the utility of using reactivity-based chemoproteomic platforms to uncover novel mechanistic insights into the toxicity of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leslie A Bateman
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Breanna Ford
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ann Heslin
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Karl J Fisher
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Esha D Dalvie
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Relationships of human α/β hydrolase fold proteins and other organophosphate-interacting proteins. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:343-351. [PMID: 27109753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are either found in nature or synthetized for use as pesticides, flame retardants, neurotoxic warfare agents or drugs (cholinergic enhancers in Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, or inhibitors of lipases in metabolic diseases). Because of the central role of acetylcholinesterase cholinergic neurotransmission in humans, one of the main purposes for using OPs is inactivation of the enzyme by phosphorylation of the nucleophilic serine residue in the active center. However, hundreds of serine hydrolases are expressed in the human proteome, and many of them are potential targets for OP adduction. In this review, we first situate the α/β hydrolase fold proteins among the distinctively folded proteins known to interact with OPs, in particular the different lipases, peptidases, and enzymes hydrolyzing OPs. Second, we compile the human α/β hydrolases and review those that have been experimentally shown to interact with OPs. Among the 120 human α/β hydrolase fold proteins, 102 have a serine in the consensus GXSXG pentapeptide compatible with an active site, 6 have an aspartate or a cysteine as the active site nucleophile residue, and 12 evidently lack an active site. 76 of the 120 have been experimentally shown to bind an OP.
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Mapping proteome-wide interactions of reactive chemicals using chemoproteomic platforms. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:68-76. [PMID: 26647369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of pharmaceuticals, endogenous metabolites, and environmental chemicals act through covalent mechanisms with protein targets. Yet, their specific interactions with the proteome still remain poorly defined for most of these reactive chemicals. Deciphering direct protein targets of reactive small-molecules is critical in understanding their biological action, off-target effects, potential toxicological liabilities, and development of safer and more selective agents. Chemoproteomic technologies have arisen as a powerful strategy that enable the assessment of proteome-wide interactions of these irreversible agents directly in complex biological systems. We review here several chemoproteomic strategies that have facilitated our understanding of specific protein interactions of irreversibly-acting pharmaceuticals, endogenous metabolites, and environmental electrophiles to reveal novel pharmacological, biological, and toxicological mechanisms.
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Decreased anxiety in juvenile rats following exposure to low levels of chlorpyrifos during development. Neurotoxicology 2015; 59:183-190. [PMID: 26642910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) during the late preweanling period in rats inhibits the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes fatty acid hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), resulting in accumulation of their respective substrates anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG). This occurs at 1.0mg/kg, but at a lower dosage (0.5mg/kg) only FAAH and AEA are affected with no measurable inhibition of either cholinesterase (ChE) or MAGL. The endocannabinoid system plays a vital role in nervous system development and may be an important developmental target for CPF. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the regulation of anxiety and, at higher dosages, developmental exposure to CPF alters anxiety-like behavior. However, it is not clear whether exposure to low dosages of CPF that do not inhibit ChE will cause any persistent effects on anxiety-like behavior. To determine if this occurs, 10-day old rat pups were exposed daily for 7 days to either corn oil or 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0mg/kg CPF by oral gavage. At 12h following the last CPF administration, 1.0mg/kg resulted in significant inhibition of FAAH, MAGL, and ChE, whereas 0.5 and 0.75mg/kg resulted in significant inhibition of only FAAH. AEA levels were significantly elevated in all three treatment groups as were palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, which are also substrates for FAAH. 2-AG levels were significantly elevated by 0.75 and 1.0mg/kg but not 0.5mg/kg. On day 25, the latency to emerge from a dark container into a highly illuminated novel open field was measured as an indicator of anxiety. All three CPF treatment groups spent significantly less time in the dark container prior to emerging as compared to the control group, suggesting a decreased level of anxiety. This demonstrates that repeated preweanling exposure to dosages of CPF that do not inhibit brain ChE can induce a decline in the level of anxiety that is detectable during the early postweanling period.
