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Gómez-Gálvez FJ, Ninot A, Rodríguez JC, Compañ SP, Andreva JU, Rubio JAG, Aragón IP, Viñuales-Andreu J, Casanova-Gascón J, Šatović Z, Lorite IJ, De la Rosa-Navarro R, Belaj A. New insights in the Spanish gene pool of olive ( Olea europaea L.) preserved ex situ and in situ based on high-throughput molecular markers. Front Plant Sci 2024; 14:1267601. [PMID: 38250447 PMCID: PMC10796691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In Spain, several local studies have highlighted the likely presence of unknown olive cultivars distinct from the approximately 260 ones previously described in the literature. Furthermore, recent advancements in identification techniques have significantly enhanced in terms of efficacy and precision. This scenario motivated a new nationwide prospecting effort aimed at recovering and characterizing new cultivated germplasm using high-throughput molecular markers. In the present study, the use of 96 EST-SNP markers allowed the identification of a considerable amount of new material (173 new genotypes) coming from areas with low intensification of production in different regions of Spain. As a result, the number of distinct national genotypes documented in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA, Córdoba (WOGBC-ESP046) increased to 427. Likewise, 65 and 24 new synonymy and homonymy cases were identified, respectively. This rise in the number of different national cultivars allowed to deepen the knowledge about the underlying genetic structure. The great genetic variability of Spanish germplasm was confirmed, and a new hot spot of diversity was identified in the northern regions of La Rioja and Aragon. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a clear separation between the germplasm of southern and northern-northeastern Spain and indicated a significantly higher level of admixture in the latter. Given the expansion of modern olive cultivation with only a few cultivars, this cryptic germplasm is in great danger of disappearing. This underlines the fact that maintaining as many cultivars as possible will increase the genetic variability of the olive gene pool to meet the future challenges of olive cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jesús Gómez-Gálvez
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antònia Ninot
- Fruticultura, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Mas Bové, Constantí, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Cano Rodríguez
- Ingeniería y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Venta del Llano, Mengíbar, Jaén, Spain
| | - Sergio Paz Compañ
- Olivicultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Ugarte Andreva
- Servicio de Investigación Agraria y Sanidad Vegetal, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Isis Pinilla Aragón
- Servicio de Investigación Agraria y Sanidad Vegetal, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Zlatko Šatović
- Department of Plant Biodiversity, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CroP-BioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ignacio Jesús Lorite
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl De la Rosa-Navarro
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (IAS-CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Mejora Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Hernández ML, Muñoz-Ocaña C, Posada P, Sicardo MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Gómez-Coca RB, Belaj A, Moreda W, Martínez-Rivas JM. Functional Characterization of Four Olive Squalene Synthases with Respect to the Squalene Content of the Virgin Olive Oil. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15701-15712. [PMID: 37815987 PMCID: PMC10723762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The release of new olive cultivars with an increased squalene content in their virgin olive oil is considered an important target in olive breeding programs. In this work, the variability of the squalene content in a core collection of 36 olive cultivars was first studied, revealing two olive cultivars, 'Dokkar' and 'Klon-14', with extremely low and high squalene contents in their oils, respectively. Next, four cDNA sequences encoding squalene synthases (SQS) were cloned from olive. Sequence analysis and functional expression in bacteria confirmed that they encode squalene synthases. Transcriptional analysis in distinct olive tissues and cultivars indicated that expression levels of these four SQS genes are spatially and temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner and pointed to OeSQS2 as the gene mainly involved in squalene biosynthesis in olive mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. In addition, the biosynthesis of squalene appears to be transcriptionally regulated in water-stressed olive mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Ocaña
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Posada
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel B. Gómez-Coca
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA
Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wenceslao Moreda
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Mariotti R, Belaj A, de la Rosa R, Muleo R, Cirilli M, Forgione I, Valeri MC, Mousavi S. Genealogical tracing of Olea europaea species and pedigree relationships of var. europaea using chloroplast and nuclear markers. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:452. [PMID: 37749509 PMCID: PMC10521521 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive is one of the most cultivated species in the Mediterranean Basin and beyond. Despite being extensively studied for its commercial relevance, the origin of cultivated olive and the history of its domestication remain open questions. Here, we present a genealogical and kinship relationships analysis by mean of chloroplast and nuclear markers of different genera, subgenus, species, subspecies, ecotypes, cultivated, ancient and wild types, which constitutes one of the most inclusive research to date on the diversity within Olea europaea species. A complete survey of the variability across the nuclear and plastid genomes of different genotypes was studied through single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels (insertions and deletions), and length variation. RESULTS Fifty-six different chlorotypes were identified among the Oleaceae family including Olea europaea, other species and genera. The chloroplast genome evolution, within Olea europaea subspecies, probably started from subsp. cuspidata, which likely represents the ancestor of all the other subspecies and therefore of wild types and cultivars. Our study allows us to hypothesize that, inside the subspecies europaea containing cultivars and the wild types, the ancestral selection from var. sylvestris occurred both in the eastern side of the Mediterranean and in the central-western part of Basin. Moreover, it was elucidated the origin of several cultivars, which depends on the introduction of eastern cultivars, belonging to the lineage E1, followed by crossing and replacement of the autochthonous olive germplasm of central-western Mediterranean Basin. In fact, our study highlighted that two main 'founders' gave the origin to more than 60% of analyzed olive cultivars. Other secondary founders, which strongly contributed to give origin to the actual olive cultivar diversity, were already detected. CONCLUSIONS The application of comparative genomics not only paves the way for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the Olea europaea species but also provides original insights into other elusive evolutionary processes, such as chloroplast inheritance and parentage inside olive cultivars, opening new scenarios for further research such as the association studies and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
| | | | | | - Rosario Muleo
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Marco Cirilli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DiSAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Forgione
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, 06128, Italy.
