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Dammak A, Chtourou F, Luca SV, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Bouaziz M. Insights into the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of the Tunisian Ceratonia siliqua L. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105919. [PMID: 38537888 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) corresponds to an evergreen leguminous tree (Fabaceae family). The high phenolic content of numerous parts of carob has been deeply associated with several nutritional and functional benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of ground carob pods and seeds, the effect of different extraction procedures as well a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of hydro-methanolic extracts (80/20 v/v) of pods and seeds by HPLC-DAD ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Additionally, their antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays. The results showed thatthe dry matter (DM) values were 88.09% for pods and 89.10% for seeds, protein contents were 0.41 g/100 g DM for pods and 0.88 g/100 g DM for seedsand total sugars contents were 0.35 g/100 DM for pods and 26.70 g/100 g DM for seeds. Furthermore, the oil holding capacities (OHC) were 10.43 g/g for pods and 7.53 g/g for seeds, while the water holding capacities were 8.46 g/g for pods and 2.59 g/g for seeds.The hydro-methanolic extracts of both pods and seeds showed the presence of 53 secondary bioactive metabolites belonging to various classes(flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins and non-phenolic compounds). The antioxidant activities were evidenced in DPPH (22.24 mg/ml for pods and 26.37 mg/ml for seeds), ABTS (198.50 mmol Eq Trolox/100 g for pods and 201.04 mmol Eq Trolox/100 g for seeds) and FRAP (0.39 mmol Eq Trolox/100 g for pods and 0.53 mmol Eq Trolox/100 g for seeds).Moreover,high significant (p ≤ 0.01) correlation coefficients were found between the antioxidant activity estimated by the DPPH method and total phenols (r = 0.943), orthodiphenols (r = 0.996), flavonoids (r = 0.880) and flavonols (r = 0.982). Nevertheless, lower correlations were detected with ABTS and FRAP methods.These results demonstrated that carob parts displayed an interesting potential that can be of interest for further valorizations as a natural antioxidant with multiple applications, namely functional food ingredients or prevention of many health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameni Dammak
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Chtourou
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115, Iasi, Romania.
| | | | - Mohamed Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1175, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Correia PJ, Pestana M. Sugars and phenols in carob tree fruits from different producing countries: A short review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30922. [PMID: 38799736 PMCID: PMC11126853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, important advances have been made in the chemical analysis of the fruit of carob tree. After harvesting, the fruits (also known as dry pods) are ground. The seeds can then be separated from the pulp, which represents 80-90 % of a pod's weight. The health benefits of carob pulp derivatives are well-recognized, and carob pulp-based food products are becoming increasingly available to consumers. The major carob-producing countries are in southern Europe and northern Africa, including the Mediterranean islands, and carob pulp products are normally prepared and consumed regionally. In this review, we compare the sugar and phenol profiles of carob pods harvested from different countries in the Mediterranean basin while accounting for the different cultivars and soil conditions in each sample area. We conclude that pod nutritional composition varies widely among countries, making it necessary for future, multi-year studies to more closely evaluate how climate and soil properties affect the phenol and sugar contents of fruits from the same trees or cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Correia
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maribela Pestana
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Martins-Loução MA, Correia PJ, Romano A. Carob: A Mediterranean Resource for the Future. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1188. [PMID: 38732403 PMCID: PMC11085513 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
For centuries, the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) has contributed to the economy of the Mediterranean basin, mainly as food for livestock. Nowadays, the value of the carob tree extends far beyond its traditional uses, encompassing a wide range of industries and applications that take advantage of its unique properties and nutritional benefits. Despite its high industrial demand and European indications, there has been a 65% reduction in the area cultivated throughout the Mediterranean area in the 21st century. Given the threats posed by climate change, including reduced water availability and nutrient-depleted soils, there is a growing need to focus on this crop, which is well placed to cope with unpredictable weather. In this review, we use a bibliographic search approach to emphasise the prioritisation of research needs for effective carob tree exploitation. We found enormous gaps in the scientific knowledge of this under-utilised crop species with fruit pulp and seeds of high industrial value. Insufficient understanding of the biology of the species, as well as inadequate agronomic practices, compromise the quantity and the quality of fruits available to the industry. In addition to industrial applications, carob can also be used in reforestation or restoration programmes, providing a valuable crop while promoting biodiversity conservation and soil restoration. The carbon sequestration potential of the trees should be taken into account as a promising alternative in fighting climate change. This bibliographic search has highlighted clusters with different knowledge gaps that require further research and investment. The carob tree has untapped potential for innovation, economic development, and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amélia Martins-Loução
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Correia
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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Ferreira JPA, Grácio M, Sousa I, Pagarete A, Nunes MC, Raymundo A. Tuning the Bioactive Properties of Dunaliella salina Water Extracts by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:472. [PMID: 37755085 PMCID: PMC10532918 DOI: 10.3390/md21090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Microalgae are promising feedstock for obtaining valuable bioactive compounds. To facilitate the release of these important biomolecules from microalgae, effective cell disruption is usually necessary, where the use of ultrasound has achieved considerable popularity as an alternative to conventional methods. (2) Methods: This paper aims to evaluate the use of ultrasound technology in water medium as a green technology to recover high added-value compounds from Dunaliella salina and improve its sensory profile towards a high level of incorporation into novel food products. (3) Results: Among the variables, the solid concentration and extraction time have the most significant impact on the process. For the extraction of protein, or fat, the most influential factor is the extraction time. Total polyphenols are only significantly affected by the extraction time. The antioxidant capacity is strongly affected by the solid to liquid ratio and, to a small extent, by the extraction time. Ultrasound-assisted extraction improves the overall odor/aroma of D. salina with good acceptability by the panelists. (4) Conclusions: The application of ultrasonic-assisted extraction demonstrates a positive overall effect on enhancing the sensory profile, particularly the odor of microalgal biomass, while the bioactive properties are preserved. Notably, the intense sea/fish odors are reduced, while earthy and citrus notes become more prominent, resulting in an improved overall sensory profile score. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that this innovative, green, and efficient technology has been used to upgrade the aroma profile of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P. A. Ferreira
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.S.); (M.C.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Madalena Grácio
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.S.); (M.C.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Isabel Sousa
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.S.); (M.C.N.); (A.R.)
| | - António Pagarete
- Pagarete Microalgae Solutions Soc. Unipessoal Lda., Rua João Chagas, 4, 7Esq, 1495-069 Algés, Portugal;
| | - M. Cristiana Nunes
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.S.); (M.C.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food—Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.G.); (I.S.); (M.C.N.); (A.R.)
