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Hernández ML, Muñoz-Ocaña C, Posada P, Sicardo MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Gómez-Coca RB, Belaj A, Moreda W, Martínez-Rivas JM. Functional Characterization of Four Olive Squalene Synthases with Respect to the Squalene Content of the Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15701-15712. [PMID: 37815987 PMCID: PMC10723762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The release of new olive cultivars with an increased squalene content in their virgin olive oil is considered an important target in olive breeding programs. In this work, the variability of the squalene content in a core collection of 36 olive cultivars was first studied, revealing two olive cultivars, 'Dokkar' and 'Klon-14', with extremely low and high squalene contents in their oils, respectively. Next, four cDNA sequences encoding squalene synthases (SQS) were cloned from olive. Sequence analysis and functional expression in bacteria confirmed that they encode squalene synthases. Transcriptional analysis in distinct olive tissues and cultivars indicated that expression levels of these four SQS genes are spatially and temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner and pointed to OeSQS2 as the gene mainly involved in squalene biosynthesis in olive mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. In addition, the biosynthesis of squalene appears to be transcriptionally regulated in water-stressed olive mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Ocaña
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Posada
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel B. Gómez-Coca
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA
Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wenceslao Moreda
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Montanaro G, Petrozza A, Rustioni L, Cellini F, Nuzzo V. Phenotyping Key Fruit Quality Traits in Olive Using RGB Images and Back Propagation Neural Networks. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 5:0061. [PMID: 37363144 PMCID: PMC10289815 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To predict oil and phenol concentrations in olive fruit, the combination of back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) and contact-less plant phenotyping techniques was employed to retrieve RGB image-based digital proxies of oil and phenol concentrations. Fruits of cultivars (×3) differing in ripening time were sampled (~10-day interval, ×2 years), pictured and analyzed for phenol and oil concentrations. Prior to this, fruit samples were pictured and images were segmented to extract the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) mean pixel values that were rearranged in 35 RGB-based colorimetric indexes. Three BPNNs were designed using as input variables (a) the original 35 RGB indexes, (b) the scores of principal components after a principal component analysis (PCA) pre-processing of those indexes, and (c) a reduced number (28) of the RGB indexes achieved after a sparse PCA. The results show that the predictions reached the highest mean R2 values ranging from 0.87 to 0.95 (oil) and from 0.81 to 0.90 (phenols) across the BPNNs. In addition to the R2, other performance metrics were calculated (root mean squared error and mean absolute error) and combined into a general performance indicator (GPI). The resulting rank of the GPI suggests that a BPNN with a specific topology might be designed for cultivars grouped according to their ripening period. The present study documented that an RGB-based image phenotyping can effectively predict key quality traits in olive fruit supporting the developing olive sector within a digital agriculture domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo Petrozza
- ALSIA, Agenzia Lucana Sviluppo Innovazione in Agricoltura, Metapontum Agrobios Research Center, 75010 Metaponto, Italy
| | - Laura Rustioni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellini
- ALSIA, Agenzia Lucana Sviluppo Innovazione in Agricoltura, Metapontum Agrobios Research Center, 75010 Metaponto, Italy
| | - Vitale Nuzzo
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Asgari A, Hooshmand A, Broumand‐Nasab S, Zivdar S. Potential application of spectral indices for olive water status assessment in (semi-)arid regions: A case study in Khuzestan Province, Iran. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e494. [PMID: 37292219 PMCID: PMC10244469 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spectral indices can be used as fast and non-destructive indicators of plant water status or stress. It is the objective of the present study to evaluate the feasibility of using several spectral indices including water index (WI) and normalized spectral water indices 1-5 (NWI 1-5) to estimate water status in olive trees in arid regions in Iran. The experimental treatments involved two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and T2) and four irrigation regimes (irrigated with 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% estimated crop evapotranspiration [ETc]). The results obtained showed that olive trees subjected to the different irrigation regimes of 85%, 70%, and 55% ETc experienced soil water content (SWC) deficits by 4.5%, 12%, and 20.5% that of the control, respectively. Significant differences were observed among the treatments with respect to measured relative water content (RWC), SWC, and the spectral indices of WI and NWI 1-5. The normalized spectral indices combining NIR and NIR wavelengths were found more effective in tracking changes in RWC and SWC than those that combine NIR and VIS or VIS and VIS wavelengths, respectively. Spectral indices were closely and significantly associated with RWC (.63**<R2<.77**) and SWC (.51**<R2<.67**). Among all the spectral indices investigated, NWI-2 showed the least consistent associations with RWC (ranging from 4-15% lower than the other indices examined) and SWC (ranging from 1-23% lower than the others). Based on the pooled data on spectral indices, RWC, and SWC collected during the study period, WI, NWI-1, NWI-4, and NWI-5 showed stronger correlations with RWC and SWC than did NWI-3 and NWI-2. In conclusion, the spectral indices of WI and NWI 1-5 measured at the leaf level are found useful as fast and non-destructive estimators of plant water stress in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azimeh Asgari