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Moret M, Ramírez-Tejero JA, Serrano A, Ramírez-Yera E, Cueva-López MD, Belaj A, León L, de la Rosa R, Bombarely A, Luque F. Identification of Genetic Markers and Genes Putatively Involved in Determining Olive Fruit Weight. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:155. [PMID: 36616284 PMCID: PMC9823435 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fruit size of a cultivated olive tree is consistently larger than its corresponding wild relatives because fruit size is one of the main traits associated with olive tree domestication. Additionally, large fruit size is one of the main objectives of modern olive breeding programs. However, as the long juvenile period is one main hindrance in classic breeding approaches, obtaining genetic markers associated with this trait is a highly desirable tool. For this reason, GWAS analysis of both genetic markers and the genes associated with fruit size determination, measured as fruit weight, was herein carried out in 50 genotypes, of which 40 corresponded to cultivated and 10 to wild olive trees. As a result, 113 genetic markers were identified, which showed a very high statistically significant correlation with fruit weight variability, p < 10−10. These genetic markers corresponded to 39 clusters of genes in linkage disequilibrium. The analysis of a segregating progeny of the cross of “Frantoio” and “Picual” cultivars allowed us to confirm 10 of the 18 analyzed clusters. The annotation of the genes in each cluster and the expression pattern of the samples taken throughout fruit development by RNAseq enabled us to suggest that some studied genes are involved in olive fruit weight determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Moret
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jorge A. Ramírez-Tejero
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alicia Serrano
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Ramírez-Yera
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - María D. Cueva-López
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria de Alameda del Obispo, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lorenzo León
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria de Alameda del Obispo, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl de la Rosa
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria de Alameda del Obispo, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC and Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Luque
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Olivar y Aceites de Oliva, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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5
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Ramírez-Tejero JA, Jiménez-Ruiz J, Serrano A, Belaj A, León L, de la Rosa R, Mercado-Blanco J, Luque F. Verticillium wilt resistant and susceptible olive cultivars express a very different basal set of genes in roots. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:229. [PMID: 33794765 PMCID: PMC8017696 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olive orchards are threatened by a wide range of pathogens. Of these, Verticillium dahliae has been in the spotlight for its high incidence, the difficulty to control it and the few cultivars that has increased tolerance to the pathogen. Disease resistance not only depends on detection of pathogen invasion and induction of responses by the plant, but also on barriers to avoid the invasion and active resistance mechanisms constitutively expressed in the absence of the pathogen. In a previous work we found that two healthy non-infected plants from cultivars that differ in V. dahliae resistance such as 'Frantoio' (resistant) and 'Picual' (susceptible) had a different root morphology and gene expression pattern. In this work, we have addressed the issue of basal differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars. RESULTS The gene expression pattern of roots from 29 olive cultivars with different degree of resistance/susceptibility to V. dahliae was analyzed by RNA-Seq. However, only the Highly Resistant and Extremely Susceptible cultivars showed significant differences in gene expression among various groups of cultivars. A set of 421 genes showing an inverse differential expression level between the Highly Resistant to Extremely Susceptible cultivars was found and analyzed. The main differences involved higher expression of a series of transcription factors and genes involved in processes of molecules importation to nucleus, plant defense genes and lower expression of root growth and development genes in Highly Resistant cultivars, while a reverse pattern in Moderately Susceptible and more pronounced in Extremely Susceptible cultivars were observed. CONCLUSION According to the different gene expression patterns, it seems that the roots of the Extremely Susceptible cultivars focus more on growth and development, while some other functions, such as defense against pathogens, have a higher expression level in roots of Highly Resistant cultivars. Therefore, it seems that there are constitutive differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars, and that susceptible roots seem to provide a more suitable environment for the pathogen than the resistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Ramírez-Tejero
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Alicia Serrano
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo' Center, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo' Center, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lorenzo León
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo' Center, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl de la Rosa
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo' Center, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Luque
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Hernández ML, Sicardo MD, Belaj A, Martínez-Rivas JM. The Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Fruit Mesocarp Is Mainly Controlled by OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 Genes Together With the Different Specificity of Extraplastidial Acyltransferase Enzymes. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:653997. [PMID: 33763103 PMCID: PMC7982730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of olive oil has an important effect on the oil quality to such an extent that oils with a high oleic and low linoleic acid contents are preferable from a nutritional and technological point of view. In the present work, we have first studied the diversity of the fatty acid composition in a set of eighty-nine olive cultivars from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA Cordoba (WOGBC-IFAPA), and in a core collection (Core-36), which includes 28 olive cultivars from the previously mentioned set. Our results indicate that oleic and linoleic acid contents displayed the highest degree of variability of the different fatty acids present in the olive oil of the 89 cultivars under study. In addition, the independent study of the Core-36 revealed two olive cultivars, Klon-14 and Abou Kanani, with extremely low and high linoleic acid contents, respectively. Subsequently, these two cultivars were used to investigate the specific contribution of different fatty acid desaturases to the linoleic acid content of mesocarp tissue during olive fruit development and ripening. Fatty acid desaturase gene expression levels, together with lipid analysis, suggest that not only OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 but also the different specificities of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes are responsible for the variability of the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in olive cultivars. All this information allows for an advancement in the knowledge of the linoleic acid biosynthesis in different olive cultivars, which can impact olive breeding programs to improve olive oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Luisa Hernández,
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- José M. Martínez-Rivas,
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7
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López-Yerena A, Ninot A, Lozano-Castellón J, Escribano-Ferrer E, Romero-Aroca AJ, Belaj A, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Conservation of Native Wild Ivory-White Olives from the MEDES Islands Natural Reserve to Maintain Virgin Olive Oil Diversity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1009. [PMID: 33080812 PMCID: PMC7603032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Food diversity, and in particular genetic diversity, is being lost at an alarming rate. Protection of natural areas is crucial to safeguard the world's threatened species. The Medes Islands (MI), located in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, are a protected natural reserve. Wild olive trees also known as oleasters make up part of the vegetation of the Meda Gran island. Among them, in 2012, a wild albino ivory-white olive tree with fruit was identified. Fruits were collected from this tree and their seeds were first sown in a greenhouse and then planted in an orchard for purposes of ex situ preservation. Seven out of the 78 seedling trees obtained (12%) produced ivory-white fruits. In autumn 2018, fruits from these trees were sampled. Although the fruits had low oil content, virgin olive oil with unique sensory, physicochemical, and stability characteristics was produced. With respect to the polyphenols content, oleacein was the main compound identified (373.29 ± 72.02 mg/kg) and the oleocanthal was the second most abundant phenolic compound (204.84 ± 52.58 mg/kg). Regarding pigments, samples were characterized by an intense yellow color, with 12.5 ± 4.6 mg/kg of chlorophyll and 9.2 ± 3.3 mg/kg of carotenoids. Finally, oleic acid was the main fatty acid identified. This study explored the resources of the natural habitat of the MI as a means of enrichment of olive oil diversity and authenticity of this traditional Mediterranean food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anallely López-Yerena
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (J.L.-C.); (A.V.-Q.)
