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Wang J, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Chen X, Jin Y, Ke Y. Separation of minor steviol glycosides using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and off-line two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography/HILIC methods. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Gelinas BS, Liu Y, Tello E, Peterson DG. Untargeted LC-MS based identification of Rebaudioside A degradation products impacting flavor perception during storage. Food Chem 2022; 373:131457. [PMID: 34736072 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted LC-MS flavoromics chemical profiling was used to identify compounds predictive of Rebaudioside A (Reb A) flavor instability in an acidified beverage after 6 weeks at 35 °C. High-quality orthogonal partial least squares analysis models were developed from the chemical data and d' values from tetrad sensory panel testing with good predictive ability. The top four highly predictive compounds were selected and identified as Reb A (negatively correlated) and three Reb A degradation compounds (positively correlated), which included a rearrangement, hydration, and an epoxidation/rearrangement of Reb A, termed compounds 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The concentrations of compounds 1-3 in the aged beverages were determined to be below the sensory recognition threshold values. However, sensory recombination testing of compounds 1-3 as a tertiary mixture revealed a perceivably significant flavor change that was aligned with the aged beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Gelinas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 317 Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 317 Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Edisson Tello
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 317 Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Devin G Peterson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 317 Parker Food Science & Technology Building, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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3
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Khalil A, Kashif M. Use of Box-Behnken design for the nuclear magnetic resonance study of molecular complex of anticonvulsant drug with N,N-dimethylformamide and its application in quantitative analysis. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Liu Z, Ren K, Feng Y, Uong T, Krepich S, You H. Rapid and Economic Determination of 13 Steviol Glycosides in Market-Available Food, Dietary Supplements, and Ingredients: Single-Laboratory Validation of an HPLC Method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10142-10148. [PMID: 32790304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides, obtained from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) or produced via bioconversion and biosynthesis, are diterpenes used by the food/dietary supplement industry as zero-calorie sweeteners derived from natural sources. JECFA 2017 is the most updated international standardized method but it runs for 80 min per sample with suboptimal separations on several critical pairs for its high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) determination. We developed and validated a rapid and economic HPLC-UV method using the superficially porous particle column to determine 13 steviol glycosides (stevioside, dulcoside A, rubusoside, steviobioside, and rebaudioside A-F, I, M, and N). Baseline separation with a minimum resolution of 1.5 for 13 steviol glycosides was achieved within only 14 min of separation time. The hydrocarbon stationary phase with additional steric interactions from the isobutyl side chains on the C18 ligand was shown to be an important contributor to chromatographic selectivity of several critical pairs of steviol glycosides. The method was proven to perform suitably on columns from three different manufacturers and two HPLC instruments. The method was further used to perform a single-lab validation on eight food and supplement products with multiple matrices. The results ranged from 0.05% w/w rebaudioside A for a hard-candy finished product to 100.8% w/w purity for a rebaudioside M raw ingredient. The validation test results showed that the method was linear, suitable, specific, accurate, and precise. The method is therefore suitable to be considered as a new industrial standard for quality control analysis for stevia products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Liu
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Kangzi Ren
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
| | - Ye Feng
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Tommy Uong
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501-1430, United States
| | - Scott Krepich
- ChromaDex, Inc., 10005 Muirlands Blvd. Suite #G, Irvine, California 92618-2538, United States
| | - Hong You
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
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5
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Liu K, Wang M, Xu M, Meng Z, Chang H, Zhang G, Chen Z, Zhang L. Determination of the component mass ratio and moisture in BTTN/NG nitrate ester mixture simultaneously by qNMR and method validation. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Simple and Efficient Green Extraction of Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Leaves. Foods 2019; 8:foods8090402. [PMID: 31514310 PMCID: PMC6769585 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The food industry has currently shown great interest in alternative sweeteners to sugars with the aim of producing healthier products. In light of this, steviol glycosides are natural low-caloric sweeteners present in Stevia rebaudiana, which have additionally been described as bioactive components with potential therapeutic properties. In this work, a green method for the extraction of steviol glycosides from stevia leaves was optimized by applying a factorial screening design of five variables (time, temperature, agitation, grinding, and sample-solvent ratio) and the subsequent response surface design of Box-Behnken. The optimized extraction method allows for the recovery of stevia sweeteners in a simple and efficient manner by using tap water as the extractant, without the application of an auxiliary energy source to reduce costs, thus representing an interesting strategy for their industrial-scale production.