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Kavvoura DA, Stefanakis MK, Kletsas D, Katerinopoulos HE, Pratsinis H. Biological Activities of Ceratonia siliqua Pod and Seed Extracts: A Comparative Analysis of Two Cretan Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12104. [PMID: 37569477 PMCID: PMC10418674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceratonia siliqua L., commonly known as the carob tree, appears in most Mediterranean countries, often cultivated for the collection of its fruits to be used as food for humans and animals. This study was aimed at the phytochemical characterization of two common Cretan C. siliqua cultivars and the biological evaluation of deseeded pod and seed extracts regarding their putative use in cosmetics. Gas and liquid chromatographic techniques were used to assess their essential oil, fatty acid, and carbohydrate profiles. Cell-free assays, including free-radical scavenging; the inhibition of tyrosinase and collagenase; the blocking of advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation; along with assays in human skin fibroblast cultures, i.e., reactive oxygen species suppression, glutathione stimulation, and protection from oxidative stress and from ultraviolet (UVB) radiation, were also used. Extracts from both cultivars were found to possess antioxidant capacity, tyrosinase- and collagenase-inhibitory activities, an ability to block glucose-induced AGEs, and in certain cases, UVB absorbance and photoprotective activities. Seed extracts were in general more active, while the use of 30% aqueous methanol seemed to be more efficient than n-hexane for extraction. Serial partition of the most active extracts resulted in fractions with enriched biological activities. These properties make Cretan carob extracts and their fractions suitable candidates for use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni-Alexandra Kavvoura
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.-A.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Michalis K. Stefanakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.K.S.); (H.E.K.)
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.-A.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Haralambos E. Katerinopoulos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (M.K.S.); (H.E.K.)
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (D.-A.K.); (D.K.)
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Atta AH, Atta SA, Khattab MS, El-Aziz THA, Mouneir SM, Ibrahim MA, Nasr SM, Emam SR. Ceratonia siliqua pods (Carob) methanol extract alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:83421-83438. [PMID: 37341944 PMCID: PMC10359411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anti-neoplastic therapy, but its use is limited by its deleterious toxic effects including nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. This work aimed at assessing the potential protective effect of Ceratonia siliqua methanol extract (CME) on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in 5 groups of Wistar rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced experimentally by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of DOX (15 mg/kg). DOX increased serum creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium levels. It elevated MDA levels in the renal tissue but decreased the concentration of GSH and the activity of GST, CAT, and SOD. Meanwhile, it decreased the level of immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory mediators: IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as the activity of MPO but increased the level of IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3 in the renal tissue. DOX has upregulated COX-2, caspase-9, and Bax gene expression and downregulated the Bcl-2 gene expression. Immunolabeling of renal tubular epithelium in DOX-intoxicated rats was moderate to strong against Bax, COX-2, and NF-kβ and weak against Bcl-2. Treatment with CME significantly restored the levels of kidney function parameters and the levels of oxidative stress markers. It stimulated the production of IL-10 and TGF-β and decreased the level of IL-6 and TNF-α. CME reverted the gene expression of COX-2, caspase-9, and Bax. Microscopically, CME alleviated the DOX-induced renal damage. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds in the CME. No signs of acute toxicity were recorded by CME up to 4000 mg/kg b. wt. orally into mice. Finally, CME could effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of DOX on the kidney. The safety of carob extract encourages its use in the preparation of valuable therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia H. Atta
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 1211 Egypt
| | - Shimaa A. Atta
- Immunology Department, Theodor Belharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411 Egypt
| | - Marwa S. Khattab
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 1211 Egypt
| | - Tamer H. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, DokkiGiza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Samar M. Mouneir
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 1211 Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Ibrahim
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 1211 Egypt
| | - Soad M. Nasr
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, DokkiGiza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Shimaa R. Emam
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 1211 Egypt
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Atta AH, Atta SA, Khattab M, El-aziz THA, Mouneir SM, Ibrahim M, Nasr SM, Ramadan S. Ceratonia siliqua pods (Carob) methanol extract alleviates doxorubicin – induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2217042/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antitumor therapy but its use is limited by its deleterious toxic effects including nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The aim of this work was to assess the potential protective effect of Ceratonia siliqua methanol extract (CME) on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in 5 groups of rats. Rats in groups 1and 2 were given normal saline while groups 3–5 were given Vitamin C (reference antioxidant, 250mg/kg), CME (500mg/kg) and CME (1000 mg/kg) for 5 days. On the 5th day, 1 hour after the last treatment dose, rats of groups 2–5 were given DOX in a dose of 15 mg/kg IP. DOX increased serum creatinine, urea, sodium and potassium and decreased GSH concentration, GST, CAT, SOD and MPO activities but increased MDA. It increased the inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κβ) but decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and the Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). DOX has up-regulated COX-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax and NF- κβ transcripts and down-regulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 as assessed by immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. CME significantly improved the levels of kidney function parameters and restored the levels of the oxidative stress markers. It also decreased the level of COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κβ and stimulated the production of IL-10 and TGF-β. CME down-regulated the expression levels of the Bax, Cox-2 and caspases and up-regulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Microscopically, CME alleviated the DOX-induced renal damage in dose dependent manner. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds among which 4 major compounds (over 5%) in the CME. Acute toxicity test revealed that CME is not toxic up to 5 g/kg orally into rats. In conclusion, CME could effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of DOX on the kidney. The safety of carob extract encourages its use in the preparation of valuable therapeutic agents.
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Elazab ST, Arafa FM. Anti-Toxoplasma Activities of Some Egyptian Plant Extracts: An In Vitro Study. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1800-1806. [DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Toxoplasmosis is a globally widespread parasitic disease which causes major health problems in human and animals. This research was conducted to assess the effect of some Egyptian herbal extracts against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites in vitro.
Methods
The methanol extracts of Withania somnifera, Cyper rotundus, Acacia nilotica,Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium, Anethum graveolens, Raphanus sativus, Ceratonia siliqua, Elettaria cardamomum and Cuminum cyminum were tested against T. gondii tachyzoites.