| | - Antònia Ninot
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology research team, 43120 Constantí, Spain; (A.N.); (A.J.R.-A.)
| | - Julián Lozano-Castellón
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (J.L.-C.); (A.V.-Q.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elvira Escribano-Ferrer
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí J. Romero-Aroca
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruit Science Program, Olive Growing and Oil Technology research team, 43120 Constantí, Spain; (A.N.); (A.J.R.-A.)
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA)—Centro “Alameda del Obispo”, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (J.L.-C.); (A.V.-Q.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), Pharmacy and Food Sciences School, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.-Y.); (J.L.-C.); (A.V.-Q.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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8
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Mariotti R, Belaj A, De La Rosa R, Leòn L, Brizioli F, Baldoni L, Mousavi S. EST-SNP Study of Olea europaea L. Uncovers Functional Polymorphisms between Cultivated and Wild Olives. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E916. [PMID: 32785094 PMCID: PMC7465833 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The species Olea europaea includes cultivated varieties (subsp. europaea var. europaea), wild plants (subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), and five other subspecies spread over almost all continents. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the expressed sequence tag able to underline intra-species differentiation are not yet identified, beyond a few plastidial markers. METHODS In the present work, more than 1000 transcript-specific SNP markers obtained by the genotyping of 260 individuals were studied. These genotypes included cultivated, oleasters, and samples of subspecies guanchica, and were analyzed in silico, in order to identify polymorphisms on key genes distinguishing different Olea europaea forms. RESULTS Phylogeny inference and principal coordinate analysis allowed to detect two distinct clusters, clearly separating wilds and guanchica samples from cultivated olives, meanwhile the structure analysis made possible to differentiate these three groups. Sequences carrying the polymorphisms that distinguished wild and cultivated olives were analyzed and annotated, allowing to identify 124 candidate genes that have a functional role in flower development, stress response, or involvement in important metabolic pathways. Signatures of selection that occurred during olive domestication, were detected and reported. CONCLUSION This deep EST-SNP analysis provided important information on the genetic and genomic diversity of the olive complex, opening new opportunities to detect gene polymorphisms with potential functional and evolutionary roles, and to apply them in genomics-assisted breeding, highlighting the importance of olive germplasm conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mariotti
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy; (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA—Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda Menendez Pidal, s/n, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain; (A.B.); (R.D.L.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Raul De La Rosa
- IFAPA—Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda Menendez Pidal, s/n, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain; (A.B.); (R.D.L.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Leòn
- IFAPA—Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda Menendez Pidal, s/n, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain; (A.B.); (R.D.L.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Federico Brizioli
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy; (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy; (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR—Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Via Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy; (R.M.); (F.B.); (S.M.)
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9
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Díaz-Rueda P, Franco-Navarro JD, Messora R, Espartero J, Rivero-Núñez CM, Aleza P, Capote N, Cantos M, García-Fernández JL, de Cires A, Belaj A, León L, Besnard G, Colmenero-Flores JM. SILVOLIVE, a Germplasm Collection of Wild Subspecies With High Genetic Variability as a Source of Rootstocks and Resistance Genes for Olive Breeding. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32547577 PMCID: PMC7270354 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild subspecies of Olea europaea constitute a source of genetic variability with huge potential for olive breeding to face global changes in Mediterranean-climate regions. We intend to identify wild olive genotypes with optimal adaptability to different environmental conditions to serve as a source of rootstocks and resistance genes for olive breeding. The SILVOLIVE collection includes 146 wild genotypes representative of the six O. europaea subspecies and early-generations hybrids. These genotypes came either from olive germplasm collections or from direct prospection in Spain, continental Africa and the Macaronesian archipelago. The collection was genotyped with plastid and nuclear markers, confirming the origin of the genotypes and their high genetic variability. Morphological and architectural parameters were quantified in 103 genotypes allowing the identification of three major groups of correlative traits including vigor, branching habits and the belowground-to-aboveground ratio. The occurrence of strong phenotypic variability in these traits within the germplasm collection has been shown. Furthermore, wild olive relatives are of great significance to be used as rootstocks for olive cultivation. Thus, as a proof of concept, different wild genotypes used as rootstocks were shown to regulate vigor parameters of the grafted cultivar "Picual" scion, which could improve the productivity of high-density hedgerow orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Díaz-Rueda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Juan D. Franco-Navarro
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Rita Messora
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Dipartimento Sci Vita, Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Joaquín Espartero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Rivero-Núñez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Aleza
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Spain
| | - Nieves Capote
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Cantos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jose L. García-Fernández
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso de Cires
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Fac Biología, Univ de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lorenzo León
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA) Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-IRD, EDB, UMR 5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose M. Colmenero-Flores
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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10