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Lankatillake C, Huynh T, Dias DA. Understanding glycaemic control and current approaches for screening antidiabetic natural products from evidence-based medicinal plants. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:105. [PMID: 31516543 PMCID: PMC6731622 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions as a result of over-nutrition and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Current therapies, although effective, are not without limitations. These limitations, the alarming increase in the prevalence of diabetes, and the soaring cost of managing diabetes and its complications underscores an urgent need for safer, more efficient and affordable alternative treatments. Over 1200 plant species are reported in ethnomedicine for treating diabetes and these represents an important and promising source for the identification of novel antidiabetic compounds. Evaluating medicinal plants for desirable bioactivity goes hand-in-hand with methods in analytical biochemistry for separating and identifying lead compounds. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of current methods used in antidiabetic plant research to form a useful resource for researchers beginning in the field. The review summarises the current understanding of blood glucose regulation and the general mechanisms of action of current antidiabetic medications, and combines knowledge on common experimental approaches for screening plant extracts for antidiabetic activity and currently available analytical methods and technologies for the separation and identification of bioactive natural products. Common in vivo animal models, in vitro models, in silico methods and biochemical assays used for testing the antidiabetic effects of plants are discussed with a particular emphasis on in vitro methods such as cell-based bioassays for screening insulin secretagogues and insulinomimetics. Enzyme inhibition assays and molecular docking are also highlighted. The role of metabolomics, metabolite profiling, and dereplication of data for the high-throughput discovery of novel antidiabetic agents is reviewed. Finally, this review also summarises sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, and the critical function of nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the dereplication, putative identification and structure elucidation of natural compounds from evidence-based medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintha Lankatillake
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Daniel A. Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
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8
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Paniagua-Vega D, Cavazos-Rocha N, Huerta-Heredia AA, Parra-Naranjo A, Rivas-Galindo VM, Waksman N, Saucedo AL. A validated NMR method for the quantitative determination of rebaudioside A in commercial sweeteners. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Owczarek A, Kłys A, Olszewska MA. A validated 1H qNMR method for direct and simultaneous quantification of esculin, fraxin and (-)-epicatechin in Hippocastani cortex. Talanta 2018; 192:263-269. [PMID: 30348388 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A fast and precise qNMR method was developed for quantification of major bioactive constituents in the bark of horse chestnut and dry extracts prepared thereof. The method was optimised using 600 MHz spectrometer, and the final acquisition parameters (90°-pulse, acquisition time - 3.0 s, relaxation delay - 27 s, number of transients - 16) allowed for performing of quantitative experiments in under 15 min. The contents of three analytes were determined using specific 1H resonances at δ7.45 ppm for esculin, δ5.00 ppm for fraxin, and δ5.94 ppm for (-)-epicatechin. The validation showed good precision (RSD < 1.5%) and accuracy (95-103%), and adequate sensitivity (LODs in the range of 3.3-5.9 µg) of the measurements. The determined levels in commercial samples of Hippocastani cortex were in the range of 25.89-38.94 mg/g dry weight (dw) of the bark for esculin, 12.58-17.13 mg/g dw for fraxin and 10.42-13.96 mg/g dw for (-)-epicatechin, and in the dry extracts prepared thereof 97.02-143.51 mg/g, 45.78-58.92 mg/g and 28.07-46.29 mg/g, respectively. The obtained results were cross-validated by a HPLC-PDA method with the use of a fused-core column, and no statistical differences were found between the results obtained by both methodologies, but with the advantage of higher precision of the qNMR assay. The relevant variability in quantitative composition of the commercial samples emphasise the need to introduce quality control studies in production of preparations containing horse chestnut bark and the developed method was proved suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Kłys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika A Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Huang BM, Xiao SY, Chen TB, Xie Y, Luo P, Liu L, Zhou H. Purity assessment of ginsenoside Rg1 using quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:193-204. [PMID: 28285072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng herbs comprise a group of the most popular herbs, including Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolius (Family Araliaceae), which are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and are some of the best-selling natural products in the world. The accurate quantification of ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major aspects of