Results
Among the tested plants, the extracts from Raphanus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, and Ceratonia siliqua exhibited high anti-Toxoplasma activities at 50 µg/ml, relative to sulfadiazine. They showed low IC50 values on T. gondii (7.92, 9.47 and 13.52 µg/ml, respectively) and high selectivity index values (100.79, 59.19, and 29.05, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings indicated evident morphological changes in tachyzoites treated with these three herbal extracts.
Conclusion
Raphanus sativus, Ceratonia siliqua, and Cuminum cyminum methanol extracts could be promising sources of new medicament for toxoplasmosis.
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Mahmoudi S, Mahmoudi N, Benamirouche K, Estévez M, Mustapha MA, Bougoutaia K, Djoudi NEHB. Effect of feeding carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp powder to broiler chicken on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, carcass traits, and meat quality. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102186. [PMID: 36252501 PMCID: PMC9579416 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of a partial substitution of corn with carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp powder on broiler performance, intestinal microbiota, carcass traits, and meat quality, was investigated. Two dietary treatments were compared: the control group received a diet containing basically corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran for all the breeding periods while the experimental group received the same starter diet as the control group and grower and finisher diets containing 3% and 7% of carob pulp powder, respectively. Growth performance (weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), carcass traits, lactic acid bacteria, and total coliforms were determined. Physicochemical parameters, proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, lipid oxidation index, and sensory characteristics of broiler thigh and breast muscles were determined. Dietary supplementation with carob pulp powder did not show an effect (P > 0.05) on growth performance and carcass traits except for slaughter yield and breast relative weight. An increase in sum lactic acid bacteria count and a decrease in total coliforms were observed in the experimental group. No effect (P > 0.05) of dietary carob was observed on pH, cooking losses, ash, mineral, and protein contents in breast and thigh muscles from broilers. However, the experimental diet decreased (P < 0.05) moisture and fat contents in thigh muscles but not in breast muscles. Both muscles from the experimental group of birds exhibited lower palmitic and oleic acids contents, and higher linoleic and linolenic acids levels than those from the control group. Whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in broiler breast and thigh meat was increased by dietary carob, the concentration of lipid oxidation products decreased in this group. The dietary intervention had no significant effect on the sensory profile of breast and thigh muscles. Thus, carob pulp powder can be applied to broiler diet at 7% as a nonconventional feed with no negative impact on growth performance and carcass traits and to increase the degree of unsaturation with no negative impact on oxidative stability or sensory traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhila Mahmoudi
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, University of Mohamed Boudiaf, PB-166 Msila 28000, Algeria; Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University of Saâd Dahlab, Blida, Algeria
| | - Nacéra Mahmoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Saâd Dahlab, Blida, Algeria
| | - Karima Benamirouche
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physicochemical Analyses, Bousmail, Algeria
| | - Mario Estévez
- Meat and Meat Products Research Institute (IPROCAR), Food Technology, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Mohamed Abou Mustapha
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physicochemical Analyses, Bousmail, Algeria
| | - Khadidja Bougoutaia
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, University of Mohamed Boudiaf, PB-166 Msila 28000, Algeria
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Grigoriou AM, Pinakoulaki E. Linking the Dynamic Changes in the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Carob Kibbles upon Roasting to the Chemical and Structural Changes Revealed by FTIR Spectroscopy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:2025. [PMID: 34943128 PMCID: PMC8698282 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential of utilizing carob kibbles as a bioactive-rich food ingredient associated with substantial health benefits. Roasting is a key process in enhancing the sensory characteristics of carob kibbles, also affecting the bioactive polyphenols and leading to the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), including the polymeric melanoidins that are associated with a high antioxidant potential but remain unexplored in carob. In this work, we employed for the first time attenuated total reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to probe the dynamic chemical and structural changes upon the roasting of carob kibbles, along with the investigation of the in vitro antioxidant activity through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the determination of the total polyphenolic, proanthocyanidin, gallic acid and cinnamic acid contents. Roasting significantly enhanced the in vitro antioxidant activity of the polyphenolic carob extracts, with different rates at distinct roasting temperatures. The ATR-FTIR analysis enabled the identification of the changes in the structural features of polyphenolic compounds that were related to the improved antioxidant activity upon roasting. Furthermore, the detection of characteristic signatures for the polymeric melanoidins in the infrared (IR) fingerprint region provided the first evidence for the formation and structural properties of these complex, diverse compounds in roasted carob kibbles.