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Jiménez-Ruiz J, Ramírez-Tejero JA, Fernández-Pozo N, Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Yan H, Rosa RDL, Belaj A, Montes E, Rodríguez-Ariza MO, Navarro F, Barroso JB, Beuzón CR, Valpuesta V, Bombarely A, Luque F. Transposon activation is a major driver in the genome evolution of cultivated olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Plant Genome 2020; 13:e20010. [PMID: 33016633 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary domestication of olive (Olea europaea L.) in the Levant dates back to the Neolithic period, around 6,000-5,500 BC, as some archeological remains attest. Cultivated olive trees are reproduced clonally, with sexual crosses being the sporadic events that drive the development of new varieties. In order to determine the genomic changes which have occurred in a modern olive cultivar, the genome of the Picual cultivar, one of the most popular olive varieties, was sequenced. Additional 40 cultivated and 10 wild accessions were re-sequenced to elucidate the evolution of the olive genome during the domestication process. It was found that the genome of the 'Picual' cultivar contains 79,667 gene models, of which 78,079 were protein-coding genes and 1,588 were tRNA. Population analyses support two independent events in olive domestication, including an early possible genetic bottleneck. Despite genetic bottlenecks, cultivated accessions showed a high genetic diversity driven by the activation of transposable elements (TE). A high TE gene expression was observed in presently cultivated olives, which suggests a current activity of TEs in domesticated olives. Several TEs families were expanded in the last 5,000 or 6,000 years and produced insertions near genes that may have been involved in selected traits during domestication as reproduction, photosynthesis, seed development, and oil production. Therefore, a great genetic variability has been found in cultivated olive as a result of a significant activation of TEs during the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Jorge A Ramírez-Tejero
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Noé Fernández-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Haidong Yan
- School of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Raúl de la Rosa
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria de Alameda del Obispo, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria de Alameda del Obispo, Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Montes
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología Ibérica, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Mª Oliva Rodríguez-Ariza
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología Ibérica, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarro
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Juan Bautista Barroso
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- School of Plants and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- present address, Department of Bioscience, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Francisco Luque
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University. Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
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11
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Fernández-González AJ, Villadas PJ, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Valverde-Corredor A, Belaj A, Mercado-Blanco J, Fernández-López M. Defining the root endosphere and rhizosphere microbiomes from the World Olive Germplasm Collection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20423. [PMID: 31892747 PMCID: PMC6938483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial and fungal communities from the olive (Olea europaea L.) root systems have not yet been simultaneously studied. We show in this work that microbial communities from the olive root endosphere are less diverse than those from the rhizosphere. But more relevant was to unveil that olive belowground communities are mainly shaped by the genotype of the cultivar when growing under the same environmental, pedological and agronomic conditions. Furthermore, Actinophytocola, Streptomyces and Pseudonocardia are the most abundant bacterial genera in the olive root endosphere, Actinophytocola being the most prevalent genus by far. In contrast, Gp6, Gp4, Rhizobium and Sphingomonas are the main genera in the olive rhizosphere. Canalisporium, Aspergillus, Minimelanolocus and Macrophomina are the main fungal genera present in the olive root system. Interestingly enough, a large number of as yet unclassified fungal sequences (class level) were detected in the rhizosphere. From the belowground microbial profiles here reported, it can be concluded that the genus Actinophytocola may play an important role in olive adaptation to environmental stresses. Moreover, the huge unknown fungal diversity here uncovered suggests that fungi with important ecological function and biotechnological potential are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Fernández-González
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo J Villadas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC. Campus 'Alameda del Obispo' s/n, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Valverde-Corredor
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC. Campus 'Alameda del Obispo' s/n, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Área Mejora y Biotecnología, IFAPA-Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC. Campus 'Alameda del Obispo' s/n, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-López
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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12
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Mousavi S, de la Rosa R, Moukhli A, El Riachy M, Mariotti R, Torres M, Pierantozzi P, Stanzione V, Mastio V, Zaher H, El Antari A, Ayoub S, Dandachi F, Youssef H, Aggelou N, Contreras C, Maestri D, Belaj A, Bufacchi M, Baldoni L, Leon L. Plasticity of fruit and oil traits in olive among different environments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16968. [PMID: 31740728 PMCID: PMC6861299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive is a long-living perennial species with a wide geographical distribution, showing a large genetic and phenotypic variation in its growing area. There is an urgent need to uncover how olive phenotypic traits and plasticity can change regardless of the genetic background. A two-year study was conducted, based on the analysis of fruit and oil traits of 113 cultivars from five germplasm collections established in Mediterranean Basin countries and Argentina. Fruit and oil traits plasticity, broad-sense heritability and genotype by environment interaction were estimated. From variance and heritability analyses, it was shown that fruit fresh weight was mainly under genetic control, whereas oleic/(palmitic + linoleic) acids ratio was regulated by the environment and genotype by environment interaction had the major effect on oil content. Among the studied cultivars, different level of stability was observed, which allowed ranking the cultivars based on their plasticity for oil traits. High thermal amplitude, the difference of low and high year values of temperature, negatively affected the oil content and the oleic acid percentage. Information derived from this work will help to direct the selection of cultivars with the highest global fitness averaged over the environments rather than the highest fitness in each environment separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mousavi
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems of the Mediterranean, 06128, Perugia, Italy
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Milad El Riachy
- LARI - Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Tal Amara, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariela Torres
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan (EEA INTA San Juan), and CONICET. Ing. Marcos Zalazar (Calle 11) y Vidart. Villa Aberastain, Pocito, 5427, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Pierluigi Pierantozzi
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan (EEA INTA San Juan), and CONICET. Ing. Marcos Zalazar (Calle 11) y Vidart. Villa Aberastain, Pocito, 5427, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Vitale Stanzione
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems of the Mediterranean, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valerio Mastio
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems of the Mediterranean, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hayat Zaher
- INRA - CRRA, Marrakech-Safi, BP 533, Marrakech, Morocco
| | | | - Salam Ayoub
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Baqa, 19381, Jordan
| | - Faten Dandachi
- LARI - Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Tal Amara, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Hiyam Youssef
- LARI - Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Tal Amara, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Nikolas Aggelou
- MAICh - Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, 73100, Chania-Crete, Greece
| | - Cibeles Contreras