its quality control. However, the purity of the commercial Rg1 chemical reference substance (CRS) is often measured with high-performance chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), which is a selective detector with unequal responses to different compounds; thus, this detector introduces probable error to purity assessments. In the present study, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR), due to its absolute quantification ability, was applied to accurately assess the purity of Rg1 CRS. Phenylmethyl phthalate was used as the internal standard (IS) to calibrate the purity of Rg1 CRS. The proton signal of Rg1 CRS in methanol-d4 at 4.37ppm was selected to avoid interfering signals, enabling accurate quantitative analysis. The relaxation delay, number of scans, and NMR windowing were optimized for data acquisition. For post-processing, the Lorentz/Gauss deconvolution method was employed to increase the signal accuracy by separating the impurities and noise in the integrated region of the quantitative proton. The method validation showed that the developed method has acceptable sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The purity of the commercial Rg1 CRS examined with the method developed in this research was 90.34±0.21%, which was obviously lower than that reported by the manufacturer (>98.0%, HPLC-UV). The cross-method validation shows that the commonly used HPLC-UV, HPLC-ELSD (evaporative light scattering detector) and even LC-MS (mass spectrometry) methods provide significantly higher purity values of Rg1 CRS compared with the qNMR method, and the accuracy of these LC-based methods largely depend on the amount of the sample that was loaded and the properties of the impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ming Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Xiao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ting-Bo Chen
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Pei Luo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
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11
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Gerwig GJ, te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Structural analysis of rebaudioside A derivatives obtained by Lactobacillus reuteri 180 glucansucrase-catalyzed trans-α-glucosylation. Carbohydr Res 2017; 440-441:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Gerwig GJ, Te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Stevia Glycosides: Chemical and Enzymatic Modifications of Their Carbohydrate Moieties to Improve the Sweet-Tasting Quality. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:1-72. [PMID: 27816105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stevia glycosides, extracted from the leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, display an amazing high degree of sweetness. As processed plant products, they are considered as excellent bio-alternatives for sucrose and artificial sweeteners. Being noncaloric and having beneficial properties for human health, they are the subject of an increasing number of studies for applications in food and pharmacy. However, one of the main obstacles for the successful commercialization of Stevia sweeteners, especially in food, is their slight bitter aftertaste and astringency. These undesirable properties may be reduced or eliminated by modifying the carbohydrate moieties of the steviol glycosides. A promising procedure is to subject steviol glycosides to enzymatic glycosylation, thereby introducing additional monosaccharide residues into the molecules. Depending on the number and positions of the monosaccharide units, the taste quality and sweetness potency of the compounds will vary. Many studies have been performed already, and this review summarizes the structures of native steviol glycosides and the recent data of modifications of the carbohydrate moieties that have been published to provide an overview of the current progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Gerwig
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien M Te Poele
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xing Y, Cai L, Yin TP, Chen Y, Yu J, Wang YR, Ding ZT. Improving the antioxidant activity and enriching salvianolic acids by the fermentation of Salvia miltiorrhizae with Geomyces luteus. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:391-8. [PMID: 27143267 PMCID: PMC4868830 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of fermented Salvia miltiorrhiza with fungus Geomyces luteus were investigated. The results revealed that G. luteus fermentation could significantly improve the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of S. miltiorrhiza. The main antioxidant constituents were characterized by spectroscopic analysis as salvianolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification also showed the enhanced content of salvianolic acid B after fermentation. The present study suggests that G. luteus fermentations are effective in the S. miltiorrhiza salvianolic acids' enrichment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Le Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tian-peng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ya-rong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519041, China
