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Aslani S, Armstrong DW. High Information Spectroscopic Detection Techniques for Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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2
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Lehotay SJ, Lightfield AR. Comparison of four different multiclass, multiresidue sample preparation methods in the analysis of veterinary drugs in fish and other food matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3223-3241. [PMID: 33713145 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, AOAC International issued Standard Method Performance Requirements (SPMR) 2018.010 - Screening and Identification Method for Regulated Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. In response, we compared 4 different multiresidue methods of sample preparation using the same analytical method entailing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Tilapia was chosen for testing, and the analytes and monitoring levels were from SPMR 2018.010. The methods consist of efficient procedures with published validation results from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and an enhanced-matrix removal (EMR)-Lipid protocol from China. Each method was used to prepare 102 final extracts of tilapia spiked or not at different levels with the 78 targeted analytes plus metabolites. The same FDA/USDA rules of mass spectral identification were employed in all analyses to assess rates of false positives and negatives. Quantitative accuracy of the methods was also compared in terms of recoveries and reproducibility of spiked tilapia, incurred catfish, and spiked and certified reference material of bovine muscle. Each method yielded generally acceptable results for the targeted veterinary drugs, but the USDA "extract & inject" method was the fastest, simplest, and cheapest to achieve equally or more acceptable results for the widest scope of analytes for the tested food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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3
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Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Chen X, Zhang F, Yao H, Wang J, Qi D, Guo Y. Analyzing multiple pesticides in tobacco leaf using gas chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1983-1989. [PMID: 29369504 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A method combining gas chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of multiple pesticide residues in tobacco leaf. The retention index and high accurate masses of ions from the first-stage and the second-stage mass spectra of each pesticide were collected for qualitation and quantification. A total of 115 pesticides were evaluated. The extract from organic tobacco leaf was used as a model matrix. The limit of detection was <10 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification was in the range of 1-20 ng/mL for 95% of the tested pesticides. The correlation coefficients were >0.9900 for all tested pesticides. At three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ng/mL), most compounds presented satisfactory recoveries ranging from 70 to 120% and good precision <20%. Finally, three tobacco leaf samples collected from a local market were analyzed. A total of three pesticides were found, including dimethachlon, triadimenol, and flumetralin. Each pesticide was confirmed by the presence of three ions at the expected retention index and mass. In conclusion, gas chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry appears to be one of the most efficient tools for the analysis of pesticide residues in tobacco leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Heming Yao
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Qi
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, P. R. China
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5
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Titaley IA, Ogba OM, Chibwe L, Hoh E, Cheong PHY, Simonich SLM. Automating data analysis for two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry non-targeted analysis of comparative samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1541:57-62. [PMID: 29448996 PMCID: PMC5909067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis of environmental samples, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/ToF-MS), poses significant data analysis challenges due to the large number of possible analytes. Non-targeted data analysis of complex mixtures is prone to human bias and is laborious, particularly for comparative environmental samples such as contaminated soil pre- and post-bioremediation. To address this research bottleneck, we developed OCTpy, a Python™ script that acts as a data reduction filter to automate GC × GC/ToF-MS data analysis from LECO® ChromaTOF® software and facilitates selection of analytes of interest based on peak area comparison between comparative samples. We used data from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil, pre- and post-bioremediation, to assess the effectiveness of OCTpy in facilitating the selection of analytes that have formed or degraded following treatment. Using datasets from the soil extracts pre- and post-bioremediation, OCTpy selected, on average, 18% of the initial suggested analytes generated by the LECO® ChromaTOF® software Statistical Compare feature. Based on this list, 63-100% of the candidate analytes identified by a highly trained individual were also selected by OCTpy. This process was accomplished in several minutes per sample, whereas manual data analysis took several hours per sample. OCTpy automates the analysis of complex mixtures of comparative samples, reduces the potential for human error during heavy data handling and decreases data analysis time by at least tenfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - O Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Leah Chibwe