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan (EEA INTA San Juan), and CONICET. Ing. Marcos Zalazar (Calle 11) y Vidart. Villa Aberastain, Pocito, 5427, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV, CONICET-UNC). Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Marina Bufacchi
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems of the Mediterranean, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR - Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leon
- IFAPA - Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Palomares-Rius JE, Belaj A, León L, de la Rosa R, Rapoport HF, Castillo P. Evaluation of the Phytopathological Reaction of Wild and Cultivated Olives as a Means of Finding Promising New Sources of Genetic Diversity for Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes. Plant Dis 2019; 103:2559-2568. [PMID: 31432752 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0322-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in the Mediterranean Basin, because it occupies significant acreage in these countries and often has important cultural heritage and landscape value. This crop can be infected by several Meloidogyne species (M. javanica, M. arenaria, and M. incognita, among others), and only a few cultivars with some level of resistance to these nematodes have been found. Innovations in intensive olive growing using high planting densities, irrigation, and substantial amounts of fertilizers could increase the nematode population to further damaging levels. To further understand the interactions involved between olive and pathogenic nematodes and in the hope of finding solutions to the agricultural risks, this research aimed to determine the reaction of important olive cultivars in Spain and wild olives to M. javanica infection, including genotypes of the same and other O. europaea subspecies. All olive cultivars tested were good hosts for M. javanica, but high levels of nematode reproduction found in three cultivars (Gordal Sevillana, Hojiblanca, and Manzanilla de Sevilla) were substantially different. In the wild accessions, O. europaea subsp. cerasiformis (genotype W147) and O. europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris (genotype W224) were resistant to M. javanica at different levels, with strong resistance in W147 (reproduction factor [Rf] = 0.0003) and moderate resistance in W224 (Rf = 0.79). The defense reaction of W147 to M. javanica showed a strong increase of phenolic compounds but no hypersensitive reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Palomares-Rius
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- Centro Alameda del Obispo, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lorenzo León
- Centro Alameda del Obispo, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl de la Rosa
- Centro Alameda del Obispo, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria Pesquera Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hava F Rapoport
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Castillo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Belaj A, de la Rosa R, Lorite IJ, Mariotti R, Cultrera NGM, Beuzón CR, González-Plaza JJ, Muñoz-Mérida A, Trelles O, Baldoni L. Usefulness of a New Large Set of High Throughput EST-SNP Markers as a Tool for Olive Germplasm Collection Management. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1320. [PMID: 30298075 PMCID: PMC6160578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm collections are basic tools for conservation, characterization, and efficient use of olive genetic resources. The identification of the olive cultivars maintained in the collections is an important ongoing task which has been performed by both, morphological and molecular markers. In the present study, based on the sequencing results of previous genomic projects, a new set of 1,043 EST-SNP markers has been identified. In order to evaluate its discrimination capacity and utility in diversity studies, this set of markers was used in a representative number of accessions from 20 different olive growing countries and maintained at the World Olive Germplasm Collection of IFAPA Centre 'Alameda del Obispo' (Córdoba, Spain), one of the world's largest olive germplasm bank. Thus, the cultivated material included: cultivars belonging to previously defined core collections by means of SSR markers and agronomical traits, well known homonymy cases, possible redundancies previously identified in the collection, and recently introduced accessions. Marker stability was tested in repeated analyses of a selected number of accessions, as well as in different trees and accessions belonging to the same cultivar. In addition, 15 genotypes from a cross 'Picual' × 'Arbequina' cultivars from the IFAPA olive breeding program and a set of 89 wild genotypes were also included in the study. Our results indicate that, despite their relatively wide variability, the new set of EST-SNPs displayed lower levels of genetic diversity than SSRs in the set of olive core collections tested. However, the EST-SNP markers displayed consistent and reliable results from different plant material sources and plant propagation events. The EST-SNPs revealed a clear cut off between inter- and intra-cultivar variation in olive. Besides, they were able to reliably discriminate among different accessions, to detect possible homonymy cases as well as efficiently ascertain the presence of redundant germplasm in the collection. Additionally, these markers were highly transferable to the wild genotypes. These results, together with the low genotyping error rates and the easy and fully automated procedure used to get the genotyping data, validate the new set of EST-SNPs as possible markers of choice for olive cultivar identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Angjelina Belaj,
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - J. J. González-Plaza
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
- Present address: J. J. González-Plaza, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - A. Muñoz-Mérida
- CIBIO, InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - O. Trelles
- Department of Integrated Bioinformatics, National Institute for Bioinformatics, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- CNR – Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Perugia, Italy
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16
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León L, de la Rosa R, Velasco L, Belaj A. Using Wild Olives in Breeding Programs: Implications on Oil Quality Composition. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:232. [PMID: 29535746 PMCID: PMC5835310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A wide genetic diversity has been reported for wild olives, which could be particularly interesting for the introgression of some agronomic traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in breeding programs. However, the introgression of some beneficial wild traits may be paralleled by negative effects on some other important agronomic and quality traits. From the quality point of view, virgin olive oil (VOO) from olive cultivars is highly appreciated for its fatty acid composition (high monounsaturated oleic acid content) and the presence of several minor components. However, the composition of VOO from wild origin and its comparison with VOO from olive cultivars has been scarcely studied. In this work, the variability for fruit characters (fruit weight and oil content, OC), fatty acid composition, and minor quality components (squalene, sterols and tocopherols content and composition) was studied in a set of plant materials involving three different origins: wild genotypes (n = 32), cultivars (n = 62) and genotypes belonging to cultivar × wild progenies (n = 62). As expected, values for fruit size and OC in wild olives were lower than those obtained in cultivated materials, with intermediate values for cultivar × wild progenies. Wild olives showed a remarkably higher C16:0 percentage and tocopherol content in comparison to the cultivars. Contrarily, lower C18:1 percentage, squalene and sterol content were found in the wild genotypes, while no clear differences were found among the different plant materials regarding composition of the tocopherol and phytosterol fractions. Some common highly significant correlations among components of the same chemical family were found in all groups of plant materials. However, some other correlations were specific for one of the groups. The results of the study suggested that the use of wild germplasm in olive breeding programs will not have a negative impact on fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, and tocopherol and phytosterol profiles provided that selection for these compounds is conducted from early generations. Important traits such as tocopherol content could be even improved by using wild parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo León