| | - Zhong-tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Cheilari A, Sturm S, Intelmann D, Seger C, Stuppner H. Head-to-Head Comparison of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection versus Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Quantitative Analysis of the Silymarin Complex in Silybum marianum Fruit Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1618-26. [PMID: 26806429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy is known as an excellent alternative to chromatography-based mixture analysis. NMR spectroscopy is a non-destructive method, needs only limited sample preparation, and can be readily automated. A head-to-head comparison of qNMR to an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (uHPLC-DAD)-based quantitative analysis of six flavonolignan congeners (silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B) of the Silybum marianum silymarin complex is presented. Both assays showed similar performance characteristics (linear range, accuracy, precision, and limits of quantitation) with analysis times below 30 min/sample. The assays were applied to industrial S. marianum extracts (AC samples) and to extracts locally prepared from S. marianum fruits (PL samples). An assay comparison by Bland-Altman plots (relative method bias AC samples, -0.1%; 2SD range, ±5.1%; relative method bias PL samples, -0.3%; 2SD range, ±7.8%) and Passing-Bablok regression analysis (slope and intercept for AC and PL samples not significantly different from 1.00 and 0.00, respectively; Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation, >0.99) did show that qNMR and uHPLC-DAD can be used interchangeably to quantitate flavonolignans in the silymarin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Cheilari
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Napolitano JG, Simmler C, McAlpine JB, Lankin DC, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Digital NMR profiles as building blocks: assembling ¹H fingerprints of steviol glycosides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:658-65. [PMID: 25714117 PMCID: PMC4696868 DOI: 10.1021/np5008203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a fragment-based approach to the examination of congeneric organic compounds by NMR spectroscopy. The method combines the classic interpretation of 1D- and 2D-NMR data sets with contemporary computer-assisted NMR analysis. Characteristic NMR profiles of key structural motifs were generated by (1)H iterative full spin analysis and then joined together as building blocks to recreate the (1)H NMR spectra of increasingly complex molecules. To illustrate the methodology described, a comprehensive analysis of steviol (1), seven steviol glycosides (2-8) and two structurally related isosteviol compounds (9, 10) was carried out. The study also assessed the potential impact of this method on relevant aspects of natural product research including structural verification, chemical dereplication, and mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Napolitano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, and UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Dong JW, Cai L, Xiong J, Chen XH, Wang WY, Shen N, Liu BL, Ding ZT. Improving the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fermented Bletilla striata with Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Zhang C, Zhang T, Oyler NA, Youan BBC. Direct and Real-Time Quantification of Tenofovir Release from pH-Sensitive Microparticles into Simulated Biological Fluids Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1170-1177. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Frank O, Kreissl JK, Daschner A, Hofmann T. Accurate determination of reference materials and natural isolates by means of quantitative (1)h NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2506-2515. [PMID: 24559241 DOI: 10.1021/jf405529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A fast and precise proton nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) method for the quantitative determination of low molecular weight target molecules in reference materials and natural isolates has been validated using ERETIC 2 (Electronic REference To access In vivo Concentrations) based on the PULCON (PULse length based CONcentration determination) methodology and compared to the gravimetric results. Using an Avance III NMR spectrometer (400 MHz) equipped with a broad band observe (BBO) probe, the qHNMR method was validated by determining its linearity, range, precision, and accuracy as well as robustness and limit of quantitation. The linearity of the method was assessed by measuring samples of l-tyrosine, caffeine, or benzoic acid in a concentration range between 0.3 and 16.5 mmol/L (r(2) ≥ 0.99), whereas the interday and intraday precisions were found to be ≤2%. The recovery of a range of reference compounds was ≥98.5%, thus demonstrating the qHNMR method as a precise tool for the rapid quantitation (~15 min) of food-related target compounds in reference materials and natural isolates such as nucleotides, polyphenols, or cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Bililign T, Moore JC, Tan S, Leeks AT. Development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for routine identification and purity assessment of high-purity steviol glycoside sweeteners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1384-1389. [PMID: 24443893 DOI: 10.1021/jf4047557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of stevia-based sweeteners in food products has resulted in the need for reliable analytical methods for measuring the purity and identity of high-purity steviol glycoside ingredients. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a new reversed-phase separation method capable of separating and quantifying nine steviol glycosides present in typical high-purity stevia extract ingredients. Results of the study established the linearity of the method at a correlation factor of 1.000 for the two major components and other minor components of this food ingredient. Method accuracy values were in the range of 99.1-100.9%. The percent relative standard deviation for six independent assay determinations was 1.0%. The method was determined to be robust for minor changes in column temperature, initial acetonitrile content, flow rate, and wavelength. The validated high-performance liquid chromatography method was found to be suitable to be included by USP as a Food Chemicals Codex compendial standard for steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Bililign