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Paul H-Y Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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6
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Hong J, Kawashima A, Okamoto M, Hamada N. Evaluation of membrane filtration for cleanup in multi-residue pesticide analysis of spinach. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of gas and liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry in pesticides: Multiresidue analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
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8
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Ribeiro Begnini Konatu F, Breitkreitz MC, Sales Fontes Jardim IC. Revisiting quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe parameters for sample preparation in pesticide residue analysis of lettuce by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1482:11-22. [PMID: 28034504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for multi-residue determination of 16 multiclass pesticides in five different types of lettuce was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The QuEChERS procedure was optimized in terms of extractor solvent, partitioning salts and clean-up salts, through recovery, gravimetric analysis and matrix-effect studies. Microwave extraction and the use of disposable pipette extraction in the clean-up step were also tested, providing interesting alternatives to the traditional QuEChERS method, depending on the pesticides properties. The use of a laboratory-made phenyl-type sorbent, based on silica and poly(2-phenylpropyl)methylsiloxane, was studied in the clean-up step, presenting promising results as a substitute for primary secondary amine (PSA). The optimized QuEChERS method was defined employing acetonitrile, citrate buffer and clean-up with PSA, MgSO4 and graphitized carbon black. The method developed was validated according to Document SANTE/11945/2015 and proved to be selective, accurate and precise, obtaining limits of quantification from 5μgkg-1 and recoveries in the range of 70-120% with relative standard deviation≤20%. The method was applied on 14 real samples from commercial markets in Brazil and 21% of the samples analyzed presented irregularities, according to local pesticides regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcia Cristina Breitkreitz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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9
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Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. Trends in analysis of pesticide residues to fulfil the European Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Bettencourt da Silva RJ. Evaluation of trace analyte identification in complex matrices by low-resolution gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry through signal simulation. Talanta 2016; 150:553-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Siddamallaiah L, Mohapatra S. Residue level and dissipation pattern of spiromesifen in cabbage and soil from 2-year field study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:155. [PMID: 26869045 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spiromesifen is a new class of insecticide used for the control of whiteflies and mites which have developed resistance to the more commonly used neonicotinoids. Dissipation pattern of spiromesifen on cabbage was evaluated over 2 years by conducting supervised field studies as per good agricultural practices. Cabbage and soil samples were extracted and purified using modified QuEChERS method and analyzed through gas chromatography (GC). Confirmatory studies were carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The recoveries of spiromesifen from cabbage and soil were between 85.44 and 103.37% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) between 3.2 and 9.4% (n = 6). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.003 μg mL(-1) and 0.01 mg kg(-1), respectively. The measurement uncertainties (MUs) were within 9.9-14.9%. Initial residues of spiromesifen on cabbage were 0.640 and 1.549 mg kg(-1) during 2013 and 0.723 and 1.438 mg kg(-1) during 2014 from treatments at standard and double doses of 125 and 250 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha(-1), respectively. Spiromesifen residue dissipation followed first-order rate kinetics, and it degraded within the half-lives of 2.9 and 3.9 days during 2013 and 3.2 and 4.5 days during 2014. The residue levels reached below the maximum residue limit (MRL; 0.02 mg kg(-1)) within 15-17 days at the standard dose and 24-27 days at the double dose. The field soil analyzed at harvest (30 days) was free from spiromesifen residues. Metabolite spiromesifen-enol was not detected in any sample which was confirmed through LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Siddamallaiah
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, 560089, India
- Center for Post-Graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, 560011, India
| | - Soudamini Mohapatra
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore, 560089, India.