- IFAPA Centro Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lorenzo León,
| | | | - Leonardo Velasco
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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17
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Beghè D, Piotti A, Satovic Z, de la Rosa R, Belaj A. Pollen-mediated gene flow and fine-scale spatial genetic structure in Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris. Ann Bot 2017; 119:671-679. [PMID: 28028015 PMCID: PMC5571374 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wild olive ( Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris ) is important from an economic and ecological point of view. The effects of anthropogenic activities may lead to the genetic erosion of its genetic patrimony, which has high value for breeding programmes. In particular, the consequences of the introgression from cultivated stands are strongly dependent on the extent of gene flow and therefore this work aims at quantitatively describing contemporary gene flow patterns in wild olive natural populations. METHODS The studied wild population is located in an undisturbed forest, in southern Spain, considered one of the few extant hotspots of true oleaster diversity. A total of 225 potential father trees and seeds issued from five mother trees were genotyped by eight microsatellite markers. Levels of contemporary pollen flow, in terms of both pollen immigration rates and within-population dynamics, were measured through paternity analyses. Moreover, the extent of fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) was studied to assess the relative importance of seed and pollen dispersal in shaping the spatial distribution of genetic variation. KEY RESULTS The results showed that the population under study is characterized by a high genetic diversity, a relatively high pollen immigration rate (0·57), an average within-population pollen dispersal of about 107 m and weak but significant SGS up to 40 m. The population is a mosaic of several intermingled genetic clusters that is likely to be generated by spatially restricted seed dispersal. Moreover, wild oleasters were found to be self-incompatible and preferential mating between some genotypes was revealed. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the within-population genetic structure and gene flow dynamics will lead to identifying possible strategies aimed at limiting the effect of anthropogenic activities and improving breeding programmes for the conservation of olive tree forest genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beghè
- Department of Food Science, Parco Area delle Scienze, 95/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Tree and Timber (IVALSA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - A. Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Z. Satovic
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R. de la Rosa
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A. Belaj
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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García-Vico L, Belaj A, Sánchez-Ortiz A, Martínez-Rivas JM, Pérez AG, Sanz C. Volatile Compound Profiling by HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID of a Core Olive Cultivar Collection as a Tool for Aroma Improvement of Virgin Olive Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010141. [PMID: 28098834 PMCID: PMC6155863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil (VOO) is the only food product requiring official sensory analysis to be classified in commercial categories, in which the evaluation of the aroma plays a very important role. The selection of parents, with the aim of obtaining new cultivars with improved oil aroma, is of paramount importance in olive breeding programs. We have assessed the volatile fraction by headspace-solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection (HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID) and the deduced aroma properties of VOO from a core set of olive cultivars (Core-36) which possesses most of the genetic diversity found in the World Olive Germplasm Collection (IFAPA Alameda del Obispo) located in Cordoba, Spain. The VOO volatile fractions of Core-36 cultivars display a high level of variability. It is mostly made of compounds produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase pathway, which confirms to be a general characteristic of the olive species (Olea europaea L.). The main group of volatile compounds in the oils was six straight-chain carbon compounds derived from linolenic acid, some of them being the main contributors to the aroma of the olive oils according to their odor activity values (OAV). The high level of variability found for the volatile fraction of the oils from Core-36 and, therefore, for the aroma odor notes, suggest that this core set may be a very useful tool for the choice of optimal parents in olive breeding programs in order to raise new cultivars with improved VOO aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes García-Vico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013-Seville, Spain.
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004-Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Araceli Sánchez-Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013-Seville, Spain.
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013-Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana G Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013-Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km 1, Building 46, 41013-Seville, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Beltrán
- IFAPA Center Venta del Llano; Junta de Andalucia Mengibar Jaén Spain
| | - Maria E. Bucheli
- IFAPA Center Venta del Llano; Junta de Andalucia Mengibar Jaén Spain
| | - Maria P. Aguilera
- IFAPA Center Venta del Llano; Junta de Andalucia Mengibar Jaén Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA Center Alameda del Obispo; Junta de Andalucia, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n Cordoba Spain
| | - Antonio Jimenez
- IFAPA Center Venta del Llano; Junta de Andalucia Mengibar Jaén Spain
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Atienza SG, de la Rosa R, Domínguez-García MC, Martín A, Kilian A, Belaj A. Use of DArT markers as a means of better management of the diversity of olive cultivars. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Muñoz-Mérida A, González-Plaza JJ, Cañada A, Blanco AM, García-López MDC, Rodríguez JM, Pedrola L, Sicardo MD, Hernández ML, De la Rosa R, Belaj A, Gil-Borja M, Luque F, Martínez-Rivas JM, Pisano DG, Trelles O, Valpuesta V, Beuzón CR. De novo assembly and functional annotation of the olive (Olea europaea) transcriptome. DNA Res 2013; 20:93-108. [PMID: 23297299 PMCID: PMC3576661 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dss036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive breeding programmes are focused on selecting for traits as short juvenile period, plant architecture suited for mechanical harvest, or oil characteristics, including fatty acid composition, phenolic, and volatile compounds to suit new markets. Understanding the molecular basis of these characteristics and improving the efficiency of such breeding programmes require the development of genomic information and tools. However, despite its economic relevance, genomic information on olive or closely related species is still scarce. We have applied Sanger and 454 pyrosequencing technologies to generate close to 2 million reads from 12 cDNA libraries obtained from the Picual, Arbequina, and Lechin de Sevilla cultivars and seedlings from a