- Research and Development and Food Standards, United States Pharmacopeial Convention , 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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Well C, Frank O, Hofmann T. Quantitation of sweet steviol glycosides by means of a HILIC-MS/MS-SIDA approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11312-11320. [PMID: 24206531 DOI: 10.1021/jf404018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the rising consumer demand for natural food ingredients, steviol glycosides, the sweet principle of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Bertoni), have recently been approved as food additives in the European Union. As regulatory constraints require sensitive methods to analyze the sweet-tasting steviol glycosides in foods and beverages, a HILIC-MS/MS method was developed enabling the accurate and reliable quantitation of the major steviol glycosides stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F, steviolbioside, rubusoside, and dulcoside A by using the corresponding deuterated 16,17-dihydrosteviol glycosides as suitable internal standards. This quantitation not only enables the analysis of the individual steviol glycosides in foods and beverages but also can support the optimization of breeding and postharvest downstream processing of Stevia plants to produce preferentially sweet and least bitter tasting Stevia extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Well
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Montoro P, Molfetta I, Maldini M, Ceccarini L, Piacente S, Pizza C, Macchia M. Determination of six steviol glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) from different geographical origin by LC–ESI–MS/MS. Food Chem 2013; 141:745-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Machado ART, Lage GA, Medeiros FDS, de Souza Filho JD, Pimenta LPS. Quantitative analysis of trigonelline in some Annona species by proton NMR spectroscopy. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2013; 3:158-160. [PMCID: PMC4131578 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-013-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative 1H NMR method (qHNMR) was used to measure the trigonelline content in the leaves of six species of the Annona genus. The methodology employed compared the intensities of the signals at δ 9.14 (H-2) and δ 0.00, the internal standard TSP-d4. This measuring method was able to establish the concentration of trigonelline in the range from 0.67 to 10.04 mg·g−1 depending on the investigated extract. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Avelar Lage
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Brasil
| | - Felipe da Silva Medeiros
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Brasil
| | - José Dias de Souza Filho
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Brasil
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23
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Neumüller KG, Carvalho de Souza A, Van Rijn J, Appeldoorn MM, Streekstra H, Schols HA, Gruppen H. Fast and robust method to determine phenoyl and acetyl esters of polysaccharides by quantitative ¹H NMR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6282-7. [PMID: 23734915 DOI: 10.1021/jf401393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acetyl (AcE), feruloyl (FE), and p-coumaroyl (pCE) ester contents of different cereal and grass polysaccharides were determined by a quantitative ¹H NMR-based method. The repeatability and the robustness of the method were demonstrated by analyzing different plant polysaccharide preparations. Good sensitivity and selectivity for AcE, FE, and pCE were observed. Moreover, an optimized and easy sample preparation allowed for simultaneous quantification of AcE, FE, and pCE. The method is suitable for high-throughput analysis, and it is a good alternative for currently used analytical procedures. A comparison of the method presented to a conventional HPLC-based method showed that the results obtained are in good agreement, whereas the combination of the optimized sample preparation and analysis by the ¹H NMR-based methodology results in significantly reduced analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Neumüller
- DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