- Irrigation and Drainage, Water and Environmental Engineering CollegeShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Abdolrahim Hooshmand
- Irrigation and Drainage, Water and Environmental Engineering CollegeShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Saeed Broumand‐Nasab
- Irrigation and Drainage, Water and Environmental Engineering CollegeShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Shohreh Zivdar
- Horticulture, College of AgricultureShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
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Zipori I, Yermiyahu U, Dag A, Erel R, Ben‐Gal A, Quan L, Kerem Z. Effect of macronutrient fertilization on olive oil composition and quality under irrigated, intensive cultivation management. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:48-56. [PMID: 35794785 PMCID: PMC9796098 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards are fertilized, mostly with the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The effects of different application levels of these nutrients on olive oil composition and quality were studied over 6 years in a commercial intensively cultivated 'Barnea' olive orchard in Israel. RESULTS Oil quality and composition were affected by N, but not P or K availability. Elevated N levels increased free fatty acid content and reduced polyphenol level in the oil. Peroxide value was not affected by N, P or K levels. The relative concentrations of palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids increased with increasing levels of N application, whereas that of oleic acid, monounsaturated-to-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and oleic-to-linoleic ratio decreased. CONCLUSION These results indicate that intensive olive orchard fertilization should be carried out carefully, especially where N application is concerned, to avoid a decrease in oil quality due to over-fertilization. Informed application of macronutrients requires leaf and fruit analyses to establish good agricultural practices, especially in view of the expansion of olive cultivation to new agricultural regions and soils. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Zipori
- Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Institute, Gilat Research CenterIsrael
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Institute, Gilat Research CenterIsrael
| | - Arnon Dag
- Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Institute, Gilat Research CenterIsrael
| | - Ran Erel
- Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Institute, Gilat Research CenterIsrael
| | - Alon Ben‐Gal
- Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Institute, Gilat Research CenterIsrael
| | - Liu Quan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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Haberman A, Dag A, Erel R, Zipori I, Shtern N, Ben-Gal A, Yermiyahu U. Long-Term Impact of Phosphorous Fertilization on Yield and Alternate Bearing in Intensive Irrigated Olive Cultivation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1821. [PMID: 34579354 PMCID: PMC8467881 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) availability significantly impacts olive tree reproductive development and consequential fruit production. However, the importance of P fertilization in olive cultivation is not clear, and P application is usually recommended only after P deficiency is identified. In order to determine the long-term impacts of continuous P fertilization in intensive irrigated olive cultivation, the growth and production of trees in an intensive orchard with or without P fertilization were evaluated over six consecutive seasons. Withholding of P resulted in significant reduction in soil P quantity and availability. Under lower P availability, long-term fruit production was significantly impaired due to reduced flowering and fruit set. In addition, trees under conditions of low P were characterized by higher alternate bearing fluctuations. Olive tree vegetative growth was hardly affected by P fertilizer level. The impairment of tree productivity was evident in spite of the fact that leaf P content in the treatment without P fertilization did not decrease below commonly reported and accepted thresholds for P deficiency. This implies that the leaf P content sufficiency threshold for intensive olive orchards should be reconsidered. The results demonstrate the negative impact of insufficient P fertilization and signify the need for routine P fertilization in intensive olive cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Haberman
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Arnon Dag
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Ran Erel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Isaac Zipori
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Nerya Shtern
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev 85280, Gilat, Israel; (A.H.); (A.D.); (R.E.); (I.Z.); (N.S.); (A.B.-G.)