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Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Continuous and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction of carob's antioxidants: Processing parameters optimization and identification of polyphenolic composition. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105630. [PMID: 34146974 PMCID: PMC8220390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols in carobs have recently attracted great attention due to their wide range of biological and health promoting effects. A comprehensive study was conducted to find an optimum method for the extraction, purification and characterization of these valuable bioactive substances. Under this framework, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from carob pulp was optimized by the maximization of the yield in total phenolics using response surface methodology. In particular, the effects of solid-solvent ratio, solvent concentration, extraction time, sonication amplitude, and sonication mode were investigated and optimized using a complete experimental design. In comparison to conventional extraction techniques, UAE offered a higher yield of antioxidants and a shorter processing time. Solid-phase extraction was evaluated as a clean-up strategy prior to the electrophoretic analysis of extracts. The results from the analysis of real samples revealed the predominance of gallic acid and highlighted the great influence of the ripening stage on carobs composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Combined use of β-cyclodextrin and ionic liquid as electrolyte additives in EKC for separation and determination of carob's phenolics-A study of the synergistic effect. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1945-1955. [PMID: 34240758 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple, reliable, and fast capillary electrophoretic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 polyphenolic compounds, the most frequently found in carob's pulp and seeds. The present work deals with the development of a novel dual electrophoretic system based on the combined use of β-CD and ionic liquid (IL) as buffer additives. A baseline separation of the target analytes was achieved in less than 10 min by using a BGE consisting of 35 mM borate along with 15 mM β-CD and 3 mM l-alanine tert butyl ester lactate (l-AlaC4 Lac) IL as buffer additives at pH 9.5, a temperature of 25°C, and an applied voltage of 30 kV. The application of the developed electrophoretic method to real samples enabled the identification and quantification of the main phenolic constituents of both ripe and unripe carob pulp extracts. The results revealed the predominance of gallic acid in both ripe (183.92 μg/g carob pulp) and unripe (205.10 μg/g carob pulp) carob pulp and highlighted the great influence of the ripening stage on carobs polyphenolic composition, with unripe pods being more enriched in polyphenols (total phenolics detected: 912.58 and 283.13 μg/g unripe and ripe carob pulp).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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13
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Kyratzis AC, Antoniou C, Papayiannis LC, Graziani G, Rouphael Y, Kyriacou MC. Pod Morphology, Primary and Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Non-grafted and Grafted Carob Germplasm Are Configured by Agro-Environmental Zone, Genotype, and Growing Season. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:612376. [PMID: 33519870 PMCID: PMC7838365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.612376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carob is a predominantly rainfed tree crop of high nutritive value and a long history of adaptation to the edaphoclimatic stress conditions of the Mediterranean. However, declining attention to the carob tree in recent decades has aggravated genetic erosion. The extant in situ germplasm varies both in terms of pod morphology and composition, reflecting the genetic and physiological divide chiefly among grafted and non-grafted material, and possibly the impact of variable agro-environments. Accordingly, the present study aimed to establish a systematic categorization of the genetic and phenotypic diversity encountered across carob germplasm identified in situ throughout Cyprus, a historical center of production and genetic diversity for the species. Linking pod morphology, primary and secondary metabolite profiles with genotyped source material originating in different agro-environments and crop seasons would provide a framework for interpreting (a) the interaction of these factors in configuring carob pod physicochemical constitution, and (b) the relative stability of phenotypic traits against environmental and seasonal variation. Microsatellite analysis discriminated 36 genotypes out of the 124 trees located in nine traditional agro-environmental zones and revealed low genetic diversity within the grafted germplasm. Two landraces were identified: "Tillyria," which is widespread and predominant, and "Kountourka," which is mainly localized to the northeastern peninsula of Karpasia. Morphological traits, such as seeds-to-pod weight ratio, pod width and thickness were principally under genetic control. Contrarily, compositional traits, particularly total phenolic content-including condensed tannins, in vitro antioxidant capacity and to a lesser extent gallic acid, organic acids and minerals were under agro-environmental control. Agro-environmental zone also modulated principally fructose and glucose; sucrose was modulated equally by genotype and agro-environment, while total sugars were under genetic control. Statistically significant differences between seasons were detected for all traits except for the seeds-to-pod weight ratio, pod length and width. Hierarchical cluster analysis corroborates that Cyprus may be divided into two major agro-environmental zones modulating the compositional properties of the carob pulp. The present study provides a comprehensive insight into the extant carob genetic resources of Cyprus and advances our understanding of how genetic, agro-environmental and seasonal factors interact in shaping carob pod morphology and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos C. Kyratzis
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrystalla Antoniou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lambros C. Papayiannis
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Marios C. Kyriacou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kyriacou MC, Antoniou C, Rouphael Y, Graziani G, Kyratzis A. Mapping the Primary and Secondary Metabolomes of Carob ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit and Its Postharvest Antioxidant Potential at Critical Stages of Ripening. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:57. [PMID: 33466561 PMCID: PMC7824902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Six critical stages corresponding to major morphophysiological events in carob fruit ripening were defined, and changes in the primary and secondary metabolome and in vitro antioxidant capacity were examined in two genotypes collected at low (15 m) and high (510 m) altitudes from genetically identified and georeferenced trees. Soluble carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC-RI, macro-minerals by ion chromatography coupled to conductivity detection and polyphenols by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. spectroscopy facilitated assays for condensed tannins and in vitro free-radical scavenging capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fruit respiration rate and moisture content declined sharply during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Sugar accumulation spiked at the onset of fruit coloration and culminated at 498.7 ± 8.4 mg g-1 dry weight (dw) in the late ripe stage, while the ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose decreased from 3.45 ± 0.32 to 0.41 ± 0.02. The total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins declined with ripening, particularly during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Eighteen polyphenols were identified and quantitated, with catechins and hydrolyzable tannins being dominant until the onset of fruit coloration. The transition to the green pedicel stage signaled a precipitous decline (90.9%) in catechins, hydrolyzable tannins (60.2%) and flavonol glycosides (52.1%) concomitant to the rise in gallic acid, which was putatively fueled by the enzymatic hydrolysis of gallotannins in immature fruit. Catechins, hydrolyzable tannins and flavone glycosides were more abundant at higher altitudes and gallic acid at lower altitudes. An antioxidant capacity was also favored by higher elevations and declined with ripening, particularly after the breaker stage. Correlations with FRAP and DPPH assays were significant for the total phenolic content, condensed tannins, catechins and hydrolyzable tannins. The highest correlation factors were obtained for epigallocatechin-gallate (r = 0.920 and r = 0.900; p < 0.01). Although the sharp drop in hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable tannins and catechins compromised the in vitro antioxidant capacity at physiological maturity, it also reduced the astringency and configured a palatable organoleptic fruit profile. These changes unraveled significant episodes in the ripening-related secondary metabolism of the carob fruit. They further highlighted the value of immature carob as a potent source of gallotannins, with putative in vivo anti-inflammatory action, and of catechins beneficial in preventing and protecting against diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C. Kyriacou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Chrystalla Antoniou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angelos Kyratzis
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
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15