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Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model in ecotoxicological studies: A post-genomics perspective. J Proteomics 2015; 137:19-34. [PMID: 26365628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents a well-consolidated and widely used eukaryotic model, with a number of features that make it an ideal organism to carry out functional toxicological studies. Several advantages are permitted by the use of yeast cells, as the possibility to identify molecular biomarkers, unknown mechanisms of action and novel potential targets. Thanks to the evolutionary conservation, yeast can provide also useful clues allowing the prioritization of more complex analyses and toxicity predictions in higher eukaryotes. The last two decades were incredibly fruitful for yeast "omics", but referring to the analysis of the effects of pesticides on yeast much still remains to be done. Furthermore, a deeper knowledge of the effects of environmental pollutants on biotechnological processes associated with the use of yeasts is to be hoped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, via A. Moro 2, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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41
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Liu J, Parsons L, Pope C. Comparative effects of parathion and chlorpyrifos on endocannabinoid and endocannabinoid-like lipid metabolites in rat striatum. Neurotoxicology 2015. [PMID: 26215119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathion and chlorpyrifos are organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) that elicit acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The endocannabinoids (eCBs, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA; 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2AG) are endogenous neuromodulators that regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release in neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. While substantial information is known about the eCBs, less is known about a number of endocannabinoid-like metabolites (eCBLs, e.g., N-palmitoylethanolamine, PEA; N-oleoylethanolamine, OEA). We report the comparative effects of parathion and chlorpyrifos on AChE and enzymes responsible for inactivation of the eCBs, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and changes in the eCBs AEA and 2AG and eCBLs PEA and OEA, in rat striatum. Adult, male rats were treated with vehicle (peanut oil, 2 ml/kg, sc), parathion (27 mg/kg) or chlorpyrifos (280 mg/kg) 6-7 days after surgical implantation of microdialysis cannulae into the right striatum, followed by microdialysis two or four days later. Additional rats were similarly treated and sacrificed for evaluation of tissue levels of eCBs and eCBLs. Dialysates and tissue extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. AChE and FAAH were extensively inhibited at both time-points (85-96%), while MAGL activity was significantly but lesser affected (37-62% inhibition) by parathion and chlorpyrifos. Signs of toxicity were noted only in parathion-treated rats. In general, chlorpyrifos increased eCB levels while parathion had no or lesser effects. Early changes in extracellular AEA, 2AG and PEA levels were significantly different between parathion and chlorpyrifos exposures. Differential changes in extracellular and/or tissue levels of eCBs and eCBLs could potentially influence a number of signaling pathways and contribute to selective neurological changes following acute OP intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Loren Parsons
- Committee on Neurobiology of Affective Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carey Pope
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.
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Khamarui S, Maiti R, Mondal RR, Maiti DK. Reactant cum solvent water: generation of transient λ3-hypervalent iodine, its reactivity, mechanism and broad application. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated a benign strategy for amides, imides and their chiral analogues using water as a source of carbonyl oxygen and medium. DFT-MIR studies and controlled experiments established the mechanism involving PhI(OH)2-bearing intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Khamarui
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- University College of Science
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Rituparna Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- University College of Science
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Ramij R. Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- University College of Science
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Dilip K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calcutta
- University College of Science
- Kolkata-700009
- India
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The cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 increases paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon toxicity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2014; 46:12-8. [PMID: 25447325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus anticholinesterases (OPs) elicit acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to acetylcholine accumulation and overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. Endocannabinoids (eCBs, e.g., arachidonoyl ethanolamide [AEA] and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol [2-AG]) are neuromodulators that regulate neurotransmission by reducing neurotransmitter release. The eCBs are degraded by the enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, primarily involved in hydrolysis of AEA) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL, primarily responsible for metabolism of 2-AG). We previously reported that the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 reduced cholinergic toxicity after paraoxon exposure. This study compared the effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 on acute toxicity following either paraoxon (PO) or chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO). CPO was more potent in vitro than PO at inhibiting AChE (≈ 2 fold), FAAH (≈ 8 fold), and MAGL (≈ 19 fold). Rats were treated with vehicle, PO (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, sc) or CPO (6 and 12 mg/kg, sc) and subsets treated with AM251 (3mg/kg, ip; 30 min after OP). Signs of toxicity were recorded for 4h and rats were then sacrificed. OP-treated rats showed dose-related involuntary movements, with AM251 increasing signs of toxicity with the lower dosages. PO and CPO elicited excessive secretions, but AM251 had no apparent effect with either OP. Lethality was increased by AM251 with the higher dosage of PO, but no lethality was noted with either dosage of CPO, with or without AM251. Both OPs caused extensive inhibition of hippocampal AChE and FAAH (>80-90%), but only CPO inhibited MAGL (37-50%). These results provide further evidence that eCB signaling can influence acute OP toxicity. The selective in vivo inhibition of MAGL by CPO may be important in the differential lethality noted between PO and CPO with AM251 co-administration.