segregating progeny of a Picual × Arbequina cross. The libraries include fruit mesocarp and seeds at three relevant developmental stages, young stems and leaves, active juvenile and adult buds as well as dormant buds, and juvenile and adult roots. The reads were assembled by library or tissue and then assembled together into 81 020 unigenes with an average size of 496 bases. Here, we report their assembly and their functional annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- Department of Integrated Bioinformatics, National Institute for Bioinformatics, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the oldest trees could be a powerful tool both for germplasm collection and for understanding the earliest origins of clonally propagated fruit crops. The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a suitable model to study the origin of cultivars due to its long lifespan, resulting in the existence of both centennial and millennial trees across the Mediterranean Basin. METHODS The genetic identity and diversity as well as the phylogenetic relationships among the oldest wild and cultivated olives of southern Spain were evaluated by analysing simple sequence repeat markers. Samples from both the canopy and the roots of each tree were analysed to distinguish which trees were self-rooted and which were grafted. The ancient olives were also put into chronological order to infer the antiquity of traditional olive cultivars. KEY RESULTS Only 9·6 % out of 104 a priori cultivated ancient genotypes matched current olive cultivars. The percentage of unidentified genotypes was higher among the oldest olives, which could be because they belong to ancient unknown cultivars or because of possible intra-cultivar variability. Comparing the observed patterns of genetic variation made it possible to distinguish which trees were grafted onto putative wild olives. CONCLUSIONS This study of ancient olives has been fruitful both for germplasm collection and for enlarging our knowledge about olive domestication. The findings suggest that grafting pre-existing wild olives with olive cultivars was linked to the beginnings of olive growing. Additionally, the low number of genotypes identified in current cultivars points out that the ancient olives from southern Spain constitute a priceless reservoir of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción M Díez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, Córdoba, Spain.
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Sutherland BG, Belaj A, Nier S, Cottrell JE, P Vaughan S, Hubert J, Russell K. Molecular biodiversity and population structure in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Britain: implications for conservation. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2196-211. [PMID: 20465580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Belaj A, Muñoz-Diez C, Baldoni L, Porceddu A, Barranco D, Satovic Z. Genetic diversity and population structure of wild olives from the North-Western Mediterranean assessed by SSR markers. Ann Bot 2007; 100:449-58. [PMID: 17613587 PMCID: PMC2533604 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study examines the pattern of genetic variability and genetic relationships of wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) populations in the north-western Mediterranean. Recent bottleneck events are also assessed and an investigation is made of the underlying population structure of the wild olive populations. METHODS The genetic variation within and between 11 wild olive populations (171 individuals) was analysed with eight microsatellite markers. Conventional and Bayesian-based analyses were applied to infer genetic structure and define the number of gene pools in wild olive populations. KEY RESULTS Bayesian model-based clustering identified four gene pools, which was in overall concordance with the Factorial Correspondence Analysis and Fitch-Margoliash tree. Two gene pools were predominantly found in southern Spain and Italian islands, respectively, in samples gathered from undisturbed forests of the typical Mediterranean climate. The other two gene pools were mostly detected in the north-eastern regions of Spain and in continental Italy and belong to the transition region between the temperate and Mediterranean climate zones. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, it can be assumed that the population structure of wild olives from the north-western Mediterranean partially reflects the evolutionary history of these populations, although hybridization between true oleasters and cultivated varieties in areas of close contact between the two forms must be assumed as well. The study indicates a degree of admixture in all the populations, and suggests some caution regarding genetic differentiation at the population level, making it difficult to identify clear-cut genetic boundaries between candidate areas containing either genuinely wild or feral germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angjelina Belaj
- Centro Alameda del Obispo, IFAPA, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n 14083, Córdoba, Spain.
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Sarri V, Baldoni L, Porceddu A, Cultrera NGM, Contento A, Frediani M, Belaj A, Trujillo I, Cionini PG. Microsatellite markers are powerful tools for discriminating among olive cultivars and assigning them to geographically defined populations. Genome 2007; 49:1606-15. [PMID: 17426775 DOI: 10.1139/g06-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were used to differentiate among 118 cultivars sampled in several countries of the Mediterranean basin and to analyze the genetic structure of olive cultivar gene pools. The markers were found to have high discrimination power. On average, with a single assay it was possible to discriminate 96% of the pairwise comparisons and, with a combination of 3 loci, virtually all cultivars were distinguished. The SSR markers were also tested for their ability to assign cultivars to their geographic population of origin. A selection of 6 loci was found to maximize assignment accuracy, correctly reallocating up to 75.4% of cultivars to their population of origin. Because of the confusion surrounding the origin of most olive cultivars, their molecular identification and ascertainment of origin will be extremely useful for germplasm management and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sarri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Sezione di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Baldoni L, Tosti N, Ricciolini C, Belaj A, Arcioni S, Pannelli G, Germana MA, Mulas M, Porceddu A. Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the central Mediterranean basin. Ann Bot 2006. [PMID: 16935868 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl/178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea (respectively europaea and sylvestris). Olive cultivars have undergone human selection and their area of diffusion overlaps that of oleasters. Populations of genuine wild olives seem restricted to isolated areas of Mediterranean forests, while most other wild-looking forms of olive may include feral forms that escaped cultivation. METHODS The genetic structure of wild and cultivated olive tree populations was evaluated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers at a microscale level in one continental and two insular Italian regions. KEY RESULTS The observed patterns of genetic variation were able to distinguish wild from cultivated populations and continental from insular regions. Island oleasters were highly similar to each other and were clearly distinguishable from those of continental regions. Ancient cultivated material from one island clustered with the wild plants, while the old plants from the continental region clustered with the cultivated group. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, we can assume that olive trees have undergone a different selection/domestication process in the insular and mainland regions. The degree of differentiation between oleasters and cultivated trees on the islands suggests that all cultivars have been introduced into these regions from the outside, while the Umbrian cultivars have originated either by selection from local oleasters or by direct introduction from other regions.