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Antoniou C, Kyratzis A, Rouphael Y, Stylianou S, Kyriacou MC. Heat- and Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soluble Carbohydrates and Phenolics from Carob Kibbles of Variable Size and Source Material. Foods 2020; 9:E1364. [PMID: 32992938 PMCID: PMC7599798 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extraction of carob kibbles is the fundamental step in the production of carob juice and carob molasses. Improving the theoretical yield in sugars during organic solvent-free aqueous extraction is of prime interest to the food industry. Collateral extraction of phenolics, however, must be monitored as it influences the sensory and functional profile of carob juice. We presently examined the impact of source material, kibble size, temperature, and duration on the efficiency of extracting sugars and phenolics aqueously by conventional heat-assisted (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) methods. Source material was the most influential factor determining the concentration of phenolics extracted by either method. Source material also influenced the relative proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, which may impact the perceived sweetness of the juice. Kibble size (medium size M = 9-13 mm; powder size P = 1-4 mm) was more influential with UAE than HAE for both sugars and phenolics but was rendered less influential with prolonged UAE duration. Increasing HAE temperature (from 25 °C to 75 °C) favored the extraction of phenolics over sugars; however, prolonging extraction at 25 °C improved sugar yield without excessive yield in phenolics. Disproportionate extraction of phenolics over sugars limits the use of heat-assisted extraction to improve sugar yield in carob juice production and may shift the product's sensory profile toward astringency. Prolonged extraction at near ambient temperature can, however, improve sugar yield, keeping collateral extraction of phenolics low. Ultrasound agitation constitutes an effective means of extracting sugars from powder-size kibbles. Industrial application of both methodologies depends on the targeted functional and sensory properties of carob juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Antoniou
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Angelos Kyratzis
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | | | - Marios C. Kyriacou
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
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Ben Ayache S, Behija Saafi E, Emhemmed F, Flamini G, Achour L, Muller CD. Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143120. [PMID: 32650498 PMCID: PMC7397290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the volatile compounds profile and phytochemical content of Ceratonia siliqua L. Fifty different components have been identified. Among them, three constituents are shared i.e., 2-methlybutanoic acid, methyl hexanoate and limonene by different common carob preparations: pulp decoction (PD), seeds decoction (SD) and Rob, a sweet syrup extracted from the pulp of the carob pod. Each extract exhibits different volatile aromatic emission profiles. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using three methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, producing a dose-dependent response. The IC50, when determined by FRAP, gave the lowest values (0.66 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.00 mg/mL PD, SD and Rob, respectively). The nociception essay, after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice, demonstrated that Rob, pulp and seeds decoction extracts showed an efficient inhibition of writhes over time, with persistence over 30 min. The SD decoction revealed the highest efficacy in decreasing the writhing reflex (90.3 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the proapoptotic activity of SD against three human cell line, THP-1, MCF-7 and LOVO, evaluated by flow cytometry, showed a significantly stronger proapoptotic activity on colon cancer (LOVO) than on the other cell lines, a phenomenon known as phenotypic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwar Ben Ayache
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (C.D.M.); Tel.: +216-73-463-716 (S.B.A.); Fax: +216-73465-404 (S.B.A.)
| | - Emna Behija Saafi
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Fathi Emhemmed
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute” Nutrafood, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lotfi Achour
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Christian D. Muller
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (C.D.M.); Tel.: +216-73-463-716 (S.B.A.); Fax: +216-73465-404 (S.B.A.)
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17
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Shang YF, Chen SX, Miao JH, Zhang YG, Cai HZ, Bu XY, Xie Y, Ma YL, Wang CX, Xu JL, Wei ZJ. Autoclaving hyphenated with reflux extraction for gaining bioactive components from Chaenomeles fruits. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1774608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Shang
- Postdoctoral Workstation of Chuzhou University, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Hao Miao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Ge Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Cai
- Postdoctoral Workstation of Chuzhou University, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yong Bu
- Department of Research and Development, Anhui PanPan Food CO., LTD, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Research and Development, Anhui PanPan Food CO., LTD, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Long Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chun-Xian Wang
- Xuancheng Research Institute, Hefei University of Technology, XuanCheng, China
| | - Jiu-Liang Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, School of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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18
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Ben Othmen K, Elfalleh W, García Beltrán JM, Esteban MÁ, Haddad M. An in vitro study of the effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) leaf extracts on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) leucocyte activities. Antioxidant, cytotoxic and bactericidal properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:35-43. [PMID: 32032761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carob leaves, the main residues of the carob tree, were investigated as a renewable and abundant source of bioactive compounds for fish aquaculture. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from carob leaves were characterized in terms of biochemical composition, antiradical and cytotoxic effects and immunostimulant and antibacterial activities. The ethanolic extract showed higher levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins and higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract. No significant immunostimulant effects were observed on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) head kidney leucocytes (viability, phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities and peroxidase content) after incubation for 24 h with different extracts. Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts used at 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg mL-1 and aqueous extracts at 1 g mL-1 had a cytotoxic effect on PLHC-1 cells. When the bactericidal activity was tested against three fish pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae) notable activity of the different extracts was detected against P. damselae at all three concentrations. A similar effect was demonstrated against V. haryeri when ethanolic extracts were used in the same range of concentrations. This work demonstrates interesting in vitro effects of carob leaf extracts and suggests it could be used as an alternative to chemical compounds with farmed fish. The concentration and nature of the extracts were very important in terms of any positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajida Ben Othmen
- Laboratoire d'Aridocultures et des Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Nahel, Gabès, 6051, Tunisia
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Unité de Recherche Catalyse et Matériaux pour l'Environnement et les Procédés URCMEP (UR11ES85), Faculté des Sciences de Gabès/Université de Gabès, Campus Universitaire Cité Erriadh, Gabès, 6072, Tunisia
| | - José María García Beltrán
- Fish Innate Immune System Group. Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group. Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mansour Haddad
- Laboratoire d'Aridocultures et des Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Nahel, Gabès, 6051, Tunisia
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van Rijs P, Fogliano V. Roasting carob flour decreases the capacity to bind glycoconjugates of bile acids. Food Funct 2020; 11:5924-5932. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carob is the fruit obtained from Ceratonia siliqua L. and it is a source of bioactive compounds that have been linked to several health promoting effects, including lowering blood cholesterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylyne van Rijs
- Food quality and design group
- AFSG department Wageningen University and Research
- Wageningen
- The Netherland
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food quality and design group
- AFSG department Wageningen University and Research
- Wageningen
- The Netherland
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Rodríguez-Solana R, Coelho N, Santos-Rufo A, Gonçalves S, Pérez-Santín E, Romano A. The Influence of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Capacities of Carob Liqueurs Obtained with Different Elaboration Techniques. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E563. [PMID: 31744100 PMCID: PMC6912352 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carob liqueur is a traditional Mediterranean alcoholic beverage obtained via a wide range of production techniques contributing to the different organoleptic attributes of the final product. The aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of the chemical composition and biological capacities (antioxidant and enzyme inhibition) under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of liqueurs prepared by flavouring the fig spirit with carob pulp by maceration, distillation, percolation, or aqueous and hydro-alcoholic infusions. For this purpose, the phenolic and furanic compositions, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, antioxidant capacity (AC), and enzyme inhibitory potential against acethylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes were evaluated. The content of gallic acid decreased after gastrointestinal digestion, while TPC, TFC, and AC significantly increased after each digestion phase. Overall, no significantly different enzyme inhibitions (p < 0.05) were observed among digested liqueurs, with moderate inhibition against acethylcholinesterase and tyrosinase (enzymes related with neurodegenerative diseases), and potent and low inhibitory capacities for α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively (ideal conditions employed in antidiabetic therapy). The study indicates that hydro-alcoholic infusion and maceration were the most appropriate methods to obtain liqueurs with higher values of the aforementioned parameters and safe levels of toxic furanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Natacha Coelho
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Antonio Santos-Rufo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Area of Crop Protection, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Apartado 3092, 14080 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Sandra Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Efrén Pérez-Santín
- Graduate School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logroño, 26006 La Rioja, Spain;
| | - Anabela Romano
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.G.)