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Mathieu C, Duval R, Xu X, Rodrigues-Lima F, Dupret JM. Effects of pesticide chemicals on the activity of metabolic enzymes: focus on thiocarbamates. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:81-94. [PMID: 25391334 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.975691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thiocarbamates are chemicals widely used as pesticides. Occupational exposure is associated with acute intoxication. Populations can be exposed through food and water. Moreover, certain thiocarbamates are used clinically. The widespread use of thiocarbamates raises many issues regarding their toxicological and pharmacological impact. AREAS COVERED Thiocarbamates and their metabolites can modify biological macromolecules functions, in particular enzymes, through modification of cysteine residues, chelation of metal ions or modulation of the oxidative stress. Loss of enzyme activity can lead to the disruption of metabolic pathways, and explain, at least in part, the effects of these pesticides. Additionally, their reactivity and ability to easily cross biological barrier confer them a great interest for development of clinical applications. EXPERT OPINION Many advances in the study of thiocarbamates metabolism and reactivity have led to a better knowledge of biological effects of these compounds. However, more data are needed on the determination of targets and specificity. Only few data concerning the exposure to a cocktail of pesticides/chemicals are available, raising the need to evaluate the toxic side effects of representative pesticides mixtures. Moreover, the dithiocarbamate Disulfiram has shown great potential in therapeutic applications and leads to the development of pharmacological thiocarbamates derivatives, highly specific to their target and easily distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Mathieu
- Paris Diderot University, Life Sciences , Paris , France
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45
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Jorsaraei SGA, Maliji G, Azadmehr A, Moghadamnia AA, Faraji AA. Immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl in vivo and in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:838-844. [PMID: 25461543 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbaryl is a pesticide for controlling pests in agricultural industry. To determine of immunotoxicity effects of carbaryl, rats were exposure with carbaryl for 28 days. The lymphoid organ weight, lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines level were measured, respectively. Exposure with carbaryl significantly reduced both thymus and spleen weight and also suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. In addition, carbaryl significantly decreased IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α and also increased IL-4, IL-10 cytokines. These findings suggest that exposure to carbaryl can induce immunotoxicity effects on lymphoid organ weight, suppresses the functions of lymphocyte and macrophage, Th2 polarization in Th1/Th2 balance by reducing of IFN-γ and increasing of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. Therefore, carbaryl can contribute to the development of allergic, autoimmune, cancer or infection diseases through immunotoxicity effects and unbalancing of Th1/Th2 immune response however, further study is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghorban Maliji
- Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abbas Azadmehr
- Department of Immunology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Faraji
- Medical School, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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46
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Ito Y, Tomizawa M, Suzuki H, Okamura A, Ohtani K, Nunome M, Noro Y, Wang D, Nakajima T, Kamijima M. Fenitrothion action at the endocannabinoid system leading to spermatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:331-337. [PMID: 24998969 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds as anticholinesterase agents may secondarily act on diverse serine hydrolase targets, revealing unfavorable physiological effects including male reproductive toxicity. The present investigation proposes that fenitrothion (FNT, a major OP compound) acts on the endocannabinoid signaling system in male reproductive organs, thereby leading to spermatotoxicity (sperm deformity, underdevelopment, and reduced motility) in rats. FNT oxon (bioactive metabolite of FNT) preferentially inhibited the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) hydrolase, in the rat cellular membrane preparation from the testis in vitro. Subsequently, male Wistar rats were treated orally with 5 or 10mg/kg FNT for 9 weeks and the subchronic exposure unambiguously deteriorated sperm motility and morphology. The activity-based protein profiling analysis with a phosphonofluoridate fluorescent probe revealed that FAAH was selectively inhibited among the FNT-treated cellular membrane proteome in testis. Intriguingly, testicular AEA (endogenous substrate of FAAH) levels were elevated along with the FAAH inhibition caused by the subchronic exposure. More importantly, linear regression analyses for the FNT-elicited spermatotoxicity reveal a good correlation between the testicular FAAH activity and morphological indices or sperm motility. Accordingly, the present study proposes that the FNT-elicited spermatotoxicity appears to be related to inhibition of FAAH leading to overstimulation of the endocannabinoid signaling system, which plays crucial roles in spermatogenesis and sperm motility acquirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Tomizawa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Himiko Suzuki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ai Okamura