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Wang ZW, Wang JS, Yang MH, Luo JG, Kong LY. Developmental changes in the composition of five anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum as quantified by (1) H-NMR. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:329-35. [PMID: 23364921 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheum palmatum is an important traditional Chinese medicine featuring anthraquinones with several activities. Generally, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol are used as chemical markers for the quality control of rhubarb products. OBJECTIVE To develop a simple protocol for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in R. palmatum collected at different developmental stages. METHODS (1) H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in acetone-d6 , quantification was carried out using the signals of H-4 of rhein (δH 8.36), H-7 of emodin (δH 6.68), CH2 OH of aloe-emodin (δH 4.81), OCH3 of physcion (δH 4.02) and CH3 of chrysophanol (δH 2.50), which were well separated from other signals. Quantitative analysis was based on the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard maleic acid. RESULTS The quantitative (1) H-NMR (qHNMR) method developed showed good precision, trueness, linearity, repeatability and stability for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol. This method was applied successfully to explore the seasonal variations of the five major anthraquinones in R. palmatum, and provided quantitative results in reasonable agreement with those obtained by the HPLC-UV method. CONCLUSION Compared with the conventional HPLC-based methods, the qHNMR analysis is rapid, reference-free and convenient with less sample pre-treatment. This technique should be a feasible choice for the quality control of R. palmatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Ceunen S, Geuns JMC. Steviol glycosides: chemical diversity, metabolism, and function. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1201-28. [PMID: 23713723 DOI: 10.1021/np400203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides are a group of highly sweet diterpene glycosides discovered in only a few plant species, most notably the Paraguayan shrub Stevia rebaudiana. During the past few decades, the nutritional and pharmacological benefits of these secondary metabolites have become increasingly apparent. While these properties are now widely recognized, many aspects related to their in vivo biochemistry and metabolism and their relationship to the overall plant physiology of S. rebaudiana are not yet understood. Furthermore, the large size of the steviol glycoside pool commonly found within S. rebaudiana leaves implies a significant metabolic investment and poses questions regarding the benefits S. rebaudiana might gain from their accumulation. The current review intends to thoroughly discuss the available knowledge on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Ceunen
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BP 2436, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Sweeteners from plants—with emphasis on Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) and Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle). Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4397-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang M, Wang J, Kong L. Quantitative analysis of four major diterpenoids in Andrographis paniculata by 1H NMR and its application for quality control of commercial preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pauli GF, Gödecke T, Jaki BU, Lankin DC. Quantitative 1H NMR. Development and potential of an analytical method: an update. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:834-51. [PMID: 22482996 PMCID: PMC3384681 DOI: 10.1021/np200993k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering the literature from mid-2004 until the end of 2011, this review continues a previous literature overview on quantitative (1)H NMR (qHNMR) methodology and its applications in the analysis of natural products. Among the foremost advantages of qHNMR is its accurate function with external calibration, the lack of any requirement for identical reference materials, a high precision and accuracy when properly validated, and an ability to quantitate multiple analytes simultaneously. As a result of the inclusion of over 170 new references, this updated review summarizes a wealth of detailed experiential evidence and newly developed methodology that supports qHNMR as a valuable and unbiased analytical tool for natural product and other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Wölwer-Rieck U. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), their constituents and the analyses thereof: a review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:886-895. [PMID: 22250765 DOI: 10.1021/jf2044907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The plant Stevia rebaudiana is well-known due to the sweet-tasting ent-kaurene diterpenoid glycosides. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the most abundant and best analyzed, but more than 30 additional steviol glycosides have been described in the scientific literature to date. Most of them were detected in the last two years. This paper reviews these new compounds and provides an overview about novel trends in their determination, separation, analysis, detection, and quantification. The detection and analysis of further constituents such as nonglycosidic diterpenes, flavonoids, chlorogenic acids, vitamins, nutrients, and miscellaneous minor compounds in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are reviewed as well. A critical review of the antioxidant capacity of Stevia leaves and its analysis is also included. These different aspects are discussed in consideration of the scientific literature of the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Wölwer-Rieck
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry/Bioanalytics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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