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21
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Evolution of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Tunisian carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pods during maturation. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Ceratonia siliqua fruits contain several substances known to have high adaptability to environmental conditions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the changes in physicochemical properties of different Tunisian provenances of carob pulps harvested at three ripening stages. Furthermore, six provenances were investigated during the ripening process in terms of their moisture, ash, minerals, bioactive compounds, antiradical activity and sugar profile. The results demonstrated that all examined parameters are highly influenced by geographic origin. Concerning ripening impact, our data showed that water and ash content significantly decreased during the development of six provenances, as well as the bioactive and mineral contents. Thus, the total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannins (CT) contents exhibited the highest levels in the unripe fruits. The antiradical activity trend was positively correlated to the behavior of the bioactive compounds content. Moreover, the sucrose, glucose and fructose were the main sugar qualified and quantified in carob pods at different ripening stages. At the maturity stage, the monosaccharide contents (glucose and fructose) were slightly reduced, while, the sucrose was rapidly accumulated. In conclusion, the ripening process diversely affected the nutritional composition and generally extended the exploitation of carob fruits. The study could provide valuable information about the suitability of carob pods at different maturity stages as potential biomaterials for nutraceutical applications.
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22
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Teniente-Martínez G, Bernardino-Nicanor A, Cariño-Cortés R, Valadez-Vega MDC, Montañez-Soto JL, Acosta-García G, González-Cruz L. Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of protein isolate of ayocote beans and anticancer activity of their protein fractions. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Rodríguez-Solana R, Salgado JM, Pérez-Santín E, Romano A. Effect of carob variety and roasting on the antioxidant capacity, and the phenolic and furanic contents of carob liquors. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2697-2707. [PMID: 30350333 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of the traditional carob liquor from Algarve (Portugal) depends on numerous factors such as carob processing, variety and maceration conditions. An experimental design with 36 runs was created to evaluate the effect of the roasting temperature, particle size, variety of carob and time of maceration on several parameters of carob liquors as gallic acid and total phenolic content, the furanic composition (furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural), browning index and in vitro antioxidant capacity. RESULTS The results revealed that carob variety was the independent variable with the greatest effect on antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and gallic acid content. In particular, AIDA liquors presented the highest results, mainly those prepared with unroasted carob. Meanwhile, Galhosa and Mulata liquors showed the greatest concentrations when the carob pulp was roasted at 150 °C. The furanic composition and browning index were greatly influenced by the carob roasting degree. CONCLUSION The levels of the main toxic furanics present in carob liquors, furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, suggest a safe consumption of these beverages even in samples of carobs with the maximum roasting degree. The smallest carob particle size favoured the highest phenolic extraction, while the longest maceration periods decreased the concentration of the toxic furanic compounds studied. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Centro para os Recursos Biológicos e Alimentos Mediterrânicos (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - José M Salgado
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Efrén Pérez-Santín
- Graduate school of Engineering and Technology, International University of La Rioja (UNIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Anabela Romano
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Centro para os Recursos Biológicos e Alimentos Mediterrânicos (MeditBio), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Farag MA, El-Kersh DM, Ehrlich A, Choucry MA, El-Seedi H, Frolov A, Wessjohann LA. Variation in Ceratonia siliqua pod metabolome in context of its different geographical origin, ripening stage and roasting process. Food Chem 2019; 283:675-687. [PMID: 30722926 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carob is a legume tree of a considerable commercial importance for the flavor and sweet industry. In this context, it is cultivated mostly for its pods, which are known for their nutritive value and multiple health benefits. However, metabolite patterns, underlying these properties are still mostly uncharacterized. In this study, the role of geographical origin, ontogenetic changes and thermal processing on the Ceratonia siliqua pod metabolome was assessed by mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics. Thereby, a total of 70 fruits primary metabolites, represented mainly by carbohydrates, organic and amino acids were detected. Analysis of secondary bioactive metabolites assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HR-MS) revealed in total 83 signals. The major signals, most significantly contributing in discrimination of C. siliqua specimens were assigned to tannins and flavonoids. PCA models derived from either UHPLC-MS or GC-MS proved to be powerful tools for discrimination of C. siliqua specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Dina M El-Kersh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), 11837, Egypt
| | - Anja Ehrlich
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mouchira A Choucry
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Russia
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Stavrou IJ, Christou A, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Polyphenols in carobs: A review on their composition, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effects, and health impact. Food Chem 2018; 269:355-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Carbas B, Salinas MV, Serrano C, Passarinho JA, Puppo MC, Ricardo CP, Brites C. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial flours from Ceratonia siliqua and Prosopis spp. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Mekhoukhe A, Kicher H, Ladjouzi A, Medouni-Haroune L, Brahmi F, Medouni-Adrar S, Madani K. Antioxidant activity of carob seeds and chemical composition of their bean gum by- products. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 16:jcim-2017-0158. [PMID: 30110252 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is very old edible fruit, flavorful and often used in foods and beverages. In this present study the composition of phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity and the production locust bean gum (LBG) of seeds grown in Algeria was explored. Methods The phenolic contents (total phenolics, total tannins, total flavonoids, condensed tannins and flavonols) and the antioxidant activity of the aqueous methanolic, ethanolic and acetonic extracts (70, 80 and 80v/v, respectively) of the seeds were determined using colorimetric methods. Furthermore, the carob bean gum from seeds was extracted and its chemical composition was evaluated. Results Aqueous acetonicextract of carob seeds give the highest contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, flavonols, total tannins and condensed tannins which were 12.24±0.02, 1.33±0.01, 2.97±0.01, 4.29±0.2 and 0.53±0.01 mg/g of dry weight, respectively. The same extract showed also the best antioxidant activity in all assays compared to other extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mekhoukhe
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Houda Kicher
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Adidi Ladjouzi
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Lamia Medouni-Haroune
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Brahmi
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Sonia Medouni-Adrar
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, Biophysique, Biochimie et Scientométrie (L3BS), Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000Bejaia, Algeria
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28