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6
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A Complex Gene Network Mediated by Ethylene Signal Transduction TFs Defines the Flower Induction and Differentiation in Olea europaea L. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040545. [PMID: 33918715 PMCID: PMC8070190 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a typical Mediterranean crop, important for olive and oil production. The high tendency to bear fruits in an uneven manner, defined as irregular or alternate bearing, results in a significant economic impact for the high losses in olives and oil production. Buds from heavy loaded (‘ON’) and unloaded (‘OFF’) branches of a unique olive tree were collected in July and the next March to compare the transcriptomic profiles and get deep insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating floral induction and differentiation. A wide set of DEGs related to ethylene TFs and to hormonal, sugar, and phenylpropanoid pathways was identified in buds collected from ‘OFF’ branches. These genes could directly and indirectly modulate different pathways, suggesting their key role during the lateral bud transition to flowering stage. Interestingly, several genes related to the flowering process appeared as over-expressed in buds from March ‘OFF’ branches and they could address the buds towards flower differentiation. By this approach, interesting candidate genes related to the switch from vegetative to reproductive stages were detected and analyzed. The functional analysis of these genes will provide tools for developing breeding programs to obtain olive trees characterized by more constant productivity over the years.
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Wang Y, Yu L, Zhao A, Karrar E, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wu G, Yang X, Chen L, Wang X. Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity during Fruit Ripening of Three Monovarietal Olive Oils Cultivated in China. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Le Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Anni Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Emad Karrar
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil and Fat Processing Technology Binzhou Shandong 256500 China
| | - Li Chen
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test Wuhan Hubei 430000 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
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Modulation of phenolic and lipophilic compounds of olive fruits in response to combined drought and heat. Food Chem 2020; 329:127191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dastkar E, Soleimani A, Jafary H, de Dios Alche J, Bahari A, Zeinalabedini M, Salami SA. Differential expression of genes in olive leaves and buds of ON- versus OFF-crop trees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15762. [PMID: 32978460 PMCID: PMC7519672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternate bearing (AB) refers to the tendency of trees to have an irregular crop load from 1 year (ON) to the next year (OFF). Despite its economic importance, it is not fully understood how gene networks and their related metabolic pathways may influence the irregular bearing in olive trees. To unravel molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon in olive (cv. Conservalia), the whole transcriptome of leaves and buds from ON and OFF-trees was sequenced using Illumina next generation sequencing approach. The results indicated that expressed transcripts were involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, polyamins, phytohormones and polyphenol oxidase (POD) related to antioxidant system. Expression of POD was increased in leaf samples of ON- versus OFF-trees. The expression pattern of the greater number of genes was changed more in buds than in leaves. Up-regulation of gene homologues to the majority of enzymes that were involved in photorespiration metabolism pathway in buds of ON-trees was remarkable that may support the hypotheses of an increase in photorespiratory metabolism in these samples. The results indicated changes in expression pattern of homologous to those taking part of abscisic acid and cytokinin synthesis which are connected to photorespiration. Our data did not confirm expression of homologue (s) to those of chlorogenic acid metabolism, which has been addressed earlier that have a probable role in biennial bearing in olive. Current findings provide new candidate genes for further functional analysis, gene cloning and exploring of molecular basses of AB in olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Dastkar
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Jafary
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Juan de Dios Alche
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Abbas Bahari
- Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrshad Zeinalabedini
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Salami