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Baldoni L, Tosti N, Ricciolini C, Belaj A, Arcioni S, Pannelli G, Germana MA, Mulas M, Porceddu A. Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the central Mediterranean basin. Ann Bot 2006; 98:935-942. [PMID: 16935868 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mc1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea (respectively europaea and sylvestris). Olive cultivars have undergone human selection and their area of diffusion overlaps that of oleasters. Populations of genuine wild olives seem restricted to isolated areas of Mediterranean forests, while most other wild-looking forms of olive may include feral forms that escaped cultivation. METHODS The genetic structure of wild and cultivated olive tree populations was evaluated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers at a microscale level in one continental and two insular Italian regions. KEY RESULTS The observed patterns of genetic variation were able to distinguish wild from cultivated populations and continental from insular regions. Island oleasters were highly similar to each other and were clearly distinguishable from those of continental regions. Ancient cultivated material from one island clustered with the wild plants, while the old plants from the continental region clustered with the cultivated group. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, we can assume that olive trees have undergone a different selection/domestication process in the insular and mainland regions. The degree of differentiation between oleasters and cultivated trees on the islands suggests that all cultivars have been introduced into these regions from the outside, while the Umbrian cultivars have originated either by selection from local oleasters or by direct introduction from other regions.
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Baldoni L, Tosti N, Ricciolini C, Belaj A, Arcioni S, Pannelli G, Germana MA, Mulas M, Porceddu A. Genetic structure of wild and cultivated olives in the central Mediterranean basin. Ann Bot 2006; 98:935-42. [PMID: 16935868 PMCID: PMC2803593 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea (respectively europaea and sylvestris). Olive cultivars have undergone human selection and their area of diffusion overlaps that of oleasters. Populations of genuine wild olives seem restricted to isolated areas of Mediterranean forests, while most other wild-looking forms of olive may include feral forms that escaped cultivation. METHODS The genetic structure of wild and cultivated olive tree populations was evaluated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers at a microscale level in one continental and two insular Italian regions. KEY RESULTS The observed patterns of genetic variation were able to distinguish wild from cultivated populations and continental from insular regions. Island oleasters were highly similar to each other and were clearly distinguishable from those of continental regions. Ancient cultivated material from one island clustered with the wild plants, while the old plants from the continental region clustered with the cultivated group. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, we can assume that olive trees have undergone a different selection/domestication process in the insular and mainland regions. The degree of differentiation between oleasters and cultivated trees on the islands suggests that all cultivars have been introduced into these regions from the outside, while the Umbrian cultivars have originated either by selection from local oleasters or by direct introduction from other regions.
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Belaj A, Satovic Z, Cipriani G, Baldoni L, Testolin R, Rallo L, Trujillo I. Comparative study of the discriminating capacity of RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers and of their effectiveness in establishing genetic relationships in olive. Theor Appl Genet 2003; 107:736-744. [PMID: 12819908 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
RAPDs, AFLPs and SSRs were compared in terms of their informativeness and efficiency in a study of genetic diversity and relationships among 32 olive cultivars cultivated in Italy and Spain. SSRs presented a higher level of polymorphism and a greater information content, as assessed by the expected heterozygosity, than AFLPs and RAPDs. The lowest values of expected heterozygosity were obtained for AFLPs, which, nevertheless were the most efficient marker system due to their capacity to reveal the highest number of bands per reaction and because of the high values achieved for a considerable number of indexes. All three techniques discriminated the genotypes very effectively, but only SSRs were able to discriminate the cultivars Frantoio and Cellina. The correlation coefficients of similarity were statistically significant for all three marker systems used but were lower for the SSR data than for RAPDs and AFLPs. For all markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. All the dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of all the marker data, reflect some relationships for most of the cultivars according to their geographic diffusion. AMOVA analysis detected greater genetic differentiation among cultivars within each country than it did between the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belaj
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba. Ave. Ménendez Pídal s/n, Apdo 3048, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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Belaj A, Satovic Z, Rallo L, Trujillo I. Genetic diversity and relationships in olive ( Olea europaea L.) germplasm collections as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Theor Appl Genet 2002; 105:638-644. [PMID: 12582515 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-0981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2001] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity studies using the RAPD technique were carried out in a set of 103 olive cultivars from the World Germplasm Bank of the Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria (CIFA) "Alameda del Obispo" in Cordoba (Spain). A total of 126 polymorphisms (6.0 polymorphic markers per primer) out of 135 reproducible products (6.4 fragments per primer) were obtained from the 21 primers used. The number of bands per primer ranged from 4 to 11, whereas the number of polymorphic bands ranged from 3 to 10, corresponding to 83% of the amplification products. The dendrogram based on unweighted pair-group cluster analysis using Jaccard's index includes three major groups according to their origin: (1) cultivars from the Eastern and Central Mediterranean areas, (2) some Italian and Spanish cultivars, and (3) cultivars from the Western Mediterranean zone. The pattern of genetic variation among olive cultivars from three different Mediterranean zones (West, Centre and East) was analysed by means of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Although most of the genetic diversity was attributable to differences of cultivars within Mediterranean zones (96.86%) significant phi-values among zones (phi(st) = 0.031; p < 0.001) suggested the existence of phenotypic differentiation. Furthermore, the AMOVA analysis was used to partition the phenotypic variation of Spain, Italy (Western region), Greece and Turkey (Eastern region) into four categories: among regions, among countries (within regions), within countries, and among and within countries of each region. Most of the genetic diversity was attributable to differences among genotypes within a country. These results are consistent with the predominantly allogamous nature of Olea europaea L. species. This paper indicates the importance of the study of the amount and distribution of genetic diversity for a better exploration of olive genetic resources and the design of plant breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Belaj
- Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Avenida Ménendez Pídal s/n, Apdo 3048, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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