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12
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Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J, López F, Calatayud C, Company B, Hernández F. Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging. Food Chem 2015; 188:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Sapozhnikova Y, Lehotay SJ. Review of recent developments and applications in low-pressure (vacuum outlet) gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 899:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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España Amórtegui JC, Guerrero Dallos JA. Practical aspects in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of pesticide residues in exotic fruits. Food Chem 2015; 182:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Lehotay SJ, Sapozhnikova Y, Mol HG. Current issues involving screening and identification of chemical contaminants in foods by mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Ishibashi M, Izumi Y, Sakai M, Ando T, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. High-throughput simultaneous analysis of pesticides by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4457-4463. [PMID: 25547162 DOI: 10.1021/jf5056248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a generally applicable screening method for multiresidue pesticide analysis, which is simple, quick, and accurate and has a reliable performance, is becoming increasingly important for food safety and international trade. This paper proposes a high-throughput screening methodology that enables the detection of multiresidue pesticides using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to a high-performance benchtop quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (SFC/Q Exactive) and an automated library-based detection. A total of 444 chemicals covering a wide polarity range (logPow from -4.2 to 7.7) and a wide molecular weight range (from 99.0 to 872.5) were analyzed simultaneously through a combination of high mass resolution (a value of m/Δm = 70000), high mass accuracy (<5 ppm) with positive/negative polarity switching, and highly efficient separation by SFC. A total of 373 pesticides were detected in QuEChERS spinach extracts without dispersive solid phase extraction at the 10 μg kg(-1) level (provisional maximum residue limits in Japan). In conclusion, the developed analytical system is a potentially useful tool for practical multiresidue pesticide screening with high throughput (time for data acquisition, 72 samples per day; and time for data processing of 72 samples, approximately 45 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ishibashi
- †Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- †Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miho Sakai
- †Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- §Miyazaki Agricultural Research Institute, 5805 Shimonaka, Sadowara-cho, Miyazaki 880-0212, Japan
| | - Takashi Ando
- §Miyazaki Agricultural Research Institute, 5805 Shimonaka, Sadowara-cho, Miyazaki 880-0212, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- †Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- †Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fan H, Smuts J, Walsh P, Harrison D, Schug KA. Gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for multiclass pesticide identification. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Tang S, Chia GH, Chang Y, Lee HK. Automated Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Using Dissolvable Fe3O4-Layered Double Hydroxide Core–Shell Microspheres as Sorbent. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11070-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503323e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Guo Hui Chia
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuepeng Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering
Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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19
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Schug KA, Sawicki I, Carlton DD, Fan H, McNair HM, Nimmo JP, Kroll P, Smuts J, Walsh P, Harrison D. Vacuum Ultraviolet Detector for Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8329-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5018343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ian Sawicki
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Doug D. Carlton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Harold M. McNair
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John P. Nimmo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Box 19065, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | | | - Phillip Walsh
- VUV Analytics, Inc., Austin, Texas 78717, United States
| | - Dale Harrison
- VUV Analytics, Inc., Austin, Texas 78717, United States
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20
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Cervera MI, Portolés T, López FJ, Beltrán J, Hernández F. Screening and quantification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables making use of gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6843-55. [PMID: 24828980 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source has been used to enhance the potential of gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for screening and quantification purposes in pesticide residue analysis. A screening method developed in our laboratory for around 130 pesticides has been applied to fruit and vegetable samples, including strawberries, oranges, apples, carrots, lettuces, courgettes, red peppers, and tomatoes. Samples were analyzed together with quality control samples (at 0.05 mg/kg) for each matrix and for matrix-matched calibration standards. The screening strategy consisted in first rapid searching and detection, and then a refined identification step using the QTOF capabilities (MS(E) and accurate mass). Identification was based on the presence of one characteristic m/z ion (Q) obtained with the low collision energy function and at least one fragment ion (q) obtained with the high collision energy function, both with mass errors of less than 5 ppm, and an ion intensity ratio (q/Q) within the tolerances permitted. Following this strategy, 15 of 130 pesticides were identified in the samples. Afterwards, the quantitation capabilities were tested by performing a quantitative validation for those pesticides detected in the samples. To this aim, five matrices were selected (orange, apple, tomato, lettuce, and carrot) and spiked at two concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg), and quantification was done using matrix-matched calibration standards (relative responses versus triphenyl phosphate used as an internal standard). Acceptable average recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained for many but not all pesticide-matrix combinations. These figures allowed us to perform a retrospective quantification of positives found in the screening without the need for additional analysis. Taking advantage of the accurate-mass full-spectrum data provided by QTOF MS, we searched for a higher number of compounds (up to 416 pesticides) in a second stage by performing extra data processing without any new sample injection. Several more pesticides were detected, confirmed, and/or tentatively identified when the reference standard was unavailable, illustrating in this way the potential of gas chromatography-QTOF MS to detect pesticides in addition to the ones targeted in quantitative analysis of pesticides in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Cervera