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Loullis A, Pinakoulaki E. Carob as cocoa substitute: a review on composition, health benefits and food applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Aboura I, Nani A, Belarbi M, Murtaza B, Fluckiger A, Dumont A, Benammar C, Tounsi MS, Ghiringhelli F, Rialland M, Khan NA, Hichami A. Protective effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob (Ceratonia siliqua) leaves and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica against inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity and DSS-induced colitis in Swiss mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1022-1035. [PMID: 29221725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob leaves and OFI-cladodes on inflammation associated with obesity and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in Swiss mice. In vitro studies revealed that aqueous extracts of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes exhibited anti-inflammatory properties marked by the inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells concomitant with NF-κβ nucleus translocation inhibition. For in vivo investigations, Swiss male mice were subjected to control or high fat diet (HFD). At the 8th week after the start of study, animals received or not 1% infusion of either carob leaves or OFI-cladode for 4 weeks and were subjected to 2% DSS administration in drinking water over last 7 days. After sacrifice, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in plasma and their mRNA expression in different organs were determined. Results showed that carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions reduced inflammation severity associated with HFD-induced obesity and DSS-induced acute colitis indicated by decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (as such TNF-α, IL1b and IL-6) in colon, adipose tissue and spleen. In addition, plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were also curtailed in response to infusions treatment. Thus, carob leaf and OFI-cladode infusions prevented intestinal permeability through the restoration of tight junction proteins (Zo1, occludins) and immune homeostasis. Hence, the anti-inflammatory effect of carob leaves and OFI-cladodes could be attributed to their polyphenols which might alleviate inflammation severity associated with obesity and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Aboura
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Abdelhafid Nani
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria; Department of Natural and Life Sciences, African University Ahmed Draia, Adrar, Algeria.
| | - Meriem Belarbi
- Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Babar Murtaza
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Fluckiger
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adélie Dumont
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Chahid Benammar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, University of Abou-Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Moufida Saidani Tounsi
- Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | | | - Mickaël Rialland
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aziz Hichami
- INSERM U1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Rtibi K, Selmi S, Grami D, Amri M, Eto B, El-Benna J, Sebai H, Marzouki L. Chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of carob pods and leaves (Ceratonia siliqua L.) on the gastrointestinal tract: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:522-528. [PMID: 28686965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carob tree, Ceratonia siliqua L., is a medicinal plant used in Tunisian traditional medicine for the treatment of the gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders. In this respect, a relatively large number of scientific publications on the carob tree have been published in recent years. Therefore, the present review was aimed to analyze the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Ceratonia siliqua on the GI tract. Indeed, previous investigations on the carob pods and leaves have revealed the presence of a number of compounds including high amounts of carbohydrates, dietary fibers, minerals, polyphenols, flavonoids and low amounts of protein and lipids. This plant possesses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diarrheique, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-constipation and anti-absorptive of glucose activities in the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of C. siliqua, we concluded that this species has beneficial preventive and therapeutic properties, especially, in digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382-9000, Béja, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382-9000, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Dhekra Grami
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382-9000, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Eto
- TransCell-Lab, Faculty of Medicine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U1149 Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382-9000, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bioressources-Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, B.P. 382-9000, Béja, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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31
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Gorjanović S, Komes D, Laličić-Petronijević J, Pastor FT, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Veljović M, Pezo L, Sužnjević DŽ. Antioxidant efficiency of polyphenols from coffee and coffee substitutes-electrochemical versus spectrophotometric approach. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2324-2331. [PMID: 28740289 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant (AO) capacity of instant, espresso, filter and Turkish/Greek coffee brews, coffee substitutes (roasted chicory root, barley, pea, chickpea, carob and dried fig) and individual compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, methylxanthines, N-methyl pyridinium and HMW melanoidins) was assessed using DC polarographic assay based on decrease of anodic current originating from hydroxo-perhydroxo mercury complex formed in alkaline solutions of H2O2 at potential of mercury dissolution, as well as three spectrophotometric assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). A large difference between applied assays ability to recognize various types of individual AOs was noticed. Only according to DC polarographic assay significant AO activity was ascribed to methylxanthines and N-methyl pyridinum. The total content of phenolics (TPC) present in complex samples was determined by FC assay. The highest TPC was ascribed to instant coffees and coffee substitutes while the lowest to decaffeinated filter coffee. Complex samples were grouped based on principal components analysis, phenolics AO coefficient, calculated as the ratio between AO capacity and TPC, and relative AO capacity index (RACI), calculated by assigning equal weight to all applied assays including FC. The highest values of RACI were ascribed to instant coffee brews, followed by substitutes while the lowest to the decaffeinated espresso coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Gorjanović
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, P. O. Box 45, Belgrade 118, 11158 Serbia
| | - Draženka Komes
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ferenc T Pastor
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11001 Serbia
| | - Ana Belščak-Cvitanović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mile Veljović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11081 Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, P. O. Box 45, Belgrade 118, 11158 Serbia
| | - Desanka Ž Sužnjević
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, P. O. Box 45, Belgrade 118, 11158 Serbia
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Ismail MM, Essam TM, Ragab YM, El-Sayed AEKB, Mourad FE. Remediation of a mixture of analgesics in a stirred-tank photobioreactor using microalgal-bacterial consortium coupled with attempt to valorise the harvested biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 232:364-371. [PMID: 28254731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An artificial microalgal-bacterial consortium was used to remediate a mixture of analgesics (ketoprofen, paracetamol and aspirin) in a stirred-tank photobioreactor. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3days supported poor treatment because of the formation of p-aminophenol (paracetamol toxic metabolite). Increasing the HRT to 4days enhanced the bioremediation efficiency. After applying an acclimatization regime, 95% removal of the analgesics mixture, p-aminophenol and COD reduction were achieved. However, shortening the HRT again to 3days neither improved the COD reduction nor ketoprofen removal. Applying continuous illumination achieved the best analgesics removal results. The harvested biomass contained 50% protein, which included almost all essential amino acids. The detected fatty acid profile suggested the harvested biomass to be a good biodiesel-producing candidate. The water-extractable fraction possessed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest the whole process to be an integrated eco-friendly and cost-efficient strategy for remediating pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Ismail
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Tamer M Essam
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Ragab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | | | - Fathia E Mourad
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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33
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Goulas V, Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG. Functional Components of Carob Fruit: Linking the Chemical and Biological Space. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1875. [PMID: 27834921 PMCID: PMC5133875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of natural products to the drug-discovery pipeline has been remarkable since they have served as a rich source for drug development and discovery. Natural products have adapted, during the course of evolution, optimum chemical scaffolds against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Advances in high-throughput screening assays, assisted by the continuous development on the instrumentation's capabilities and omics, have resulted in charting a large chemical and biological space of drug-like compounds, originating from natural sources. Herein, we attempt to integrate the information on the chemical composition and the associated biological impact of carob fruit in regards to human health. The beneficial and health-promoting effects of carob along with the clinical trials and the drug formulations derived from carob's natural components are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3603, Cyprus.