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Martínez-Beamonte R, Sanclemente T, Surra JC, Osada J. Could squalene be an added value to use olive by-products? JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:915-925. [PMID: 31670393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Squalene (SQ) is an intermediate hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of phytosterols and terpenes in plants. It is widely used for applications such as skin moisturizers, vaccines, or in carriers for active lipophilic molecules. It has commonly been obtained from sharks, but restrictions on their use have created a need to find alternative sources. We present a review of studies concerning SQ in olive groves to characterize its content and to provide new aspects that may increase the circular economy of the olive tree. There is a large variation in SQ content in virgin olive oil due to cultivars and agronomic issues such as region, climate, types of soil, crop practices, and harvest date. Cultivars with the highest SQ content in their virgin olive oil were 'Nocellara de Belice', 'Drobnica', 'Souri', and 'Oblica'. An interaction between cultivar and aspects such as irrigation practices or agricultural season is frequently observed. Likewise, the production of high SQ content needs precise control of fruit maturation. Leaves represent an interesting source, if its extraction and yield compensate for the expenses of their disposal. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from olive oil deodorizer distillates offers an opportunity to obtain high-purity SQ from this derivative. Exploiting SQ obtained from olive groves for the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries poses new challenges and opportunities to add value and recycle by-products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Teresa Sanclemente
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Tietel Z, Dag A, Yermiyahu U, Zipori I, Beiersdorf I, Krispin S, Ben-Gal A. Irrigation-induced salinity affects olive oil quality and health-promoting properties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1180-1189. [PMID: 30047164 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive oil, a functional food, is increasingly produced from trees irrigated with water containing high concentrations of salts. We studied the effects of irrigation-induced salinity on quality and health-related compounds in olive oil. Trees (cv Barnea) were grown in lysimeters with continuous control and monitoring of root-zone salinity. Salinity in the root zone was altered by changing irrigation solution salinity or by changing the extent of leaching. Extracted oil was analyzed for quality parameters including free fatty acid content, polyphenol, tocopherol, sterol and carotenoid levels, fatty acid (FA) profile, and antioxidative capacity. RESULTS While not all parameters changed, fruit water percentage and fruit oil content significantly decreased with increasing exposure to salt. As salinity increased, there was a desirable rise in measured polyphenol and tocopherol levels and a contrasting undesirable reduction in a number of important compounds, including 16:1 and 18:3 FA. CONCLUSION The possible negative effects on olive oil quality due to FA-related parameters should concern producers dependent on, or considering, irrigation with high-salinity water sources. A number of important quality parameters were differentially influenced by the method of inducing the root zone salinity, suggesting that additional environmental variables leading to oxidative responses were affected by the treatments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Tietel
- Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Isaac Zipori
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Ian Beiersdorf
- Environmental Physics and Irrigation, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Shani Krispin
- Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Environmental Physics and Irrigation, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, M.P. Negev, Israel
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Lou-Bonafonte JM, Martínez-Beamonte R, Sanclemente T, Surra JC, Herrera-Marcos LV, Sanchez-Marco J, Arnal C, Osada J. Current Insights into the Biological Action of Squalene. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800136. [PMID: 29883523 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a triterpenic compound found in a large number of plants and other sources with a long tradition of research since it was first reported in 1926. Herein a systematic review of studies concerning squalene published in the last 8 years is presented. These studies have provided further support for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, an antineoplastic effect in nutrigenetic-type treatments, which depends on the failing metabolic pathway of tumors, has also been reported. The bioavailability of squalene in cell cultures, animal models, and in humans has been well established, and further progress has been made in regard to the intracellular transport of this lipophilic molecule. Squalene accumulates in the liver and decreases hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, with these actions being exerted via a complex network of changes in gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Its presence in different biological fluids has also been studied. The combination of squalene with other bioactive compounds has been shown to enhance its pleiotropic properties and might lead to the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals to control oxidative stress and, therefore, numerous age-related diseases in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Lou-Bonafonte