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ohtani
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kanagawa 214-8585, Japan
| | - Mari Nunome
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Noro
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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47
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Inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α with carbamate structure: synthesis, biological activity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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48
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Morris PJ, Medina-Cleghorn D, Heslin A, King SM, Orr J, Mulvihill MM, Krauss RM, Nomura DK. Organophosphorus flame retardants inhibit specific liver carboxylesterases and cause serum hypertriglyceridemia. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1097-103. [PMID: 24597639 PMCID: PMC4027947 DOI: 10.1021/cb500014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are prevalently exposed to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) contained in consumer products and electronics, though their toxicological effects and mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show here that OPFRs inhibit specific liver carboxylesterases (Ces) and cause altered hepatic lipid metabolism. Ablation of the OPFR target Ces1g has been previously linked to dyslipidemia in mice. Consistent with OPFR inhibition of Ces1g, we also observe OPFR-induced serum hypertriglyceridemia in mice. Our findings suggest novel toxicities that may arise from OPFR exposure and highlight the utility of chemoproteomic and metabolomic platforms in the toxicological characterization of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Morris
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ann Heslin
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sarah M. King
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, United States
| | - Joseph Orr
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, United States
| | - Melinda M. Mulvihill
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, United States
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Medina-Cleghorn D, Heslin A, Morris PJ, Mulvihill MM, Nomura DK. Multidimensional profiling platforms reveal metabolic dysregulation caused by organophosphorus pesticides. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:423-32. [PMID: 24205821 DOI: 10.1021/cb400796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We are environmentally exposed to countless synthetic chemicals on a daily basis, with an increasing number of these chemical exposures linked to adverse health effects. However, our understanding of the (patho)physiological effects of these chemicals remains poorly understood, due in part to a general lack of effort to systematically and comprehensively identify the direct interactions of environmental chemicals with biological macromolecules in mammalian systems in vivo. Here, we have used functional chemoproteomic and metabolomic platforms to broadly identify direct enzyme targets that are inhibited by widely used organophosphorus (OP) pesticides in vivo in mice and to determine metabolic alterations that are caused by these chemicals. We find that these pesticides directly inhibit over 20 serine hydrolases in vivo leading to widespread disruptions in lipid metabolism. Through identifying direct biological targets of OP pesticides, we show heretofore unrecognized modes of toxicity that may be associated with these agents and underscore the utility of using multidimensional profiling approaches to obtain a more complete understanding of toxicities associated with environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department
of Nutritional
Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ann Heslin
- Department
of Nutritional
Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Patrick J. Morris
- Department
of Nutritional
Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melinda M. Mulvihill
- Department
of Nutritional
Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department
of Nutritional
Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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50
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Organophosphate agents induce plasma hypertriglyceridemia in mouse via single or dual inhibition of the endocannabinoid hydrolyzing enzyme(s). Toxicol Lett 2014; 225:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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