| | - Evgenios Stylos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11571 Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Rtibi K, Jabri MA, Selmi S, Sebai H, Amri M, El-Benna J, Marzouki L. Ceratonia siliqua leaves exert a strong ROS-scavenging effect in human neutrophils, inhibit myeloperoxydase in vitro and protect against intestinal fluid and electrolytes secretion in rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are induced by biological, chemical and physical factors which are, in turn, associated with an increased risk of several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
| | - Mohammed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U773 Centre de Recherche Biomédicale
- Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat
- 75018 Paris
- France
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
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35
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El Bouzdoudi B, El Ansari ZN, Mangalagiu I, Mantu D, Badoc A, Lamarti A. Determination of Polyphenols Content in Carob Pulp from Wild and Domesticated Moroccan Trees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.714177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nasar-Abbas SM, E-Huma Z, Vu TH, Khan MK, Esbenshade H, Jayasena V. Carob Kibble: A Bioactive-Rich Food Ingredient. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:63-72. [PMID: 33371575 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is well known for its valuable locust bean gum obtained from the carob seeds. Separation of seeds from the pod leaves behind the carob kibble which is a good source of dietary fiber, sugars, and a range of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and pinitol. Bioactive compounds present in carob kibble have been found to be beneficial in the control of many health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases, and colon cancer due to their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Carob kibble has substantial potential to be used as a food ingredient. This article focuses on the composition, health benefits, and food applications of carob kibble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Nasar-Abbas
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Zill- E-Huma
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,National Inst. of Food Science & Technology, Univ. of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Thi-Huong Vu
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Khan
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Dept. of Food Science, Government College Univ. Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Wrestern Sydney Univ, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia
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Custódio L, Patarra J, Alberício F, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, Romano A. In vitroantioxidant and inhibitory activity of water decoctions of carob tree (Ceratonia siliquaL.) on cholinesterases, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:2155-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.996147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kotrotsios N, Christaki E, Bonos E, Florou-Paneri P. Dietary carob pods on growth performance and meat quality of fattening pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:880-5. [PMID: 25049640 PMCID: PMC4093102 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment the effect of dietary carob pods in the growth performance of fattening pigs and their meat quality, including steak chemical composition and fatty acid profile, were examined. A total of 160 weaning piglets, 30 days old, were allocated into four equal groups with 4 subgroups of 5 female and 5 males each. The animals were fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets, containing either 0 or 75 or 100 or 125 g of carob pods per kg of feed. At the end of the experiment, on the 180 day of age, carcass subcutaneous fat thickness, steak chemical composition and steak fatty acid profile were determined. The results of the experiment showed that the dietary addition of 75 or 100 g/kg carob pods increased body weight at slaughter and carcass weight. No significant effect was noticed on the other examined carcass parameters. Consequently, carob pods could be suggested as a potential feed for fattening pigs without any adverse effect on their meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Animal Production, Faculty of Technology of Agronomics, Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia, 53100, Florina, Greece
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Almog L, Lev E, Schiff E, Linn S, Ben-Arye E. Bridging cross-cultural gaps: monitoring herbal use during chemotherapy in patients referred to integrative medicine consultation in Israel. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22:2793-804. [PMID: 24817575 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high prevalence of the use of traditional herbs among patients with cancer is a cause for concern with regard to potentially adverse interactions with conventional oncology treatments. In this study, we explore herbal use among patients with cancer in northern Israel who are referred by their health care providers to complementary and traditional medicine (CTM) consultations provided to them within the conventional oncology department. The study's objectives were to identify which herbs patients use and to examine the scope of current research on the efficacy and safety regarding the identified herbs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Herbal use by patients receiving oncology care was assessed prospectively from July 2009 to July 2012 by integrative physicians (IPs) trained in herbal medicine. Historical, ethnobotanical, basic research, and clinical data regarding the identified herbs were explored by using a keyword search in PubMed and Middle Eastern ethnohistorical literature. RESULTS Disclosure of herbal use was reported by 154 of the 305 patients (50.5 %) interviewed by IPs. The use of 85 single herbs and 30 different herbal formulas was documented during the initial or follow-up IP assessments. Patients reported 14 quality of life-associated indications for herbal use. The ten most prevalent herbs displaying in vitro/in vivo anticancer activity and nine other herbs were preliminarily assessed concerning potential risks, safety, and interaction with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Herbal use by patients with cancer in northern Israel is widespread and calls for further study in order to address issues of safety and effectiveness. We recommend constructing a multinational and multidisciplinary team of researchers with ethnopharmacological and clinical expertise that will explore the use of herbs among patients with cancer in a cross-cultural perspective attuned with patients' affinity to traditional herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Almog
- Integrative Oncology Program, The Oncology Service and Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, 35 Rothschild St., Haifa and Western Galilee District, Haifa, Israel
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