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-22002, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Teresa Sanclemente
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, E-22071, Spain
| | - Luis V Herrera-Marcos
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Marco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain.,CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, E-50013, Spain
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Barazani O, Waitz Y, Tugendhaft Y, Dorman M, Dag A, Hamidat M, Hijawi T, Kerem Z, Westberg E, Kadereit JW. Testing the potential significance of different scion/rootstock genotype combinations on the ecology of old cultivated olive trees in the southeast Mediterranean area. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:3. [PMID: 28166755 PMCID: PMC5295185 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A previous multi-locus lineage (MLL) analysis of SSR-microsatellite data of old olive trees in the southeast Mediterranean area had shown the predominance of the Souri cultivar (MLL1) among grafted trees. The MLL analysis had also identified an MLL (MLL7) that was more common among rootstocks than other MLLs. We here present a comparison of the MLL combinations MLL1 (scion)/MLL7 (rootstock) and MLL1/MLL1 in order to investigate the possible influence of rootstock on scion phenotype. Results A linear regression analysis demonstrated that the abundance of MLL1/MLL7 trees decreases and of MLL1/MLL1 trees increases along a gradient of increasing aridity. Hypothesizing that grafting on MLL7 provides an advantage under certain conditions, Akaike information criterion (AIC) model selection procedure was used to assess the influence of different environmental conditions on phenotypic characteristics of the fruits and oil of the two MLL combinations. The most parsimonious models indicated differential influences of environmental conditions on parameters of olive oil quality in trees belonging to the MLL1/MLL7 and MLL1/MLL1 combinations, but a similar influence on fruit characteristics and oil content. These results suggest that in certain environments grafting of the local Souri cultivar on MLL7 rootstocks and the MLL1/MLL1 combination result in improved oil quality. The decreasing number of MLL1/MLL7 trees along an aridity gradient suggests that use of this genotype combination in arid sites was not favoured because of sensitivity of MLL7 to drought. Conclusions Our results thus suggest that MLL1/MLL7 and MLL1/MLL1 combinations were selected by growers in traditional rain-fed cultivation under Mediterranean climate conditions in the southeast Mediterranean area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0114-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Barazani
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel Plant Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Organization, 75359, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Yoni Waitz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel Plant Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Organization, 75359, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yizhar Tugendhaft
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280, M.P. Negev 2, Israel.,Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Dorman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Arnon Dag
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280, M.P. Negev 2, Israel
| | - Mohammed Hamidat
- Arab Agronomist Association, Al Nahda St., Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate, 4504, Al-Bireh, Palestine
| | - Thameen Hijawi
- Arab Agronomist Association, Al Nahda St., Ramallah and Al-Bireh Governorate, 4504, Al-Bireh, Palestine
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erik Westberg
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W Kadereit
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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Dag A, Naor A, Ben-Gal A, Harlev G, Zipori I, Schneider D, Birger R, Peres M, Gal Y, Kerem Z. The effect of water stress on super-high- density 'Koroneiki' olive oil quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2016-2020. [PMID: 25214192 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last two decades, the area of cultivated super-high-density olive orchards has increased rapidly. Water stress is an important tool in super-high-density orchards to reduce tree growth and promote suitability for overhead mechanical harvesters. Little is known regarding the effect of water stress in super-high-density orchards on oil quality parameters. In this study the effect of irrigation rate on oil quality parameters was evaluated in a six-year-old super-high-density 'Koreneiki' olive orchard for five consecutive seasons. Five water status levels, determined by irrigating in order to maintain various midday stem water potential threshold values (-1.5, -2, -2.5, -3 and -4 MPa), were applied during the oil accumulation stage. RESULTS The MUFA/PUFA ratio and free fatty acid content generally decreased as a function of increasing tree water stress. In most seasons a reduction in polyphenols was found with decreasing irrigation level. Peroxide value was not affected by the water stress level. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that limiting irrigation and exposure of olive trees to water stress in a super-high-density orchard lowers free fatty acid content and therefore benefits oil quality. However, the decreased MUFA/PUFA ratio and the reduction in polyphenol content that were also found under increased water stress negatively influence oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dag