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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21
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Ko AY, Rahman MM, Abd El-Aty AM, Jang J, Park JH, Cho SK, Shim JH. Development of a simple extraction and oxidation procedure for the residue analysis of imidacloprid and its metabolites in lettuce using gas chromatography. Food Chem 2014; 148:402-9. [PMID: 24262575 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple extraction and optimised oxidation procedures were developed for the determination of the total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites (containing the 6-chloropicolyl moiety) in lettuce using a gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD). Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extract was then evaporated. The remaining residues were dissolved in water and oxidised with potassium permanganate to yield 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CAN). The acid residues were further dissolved in n-hexane:acetone (8:2, v/v) and then silylated with MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) to 6-chloronicotinic acid trimethylsilyl ester. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges (0.025-5 μg mL(-1)) with a determination coefficient (r(2)) of 0.991. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.015 and 0.05 mg kg(-1), respectively. Recoveries at two fortification levels ranged between 72.8% and 108.3% with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 8%. The method was effective, and sensitive enough to determine the total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites in field-incurred lettuce samples. The identity of the analyte was confirmed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Ko
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonna National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Fernandes VC, Lehotay SJ, Geis-Asteggiante L, Kwon H, Mol HG, van der Kamp H, Mateus N, Domingues VF, Delerue-Matos C. Analysis of pesticide residues in strawberries and soils by GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS and two-dimensional GC-time-of-flight MS comparing organic and integrated pest management farming. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:262-70. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.865842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Variability of matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of pesticide residues after QuEChERS sample preparation of different food crops. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Fernandes VC, Domingues VF, Mateus N, Delerue-Matos C. Pesticide residues in Portuguese strawberries grown in 2009-2010 using integrated pest management and organic farming. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:4184-4192. [PMID: 22562348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. Because of the widespread use of agricultural chemicals in food production, people are exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through their diets. Scientists do not yet have a total understanding of the health effects of these pesticide residues. This work aims to determine differences in terms of pesticide residue content in Portuguese strawberries grown using different agriculture practices. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe sample preparation method was conducted and shown to have good performance for multiclass pesticides extraction in strawberries. The screening of 25 pesticides residue was performed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In quantitative validation, acceptable performances were achieved with recoveries of 70-120 and <12 % residual standard deviation for 25 pesticides. Good linearity was obtained for all the target compounds, with highly satisfactory repeatability. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.1-28 μg/kg. The method was applied to analyze strawberry samples from organic and integrated pest management (IPM) practices harvested in 2009-2010. The results showed the presence of fludioxonil, bifenthrin, mepanipyrim, tolylfluanid, cyprodinil, tetraconazole, and malathion when using IPM below the maximum residue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia C Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Koesukwiwat U, Lehotay SJ, Leepipatpiboon N. Fast, low-pressure gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of 150 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7039-50. [PMID: 21871625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed and evaluated a new method of low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LP-GC/MS-MS) using a triple quadrupole instrument for fast analysis of 150 relevant pesticides in four representative fruits and vegetables. This LP-GC (vacuum outlet) approach entails coupling a 10 m, 0.53 mm i.d., 1 μm film analytical column between the MS transfer line and a 3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. capillary at the inlet. The MS creates a vacuum in the 10 m analytical column, which reduces the viscosity of the He carrier gas and thereby shifts the optimal flow rate to greater velocity. By taking advantage of the H(2)-like properties of He under vacuum, the short analytical column, a rapid oven temperature ramp rate, and the high selectivity and sensitivity of MS/MS, 150 pesticides were separated in <6.5 min. The 2.5 ms dwell time and 1 ms interscan delay of the MS/MS instrument were critical for achieving >8 data points across the 2-3 s wide peaks. To keep dwell and cycle times constant across all peaks, each segment consisted of 30 analytes (60 transitions). For assessment, we injected extracts of spiked broccoli, cantaloupe, lemon, and sweet potato from the updated QuEChERS sample preparation method. Average recoveries (n=72) were 70-120% for 144 of the pesticides, and reproducibilities were <20% RSD for all but 4 analytes. Also, detection limits were <5 ng/g for all but a few pesticides, depending on the matrix. In addition to high quality performance, the method gave excellent reliability and high sample throughput, including easy peak integration to obtain rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urairat Koesukwiwat
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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