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Amos Naor
- Golan Research Institute, PO Box 97, Kazrin, 12900, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Guy Harlev
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 85280, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isaac Zipori
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Doron Schneider
- MIGAL, Galilee Technology Center, PO Box 831, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Reuven Birger
- Agriculture Valley Center, PO Box 73, Migdal HaEmeq, Israel
| | - Moti Peres
- The Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Kiryat Shamona, 1210000, Israel
| | - Yoni Gal
- The Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Kiryat Shamona, 1210000, Israel
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
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Ben-Yosef M, Pasternak Z, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Symbiotic bacteria enable olive fly larvae to overcome host defences. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150170. [PMID: 26587275 PMCID: PMC4632588 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ripe fruit offer readily available nutrients for many animals, including fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their associated rot-inducing bacteria. Yet, during most of their ontogeny, fruit remain chemically defended and effectively suppress herbivores and pathogens by high levels of secondary metabolites. Olive flies (Bactrocera oleae) are uniquely able to develop in unripe olives. Unlike other frugivorous tephritids, the larvae maintain bacteria confined within their midgut caeca. We examined the interaction between larvae, their associated bacteria, and fruit chemical defence, hypothesizing that bacterial contribution to larval development is contingent on the phenology of fruit defensive chemistry. We demonstrate that larvae require their natural complement of bacteria (Candidatus Erwinia dacicola: Enterobacteriaceae) in order to develop in unripe olives. Conversely, when feeding on ripe fruit, larval development proceeds independently of these bacteria. Our experiments suggest that bacteria counteract the inhibitory effect of oleuropein-the principal phenolic glycoside in unripe olives. In light of these results, we suggest that the unique symbiosis in olive flies, compared with other frugivorous tephritids, is understood by considering the relationship between the fly, bacteria and fruit chemistry. When applied in an evolutionary context, this approach may also point out the forces which shaped symbioses across the Tephritidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zohar Pasternak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ghrab M, Ayadi M, Gargouri K, Chartzoulakis K, Gharsallaoui M, Bentaher H, Psarras G, Ben Mimoun M, Masmoudi MM, Ben Mechlia N. Long-term effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD) on yield, oil composition and quality of olive tree (cv. Chemlali) irrigated with saline water in arid land. J Food Compost Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dag A, Harlev G, Lavee S, Zipori I, Kerem Z. Optimizing olive harvest time under hot climatic conditions of Jordan Valley, Israel. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dag
- Gilat Research Center; Agricultural Research Organization; Ministry of Agriculture; Mobile Post Negev Israel
| | - Guy Harlev
- Gilat Research Center; Agricultural Research Organization; Ministry of Agriculture; Mobile Post Negev Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry; Food Science and Nutrition; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture; Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Shimon Lavee
- The Kennedy-Leigh Center for Horticultural Research; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Isaac Zipori
- Gilat Research Center; Agricultural Research Organization; Ministry of Agriculture; Mobile Post Negev Israel
| | - Zohar Kerem
- Institute of Biochemistry; Food Science and Nutrition; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture; Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Erel R, Kerem Z, Ben-Gal A, Dag A, Schwartz A, Zipori I, Basheer L, Yermiyahu U. Olive (Olea europaea L.) tree nitrogen status is a key factor for olive oil quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11261-11272. [PMID: 24245487 DOI: 10.1021/jf4031585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of macronutrient status on olive oil properties was studied for three years. Data were analyzed by a multivariate model considering N, P, K, and fruiting year as explanatory factors. Oil quality parameters were primarily associated with N concentration in leaves and fruits which increased with N in irrigation solution. The effect of P on oil quality was mainly indirect since increased P availability increased N accumulation. The potassium level had negligible effects. The oil phenolic content decreased linearly as a function of increased leaf N, indicating protein-phenol competition in leaves. The overall saturation level of the fatty acids decreased with fruit N, resulting in increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free fatty acids increased with increased levels of fruit N. High fruit load tended to reduce fruit N and subsequently improve oil quality. The effect of N on oil properties depended solely on its concentration in leaves or fruits, regardless of the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Erel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences and ‡Institute of Plant Sciences, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization , Mobile Post Negev 2, 85280, Israel
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Gómez Del Campo M, García JM. Summer deficit-irrigation strategies in a hedgerow olive cv. Arbequina orchard: effect on oil quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8899-905. [PMID: 23972260 DOI: 10.1021/jf402107t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Different irrigation treatments were applied to a superintensive orchard of 'Arbequina' olives ( Olea europaea L.) during three seasons (2007-2009) to examine the effect of the amount of water and the moment of irrigation in summer on the virgin olive oil (VOO) quality. A control was made (CON) with irrigation to maintain the root zone close to field capacity; two water deficit treatments were employed with irrigation at 30% of CON, either from the end of fruit drop to the end of July (DI-J) or from the end of July until the beginning of oil synthesis (DI-A); and other treatment was tested by irrigating 50% of CON in July and August (DI-JA). DI-J oils exhibited significantly higher oxidative stability, which coincided with significantly higher contents in phenol derivatives. Consequently, the selection of the moment and intensity of summer irrigation played an important role in the nutritional and sensory quality of the VOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez Del Campo
- Departamento Produccion Vegetal: Fitotecnia, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid , Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yanik H, Turktas M, Dundar E, Hernandez P, Dorado G, Unver T. Genome-wide identification of alternate bearing-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) in olive (Olea europaea L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:10. [PMID: 23320600 PMCID: PMC3564680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternate bearing is a widespread phenomenon among crop plants, defined as the tendency of certain fruit trees to produce a high-yield crop one year ("on-year"), followed by a low-yield or even no crop the following year ("off-year"). Several factors may affect the balance between such developmental phase-transition processes. Among them are the microRNA (miRNA), being gene-expression regulators that have been found to be involved as key determinants in several physiological processes. RESULTS Six olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Ayvalik variety) small RNA libraries were constructed from fruits (ripe and unripe) and leaves ("on year" and "off year" leaves in July and in November, respectively) and sequenced by high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The RNA was retrotranscribed and sequenced using the high-throughput Illumina platform. Bioinformatics analyses of 93,526,915 reads identified 135 conserved miRNA, belonging to 22 miRNA families in the olive. In addition, 38 putative novel miRNAs were discovered in the datasets. Expression of olive tree miRNAs varied greatly among the six libraries, indicating the contribution of diverse miRNA in balancing between reproductive and vegetative phases. Predicted targets of miRNA were categorized into 108 process ontology groups with significance abundance. Among those, potential alternate bearing-associated processes were found, such as development, hormone-mediated signaling and organ morphogenesis. The KEGG analyses revealed that the miRNA-targeted genes are involved in seven main pathways, belonging to carbohydrate metabolism and hormone signal-transduction pathways. CONCLUSION A comprehensive study on olive miRNA related to alternate bearing was performed. Regulation of miRNA under different developmental phases and tissues indicated that control of nutrition and hormone, together with flowering processes had a noteworthy impact on the olive tree alternate bearing. Our results also provide significant data on the miRNA-fruit development interaction and advance perspectives in the miRNA profile of the olive tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huriye Yanik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Mine Turktas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Dundar
- Department of Biology, Balikesir University, Faculty of Art and Science, 10145, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Pilar Hernandez
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14080, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Turgay Unver
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Cankiri, Turkey
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